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VO
LC
AN
ICFA
CIE
S,
DE
FO
RM
AT
ION
AN
DE
CO
NO
MIC
MIN
ER
AL
IZA
TIO
NIN
PA
LE
OZ
OIC
ST
RA
TA
OF
TH
ET
ER
RA
CE
–K
ITIM
AT
AR
EA
,B
RIT
ISH
CO
LU
MB
IA,
NT
S1
03
I
Pig
notta
,G
eoffre
yS
.,H
ard
el,
Bry
an
G.,
Meyers
,Jessic
aL.and
Mahoney,
J.B
.
pig
notg
s@
uw
ec.e
du
Departm
entofG
eolo
gy,
Univ
ers
ityofW
isconsin
-Eau
Cla
ire,E
au
Cla
ire,W
I,54702
Recentre
gio
nalm
appin
gby
the
Britis
hC
olu
mbia
Geolo
gic
alS
urv
ey
has
indic
ate
dth
ata
package
ofP
ale
ozoic
volc
anogenic
stra
ta,th
eM
t.
Attre
evolc
anic
s,hostpote
ntia
lV
olc
anic
-Hoste
dM
assiv
eS
ulp
hid
e
(VH
MS
)m
inera
lizatio
n(N
els
on
etal.,
2008a;M
cK
eow
netal,
2008).
These
Pale
ozoic
stra
taare
situ
ate
dalo
ng
the
weste
rnm
ostm
arg
inof
Stik
inia
and
intru
ded
by
Jura
ssic
thro
ugh
Eocene
plu
tons
ofth
e
easte
rnm
ostC
oastP
luto
nic
Com
ple
x(C
PC
).A
long
strik
eto
the
north
,
Pale
ozoic
and
Mesozoic
volc
anic
rocks
sim
ilar
toth
eM
t.A
ttree
volc
anic
package
hostsig
nific
antV
HM
Sdeposits
,lik
eth
eT
uls
equah
Chie
f,
Fore
more
,E
skay,
Gra
nduc
and
Anyox
(McK
eow
netal.,
2008).
The
recognitio
nofth
iseconom
icpote
ntia
lcom
bin
ed
with
update
dre
gio
nal
mappin
g,geophysic
aldata
from
the
recently
com
ple
ted
QU
ES
T-W
est
surv
ey
and
new
lyre
analy
zed
and
rele
ased
RG
Sstre
am
sedim
entdata
from
the
Terra
ce-K
itimatare
apro
vid
ea
solid
foundatio
nfro
mw
hic
h
additio
nalstu
die
sofeconom
icpote
ntia
lcan
be
based.
The
obje
ctiv
eofth
isw
ork
isto
com
ple
testru
ctu
ralanaly
sis
,
geochem
icalchara
cte
rizatio
nand
econom
icm
inera
lassessm
entofsix
targ
ete
dexposure
sofpote
ntia
lP
ale
ozoic
volc
anogenic
and
marin
e
sedim
enta
rystra
tain
the
Terra
ce-K
itimatare
a.D
urin
gth
esum
mer
of
2009,deta
iled
mappin
gand
sam
ple
colle
ctio
nw
as
com
ple
ted
inth
esix
targ
etare
as
outlin
ed
belo
w.D
ata
com
pila
tion,petro
gra
phic
,stru
ctu
ral,
geochem
icaland
geochro
nolo
gic
analy
ses
are
inpro
gre
ss.T
hese
analy
ses
will
constra
inth
enatu
reand
timin
gofeconom
icm
inera
lizatio
n
and
defo
rmatio
n,esta
blis
ha
geochem
icalfra
mew
ork
for
volc
anic
and
plu
tonic
rocks
inth
eare
aand
assess
the
regio
naleconom
icpote
ntia
lof
these
Pale
ozoic
stra
ta.
Intro
du
ctio
n
103I/0
9103I/1
0
103I/0
8
103I/0
1103I/0
2
103I/0
7
Terra
ce
Kitim
at
Leg
en
d
Are
am
ap
pe
db
yN
els
on
et
al.,
20
08
ca
t1
:50
,00
0
Pa
leo
zo
icZ
ym
oe
tzG
rou
p
Ju
rassic
&C
reta
ce
ou
svo
lca
nic
s
Ju
rassic
,C
reta
ce
ou
s&
Eo
ce
ne
intru
sio
ns
5k
m
Co
pp
er
Riv
er
are
a
Mt.
Cla
gu
ea
rea
Na
sh
Rid
ge
are
a
Mt.
Attre
eare
a
Mt.
Bo
lton
are
a
Ga
ze
llea
rea
Geolo
gy
ofth
eTerra
ce-K
itimatare
aderiv
ed
from
BC
MapP
lace
(BC
Geolo
gic
alS
urv
ey,
2008).
New
geolo
gic
alm
appin
gby
Nels
on
etal.
(2008c)
falls
with
inth
ebox
with
the
heavy
bla
ck
outlin
e;boxes
with
white
outlin
ehig
hlig
htta
rgete
dexposure
sofP
ale
ozoic
MountA
ttree
volc
anic
rocks.A
bbre
via
tions:Jkp,Jura
ssic
Kle
anza
plu
ton;E
wc,E
ocene
Willia
ms
Cre
ek
plu
ton.
