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Selected Tesla experiments replicated and
p r e s e n t e d byDr. Eng. Roberto Handwerker
DELTA Ingegneria - Milan, Italy - 2010 All rights reserved
SelectedSelectedTeslaTesla experimentsexperiments replicatedreplicatedandandp r e s e n t e d byp r e s e n t e d by
Dr. Eng. Roberto HandwerkerDr. Eng. Roberto Handwerker
DELTA IngegneriaDELTA Ingegneria -- Milan, ItalyMilan, Italy --2010 All rights reserved2010 All rights reserved
TESLA & COLD
ELECTRICITY
TESLA & COLDTESLA & COLD
ELECTRICITYELECTRICITY- r e v i s e d E n g l i s h v e r s i o n -- r e v i s e d E n g l i s h v e r s i o n -
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PresentationPresentationPresentation
DELTA Ingegneria
of engineer Roberto Handwerker,a consulting professional in advanced electrotechnics,
thermodynamics & energetics, also technical advisor to italian Judges
DELTA Ingegneria
of engineer Roberto Handwerker,a consulting professional in advanced electrotechnics,
thermodynamics & energetics, also technical advisor to italian Judges
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Disclaimer:DisclaimerDisclaimer::
Warning ! The following experiments make use of electrical energy:
please dont try to replicate them unless You are trained and well-experienced in electrotechnics: the presence of high voltages andcurrents could cause You serious injuring and may even be fatal !Replication of presented experiments or circuits at Your own risk !
However, the shown experiments are verifiable and replicable bysomeone who has the right means and know-how.
The term Cold electricity is arbitrary, meaning only that the herepresented current effects are different from usual AC current ones.
Warning ! The following experiments make use of electrical energy:
please dont try to replicate them unless You are trained and well-experienced in electrotechnics: the presence of high voltages andcurrents could cause You serious injuring and may even be fatal !Replication of presented experiments or circuits at Your own risk !
However, the shown experiments are verifiable and replicable bysomeone who has the right means and know-how.
The term Cold electricity is arbitrary, meaning only that the herepresented current effects are different from usual AC current ones.
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First some quotesFirst someFirst some quotesquotes
Every Truth passes through three stages. First,it is ridiculed. Second, it is violently opposed.
And third, it is accepted as self evident.-Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860)
Every Truth passes through three stages. First,it is ridiculed. Second, it is violently opposed.
And third, it is accepted as self evident.-Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860)
Each one sees what he carries in his heart.
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)
Each one sees what he carries in his heart.
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)
Be silent, if you choose; but when it is
necessary, speak - and speak in such a way that
people will remember it.
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)
Be silent, if you choose; but when it is
necessary, speak - and speak in such a way thatpeople will remember it.
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)
The present is theirs; the future, for which I
have really worked, is mine.
- Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)
The present is theirs; the future, for which Ihave really worked, is mine.
- Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)
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...and a few general notes...and a few...and a few generalgeneral notesnotes Patient observation of Nature allows discovery. Patient observation of Nature allows discovery.
Experiments were realised by use of low-budget equipment,
small power laboratory apparatus, partially using scrap parts.
Electric field: this term includes both dielectric () andmagnetic () fields[5].
All construction and particular design of presented Tesla-
experiments apparatus by DELTA Ingegneria
.
Experiments were realised by use of low-budget equipment,
small power laboratory apparatus, partially using scrap parts.
Electric field: this term includes both dielectric () andmagnetic () fields[5].
All construction and particular design of presented Tesla-
experiments apparatus by DELTA Ingegneria
.