337
+/-1
3M
a
Terra
ne
map
ofB
ritish
Colu
mbia
,show
ing
locatio
nofm
ajo
rvolc
anic
-hoste
dm
assiv
esulp
hid
e(V
HM
S)
deposits
ofS
tikin
ia.Locatio
nofstu
dy
are
a(T
arg
etA
rea
outlin
e)
and
overla
pofpro
jectw
ithQ
UE
ST
-Westpro
ject
(are
aoutlin
ed
inre
d).
Econom
icm
inera
lizatio
nin
the
Terra
ce-K
itimatare
ais
concentra
ted
alo
ng
the
intru
siv
eboundary
betw
een
the
easte
rnm
arg
inofth
eC
oastP
luto
nic
Com
ple
x(C
PC
)and
supra
cru
sta
lro
cks
ofS
tikin
ia.
Devonia
nto
Perm
ian
arc
volc
anic
sand
pla
tform
carb
onate
sfo
rmth
ebasem
entto
Stik
inia
inth
eTerra
ce-K
itimatare
aand
are
overla
inby
Tria
ssic
and
Low
er
Jura
ssic
marin
esedim
enta
ryand
volc
anic
arc
rocks.
These
supra
cru
sta
lassem
bla
ges
are
intru
ded
by
Jura
ssic
,Late
Cre
taceous
and
Eocene
plu
tonic
rocks
ofth
eC
PC
.M
ap
modifie
dfro
mM
cK
eow
netal.,
(2008).
QU
ES
T-W
est
Pro
ject
Are
aP
ale
ozo
icZ
ym
oetz
Gro
up
Pe
ri-La
ure
ntia
nT
erra
ne
s
ST
IKIN
IA
Pa
leo
zo
icro
ck
s;
Stik
inia
Sm
all
terra
ne
s,
So
uth
ern
Stik
inia
Qu
es
ne
llia
Pa
leo
zo
icQ
ue
sn
ellia
Yu
ko
n-T
an
an
a
Slid
eM
tn.
No
rthA
me
rica
(La
ure
ntia
)
Ca
ch
eC
ree
k
Co
as
tP
luto
nic
Co
mp
lex
Ta
rge
tA
rea
Ma
jor
VH
MS
de
po
sits
of
Stik
inia
Pa
leo
zo
ic
Me
so
zo
ic
Refe
ren
ces
McK
eow
n,M
.,N
els
on,J.L.and
Frie
dm
an,R
.(2
008):
New
lydis
covere
dvolc
anic
-hoste
dm
assiv
esulp
hid
epote
ntia
lw
ithin
Pale
ozoic
volc
anic
rocks
ofth
eS
tikin
eassem
bla
ge,
Terra
ce
are
a,north
weste
rnB
ritish
Colu
mbia
;in
Geolo
gic
alF
ield
work
2007,B
CM
inis
tryofE
nerg
y,M
ines
and
Petro
leum
Resourc
es,P
aper
2008-1
,p.1
03
–11
6.
MIN
FIL
E(2
008):
MIN
FIL
EB
Cm
inera
ldeposits
data
base;B
CM
inis
tryofE
nerg
y,M
ines
and
Petro
leum
Resourc
es,U
RL
<http
://ww
w.e
m.g
ov.b
c.c
a/M
inin
g/G
eols
urv
/Min
file>
,[S
epte
mber
2008].
Nels
on,J.L.,
Kyba,J.,
McK
eow
n,M
.and
Angen,J.(2
008a):
Geolo
gy
ofth
eC
his
tC
reek
Map
Are
a(N
TS
103I/0
8);
BC
Min
istry
ofE
nerg
y,M
ines
and
Petro
leum
Resourc
es,1:5
0000
scale
.N
els
on,J.L.,
Kyba,J.,
McK
eow
n,M
.and
Angen,J.(2
008b):
Terra
ce
Regio
nalM
appin
gP
roje
ctY
ear
3:contrib
utio
ns
tostra
tigra
phic
,stru
ctu
raland
explo
ratio
nconcepts
,Z
ym
oetz
Riv
er
toK
itimatR
iver,
(NT
S103I/0
8);
inG
eolo
gic
alF
ield
work
2007,B
CM
inis
tryofE
nerg
y,M
ines
and
Petro
leum
Resourc
es,P
aper
2008-1
,p.159–174.
Nels
on,J.L.,
McK
eow
n,M
.,C
ui,
Y.,
Desja
rdin
s,P.,
Nakanis
hi,
T.and
Shirv
ani,
F.(2
008c):
Terra
ce
pre
limin
ary
geodata
rele
ase
(103Ieasthalf);
BC
Min
istry
ofE
nerg
y,M
ines
and
Petro
leum
Resourc
es,G
eoF
ile2008-1
1.
Reg
ion
alL
ocatio
n
Terra
ce
Map
pin
gan
dTarg
et
Lo
catio
ns
Nash
Rid
ge
Are
a
Co
pp
er
Riv
er
Are
a
Mt.