B i f i d i D T l
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Brief introduction to Dr.Tesla
master of lightning
BriefBriefintroductionintroduction toto Dr.TeslaDr.Tesla
master ofmaster of lightninglightning
Nikola Tesla (1856-1943):
forgotten Serbian genius,
emigrant and later U.S. citizen,great scientist, inventor and
phylanthroper invented the
XX Century with his AC polyphase system
AC induction motor
Tesla turbine Radio apparatus
More than 700 patents issued
Nikola Tesla (1856-1943):
forgotten Serbian genius,
emigrant and later U.S. citizen,great scientist, inventorand
phylanthroper invented the
XX Century with his AC polyphase system
AC induction motor
Tesla turbine Radio apparatus
More than 700 patents issued
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vv
waterwater transverse wavestransverse waves
x(t) oscillation
v(t)propagation
x(t) oscillation
v(t)propagation
cc
Some Nature analogies from physics:Some NatureSome Nature analogiesanalogies fromfrom physicsphysics::
oscillation parallel to propagationoscillation parallel to propagation
x(t) oscillationv(t)propagation
x(t) oscillationv(t)propagation
vvlongitudinal waveslongitudinal waves oscillation at right
angles to propagation
oscillation at right
angles to propagation
Ocean waves: surface waves, deep water pressure waves (tsunami)Ocean waves: surface waves, deep water pressure waves (tsunami)
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Seismic waves: primary (P) and secondary (S) wavesSeismic waves: primary (P) and secondary (S) waves
v1
v1
earth (slice)earth (slice)
v2v2
S: transverse waves
P: longitudinal waves
S: transverse waves
P: longitudinal waves
S
P
S
P (propagation through core only
for P-waves possible)
(propagation through core only
for P-waves possible)
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vv
These analogies should be kept in mind during following experimentsThese analogies should be kept in mindduring following experiments
airair
Sound waves: air pressure wavesSound waves: air pressure waves
longitudinal waveslongitudinal waves
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Let us begin with the experiments:
1) Teslas stout bars circuitLetLetusus beginbegin withwith thethe experimentsexperiments::
1)1) TeslaTeslass stoutstout barsbars circuitcircuit
This experiment shows
curious electricity phenomena,according to Tesla and also
called Tesla currents;
Application of Ohms law
v = R. i to this case should
be closely investigated.
This experiment shows
curious electricity phenomena,according to Tesla and also
called Tesla currents;
Application of Ohms law
v = R. i to this case should
be closely investigated.
Teslas 1893 original circuit[2]Teslas 1893 original circuit[2]
C ld l t i it C ldC ld l t i itl t i it
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The shunted lamps
in the circuit light upat full brightness even
with circuit shorted
by a heavy copper bar: current evidently doesnt
follow the bar path
(smaller ) as normal,preferring the lamp
filament (greater).
Lamps rated fordifferent voltages
work at full brightness
at the same time (*)
The shunted lamps
in the circuit light upat full brightness even
with circuit shorted
by a heavy copper bar: current evidently doesnt
follow the bar path
(smaller ) as normal,preferring the lamp
filament (greater).
Lamps rated fordifferent voltages
work at full brightness
at the same time (*)
12V
230V
1200V
12V
230V
1200V
(*) The Neon tube lights upwithout usual starter circuit
(*) The Neon tube lights upwithout usual starter circuit
Cold electricity:ColdColdelectricityelectricity::
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Lamps work even if short circuitedLampsLamps workwork eveneven ififshortshort circuitedcircuited
Ohms Law: v = R. i (v = Z. i)
it should be v1=0 and also therefore v2=0
but it is evidently v20because lamp is fully lit
Ohms Law: v = R. i (v = Z. i)
it should be v1=0 and also therefore v2=0
but it is evidently v20because lamp is fully litv1
v2
v1
v2
H l l lit i d i tH lH l ll litlit i di d i ti t
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Halogen lamp lit immersed in waterHalogenHalogen lamplamp litlit immersedimmersed in waterin water
A striking effect is observedby shunting a lamp to thecircuit (right) and immersing
it in water: the 230V / 100Wrated lamp lits at its fullbrightness (*); the samelamp type (left) is working by
ordinary AC household mains(230V/50Hz,1~); the emittedlight colours are different: theleft light is reddish, the right
one blueish.
(*) some lamp types lit even
with broken filament.
A striking effect is observedby shunting a lamp to thecircuit (right) and immersingit in water: the 230V / 100Wrated lamp lits at its fullbrightness (*); the samelamp type (left) is working by
ordinary AC household mains(230V/50Hz,1~); the emittedlight colours are different: theleft light is reddish, the right
one blueish.
(*) some lamp types lit even
with broken filament.
bars
lamp
water
bars
lamp
water
household mains Tesla currenthousehold mains Tesla current
A SPECIAL FEATURE by DELTA Ingegneria:A SPECIAL FEATURE by DELTA Ingegneria:
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2) Flat spiral Tesla Coil2)2) FlatFlat spiralspiral TeslaTesla CoilCoil
A good Teslas flat spiralCoil (pancake coil)[3]
shows striking features:
lamp emits light andrepels the human hand,
but attracts a suspendedmetal strip:
The hand feels a kindof pressure comingfrom the lamp.
A good Teslas flat spiralCoil (pancake coil)[3]
shows striking features:
lamp emits light andrepels the human hand,
but attracts a suspendedmetal strip:
The hand feels a kindof pressure comingfrom the lamp.
bulbbulb
GNDGND GeneratorGenerator
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Teslas 1900
original patentn.649621 fortransmitting
electrical energy;
Teslas 1900
original patentn.649621 fortransmitting
electrical energy;
A Tesla lecture - about 1890A Tesla lecture - about 1890
Tesla
pancake
coil
Tesla
pancake
coil
T i i f ith T CT i iT i i ff ithith T CT C
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Transmission of energy with T.C.TransmissionTransmission ofof energyenergy withwith T.C.T.C.
Art of transmittingenergy in themedium (ground)
byONLY ONE WIRE
and doing away
with it, i.e.WIRELESS:
a lamp on the
second coil[1]
is litand an electricmotor runs
Art of transmittingenergy in themedium (ground)
byONLY ONE WIRE
and doing away
with it, i.e.WIRELESS:
a lamp on the
second coil[1]
is litand an electricmotor runs
neonneon
motorsmotors
lampslamps
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Teslas 1901 original
patent n.685957 for
receiving ENERGY
from a metal plate
Teslas 1901 original
patent n.685957 for
receiving ENERGY
from a metal plate
A Tesla lesson - about 1895A Tesla lesson - about 1895
Tesla
stout bars
circuit
Tesla
stout bars
circuit
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3) Utilizing electrical energy3)3) UtilizingUtilizing electricalelectrical energyenergy
Apparatus forutilizing
WIRELESS energybyan insulated plate and
a series-connected-to-
earth neon lamp (i.e. ittransceives POWER,
not only a weak signal)
Apparatus forutilizing
WIRELESS energybyan insulated plate and
a series-connected-to-
earth neon lamp (i.e. ittransceives POWER,
not only a weak signal)
RADIANT
ENERGYfrom T.C.
neon
GNDGND
plate
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4) Vacuum tube Tesla Coil4)4) VacuumVacuum tubetube TeslaTesla CoilCoil
A special feature fromDELTA Ingegneria:
flat spiral Tesla coilenergized by vacuumtube with an additionaldrive coil added to theprimary, instead of thespark-gap.
A special feature fromDELTA Ingegneria:
flat spiral Tesla coilenergized by vacuumtube with an additionaldrive coil added to theprimary, instead of thespark-gap.
additional
drive coil
vacuum
tube
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The energy field of a T.C.TheThe energyenergy fieldfield of a T.C.of a T.C.
Tesla Coils energy fieldlights up a neon tube toits full brightness without
wires, that is
WIRELESS:
transmission ofENERGY, not onlysignal
Tesla Coils energy fieldlights up a neon tube toits full brightness without
wires, that is
WIRELESS:
transmission ofENERGY, not onlysignal
power
transmission
power
transmission
small power coilsmall power coil
MAGNETODIELECTRIC: is the dual ofELECTROMAGNETICMAGNETODIELECTRIC: is the dual ofELECTROMAGNETIC
5) M t l ff t b t T C il5)5) M t lM t l ff tff t b tb t T C ilT C il
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Mutual effects ofXMTR and RCVR: aneon tube near eachTesla coil shows that ifRCVR coil is firstswitched on and thenoff the corresponding
neon tube turns firstONand then OFFwhereas the neon ofthe XMTR turns OFF
and then ON.
Mutual effects ofXMTR and RCVR: aneon tube near eachTesla coil shows that ifRCVR coil is firstswitched on and thenoff the corresponding
neon tube turns firstONand then OFFwhereas the neon ofthe XMTR turns OFF
and then ON.
5) Mutual effects between T.Coils5)5) MutualMutual effectseffects betweenbetween T.CoilsT.Coils
The two T.C.s are communicating !The two T.C.s are communicating !
TeslaTesla CoilCoil resonanceresonance frequenciesfrequencies
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TeslaTesla CoilCoil resonanceresonance frequenciesfrequencies
There are two different main resonance frequenciesf0and f1, where f1 = 1,57. f0 ; for instance f0= 1 MHz
and f1 = 1,57 MHz; the relationship is therefore:
f1 = f0 . / 2 (= 3,141)
There are two different main resonance frequenciesf0and f1, where f1 = 1,57. f0 ; for instance f0= 1 MHz
and f1 = 1,57 MHz; the relationship is therefore:
f1 = f0 . / 2 (= 3,141)
Frequencies relationship expressed by wave lenghts :
proportional as circle radius to arc
Frequencies relationship expressed by wave lenghts :
proportional as circle radius to arc
11
/ 2/ 2
Li h ff i h T CLi htLi ht ff tff t ithith T CT C
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Light effects with a T.C.LightLight effectseffects withwith a T.C.a T.C.
The apparatus produces
curious beautiful light
effects, like brushes andstreamers, in the lamp
bulb at top terminal of
secondary coil showing
different colours [1].
The apparatus produces
curious beautiful light
effects, like brushes andstreamers, in the lamp
bulb at top terminal of
secondary coil showing
different colours [1].
A few words about Maxwells equationsA fewA few wordswords aboutabout MaxwellMaxwellss equationsequations
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A few words about Maxwell s equationsA fewA few wordswords aboutabout MaxwellMaxwell ss equationsequations The original quaternion Maxwells electromagnetism equations were later
modifiedand simplifiedwith the introduction of vectors by Heaviside andGibbs.
Quaternions have 4 terms: q = a+bi+cj+dk (by Hamilton)
Vectors have only 3 terms: v = ai+bj+ck (cartesian space) Calculation rules are not the same in the two systems, for
instance:
- Quaternions have anti-commutative property: i.j= - j.i- Vectors however have commutative property: i.j= j.i
- The sum of quaternions q1=a+bi+cj+dk and q2=a-bi-cj-dk givesq=q1+q2=2a which is but a scalar not equal to zero
- The sum of vectors v1=ai+bj+ck and v2=-ai-bj-ck gives v=v1+v2=0 that iszero;
in other words q1+q2=2a but v1+v2=0 as an example, so:
-> results are not the same and so the involved equations
The original quaternion Maxwells electromagnetism equations were later
modifiedand simplifiedwith the introduction of vectors by Heaviside andGibbs.
Quaternions have 4 terms: q = a+bi+cj+dk (by Hamilton)
Vectors have only 3 terms: v = ai+bj+ck (cartesian space) Calculation rules are not the same in the two systems, for
instance:
- Quaternions have anti-commutative property: i.j= - j.i- Vectors however have commutative property: i.j= j.i
- The sum of quaternions q1=a+bi+cj+dk and q2=a-bi-cj-dk givesq=q1+q2=2a which is but a scalar not equal to zero
- The sum of vectors v1=ai+bj+ck and v2=-ai-bj-ck gives v=v1+v2=0 that iszero;
in other words q1+q2=2a but v1+v2=0 as an example, so:
-> results are not the same and so the involved equations
MaxwellMaxwellss equationsequations inin todaytodayss differentialdifferential formform are:are:
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MaxwellMaxwellss equationsequations inin todaytodayss differentialdifferentialformform are:are:
. E = /0 Dielectric flux theorem
. B = 0 Magnetic flux theorem
x E = -/t B Faradays law
c2 x B = j/0 + /t E Ampres law
where: E = dielectric field; B = magnetic field;
= charge density; 0 = dielectric constant in vacuum;/t = time partial derivative; j = current density.
and Lorenz gauge would then arbitrarily fixed as: . A + 1/c2. /t = 0
but in 1865 originally J.C.Maxwell issued 20 equations
. E = /0 Dielectric flux theorem
. B = 0 Magnetic flux theorem
x E = -/t B Faradays law
c2 x B = j/0 + /t E Ampres law
where: E = dielectric field; B = magnetic field;
= charge density; 0 = dielectric constant in vacuum;/t = time partial derivative; j = current density.
and Lorenz gauge would then arbitrarily fixed as: . A + 1/c2. /t = 0
but in 1865 originally J.C.Maxwell issued 20 equations
Quaternions, by use of Informatics, simplify complicated manualQuaternions, by use of Informatics, simplify complicated manual
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Moreover, two well known expressions of Maxwells equations (whereB and E are respectively magnetic and dielectric vectorial fields) are:
B= xA and E= - -/tAdielectric scalar potential and
dielectric vector potential ACuriously they were often considered to be only mere mathematical
abstractions rather than to havephysical meaning.
Moreover, two well known expressions of Maxwells equations (whereB and E are respectively magnetic and dielectric vectorial fields) are:
B= xA and E= - -/tAdielectric scalar potential and
dielectric vector potential ACuriously they were often considered to be only mere mathematical
abstractions rather than to havephysical meaning.
Q , y , p y pcalculation and allow up to 55% memory space saving, for example in:
- computer graphics [6]
- aerospace navigation
Use of quaternions could be made in Maxwells equations
, y , p y pcalculation and allow up to 55% memory space saving, for example in:
- computer graphics [6]
- aerospace navigation
Use of quaternions could be made in Maxwells equations
q = a+bi+cj+dk
q
G d ti i t l t h t b di dG d ti i t l t h t b di d
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- Gods creation is vast: a lot has to be discovered.- Gods creation is vast: a lot has to be discovered.
"Flight by machines heavier than air is unpractical and insignificant,
if not utterly impossible. - Simon Newcomb, 1902.
"Flight by machines heavier than air is unpractical and insignificant,
if not utterly impossible. - Simon Newcomb, 1902.
Discover a
BLUE HORIZON !
visit:www.deltaavalon.com
Bibliography and referencesBibliographyBibliography andand referencesreferences
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Bibliography and referencesBibliographyBibliography andand referencesreferences[1] Nikola Tesla: Experiments with AC of VHF and their
application to methods of artificial illumination, 1891[2] Nikola Tesla: On light and other HF phenomena,
delivered before Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, feb.1893
[3] Nikola Tesla: The true wireless, Electrical Experimenter,may 1919
[4] Hugo Gernsback: Faster than light !, Everyday science
and mechanics - vol.2 n.12, nov.1931[5] Charles P. Steinmetz: Electric discharges, waves etc.,
1914
[6] Roberto Handwerker et al.: Rotation of solids byquaternionsfor Elements of informatics, Milan Polytechnic,
Faculty of Engineering, Milan, Italy, 1990
[1] Nikola Tesla: Experiments with AC of VHF and their
application to methods of artificial illumination, 1891[2] Nikola Tesla: On light and other HF phenomena,
delivered before Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, feb.1893
[3] Nikola Tesla: The true wireless, Electrical Experimenter,may 1919
[4] Hugo Gernsback: Faster than light !, Everyday science
and mechanics - vol.2 n.12, nov.1931[5] Charles P. Steinmetz: Electric discharges, waves etc.,
1914
[6] Roberto Handwerker et al.: Rotation of solids byquaternionsfor Elements of informatics, Milan Polytechnic,
Faculty of Engineering, Milan, Italy, 1990
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