Attre
eA
rea
Gazelle
Are
a
Mt.
Bo
lton
Are
a
Mt.
Cla
gu
eA
rea
Targ
et
Are
aS
um
marie
s
���������
There
are
observ
able
lithofa
cie
stre
nds
with
inth
eM
ountA
ttree
volc
anic
packages
inclu
din
g:
1)
Dis
tinctdiffe
rences
betw
een
volc
anic
lithofa
cie
sin
the
are
as
westofTerra
ce
com
pare
dto
the
easte
rnare
as.
Weste
rnare
as
are
more
fels
ic,conta
inm
ore
intru
siv
em
ate
rial,
are
genera
llyhig
her
meta
morp
hic
gra
de
and
have
ubiq
uito
us
lavender
quartz
eyes,w
hic
hare
com
ple
tely
absentin
easte
rnM
ountA
ttree
exposure
s.
2)
Lith
ofa
cie
stre
nds
have
als
obeen
note
dw
ithin
the
indiv
idualta
rgete
dexposure
sand
are
bein
gexam
ined
furth
er
thro
ugh
petro
gra
phic
and
geochem
icalanaly
ses.
120
geochem
icalsam
ple
scolle
cte
d,pro
cessed
and
analy
zed;data
analy
sis
and
inte
rpre
tatio
npendin
g.
25
assay
sam
ple
scolle
cte
d,pro
cessed
and
analy
zed;D
ata
analy
sis
and
inte
rpre
tatio
npendin
g.
12
sam
ple
scolle
cte
dand
pro
cessed
for
geochro
nolo
gy;analy
ses
pendin
g.
Suite
ofsam
ple
spre
pare
dfo
rth
insectio
nanaly
sis
.S
evera
ldeta
iled
maps
com
ple
ted
from
targ
etare
as.
The
Gazelle
are
ahas
show
nth
em
osteconom
ic-m
inera
lpote
ntia
l.O
ngoin
gpetro
gra
phic
,geochem
icaland
geochro
nolo
gic
alw
ork
will
help
constra
inth
eages
ofth
evolc
anic
packages,th
eir
genesis
and
the
timin
gofm
inera
lizatio
nw
ithre
spectto
depositio
nand
defo
rmatio
n.
Su
mm
ary
Univ
ers
ityofW
isconsin
-E
au
Cla
ireunderg
raduate
stu
dent
Jessic
aM
eyers
measurin
gfo
liatio
nin
Mt.
Attre
evolc
anic
snear
the
Gazelle
pro
perty.
Exposure
sofM
ountA
ttree
volc
anic
sin
the
Copper
Riv
er
are
stro
ngly
dom
inate
dby
mediu
m-
tocoars
e-g
rain
ed
nonw
eld
ed
tuff
and
uprig
ht,
genera
llynorth
west-s
trikin
gand
modera
tely
north
-dip
pin
gepic
lastic
volc
anic
rocks.
There
isa
genera
ltre
nd
ofin
cre
asin
gcla
stsiz
ein
the
volc
anic
lastic
rocks
from
south
tonorth
.In
the
upper
part
of
the
north
ern
sectio
n,channels
cutepic
lastic
volc
anic
rocks.N
ota
bly
littleeconom
icm
inera
lizatio
nobserv
ed
inth
issectio
n.
thatconsis
toffin
ing-u
pw
ard
sequences
ofpoly
mic
ticpebble
conglo
mera
teto
feld
spath
iclith
are
nite
,
Assay
Sam
ple
locatio
ns
h
Folia
tion
o
Dik
e
Dik
etre
nd
Fault
trace
77
54
64
86
79
58
80
75
515980E
6030510N
517870E
6030450N
Leg
en
d
Andesitic
lapilli
tuff
Bre
ccia
La
ve
nd
er
qu
artz
eye
s
Gabbro
Rhyolitic
lapilli
tuff
Bio
titeschis
t
02
50
12
5
Mete
rs
Pre
limin
ary
Strip
Map
of
Wh
iteC
reek
Ro
ad
Dis
tinctly
diffe
rentvolc
anic
lithofa
cie
sare
observ
ed
inth
eN
ash
Rid
ge
are
a(a
nd
MountC
lague
are
adescrib
ed
belo
w),
whic
his
locate
dappro
xim
ate
ly10
km
due
westofty
pe
exposure
sofM
ountA
ttree
volc
anic
rocks.T
he
are
aconsis
tsofa
south
ern
regio
ndom
inate
dby
mix
ed
volc
anic
units
and
anorth
ern
regio
n(n
orth
ofth
eS
keena
Riv
er)
thatconsis
tsprim
arily
ofdefo
rmed
plu
tonic
rocks.U
niq
ue
tovolc
anic
units
found
inth
eN
ash
Rid
ge
and
Mount
Cla
gue
are
as
are
specta
cula
rla
vender
quartz
eyes,w
hic
hdis
tinguis
hth
em
from
all
oth
er
units
toth
eeast.
Deta
iled
mappin
gw
as
com
ple
ted
where
necessary
inta
rgetare
as.T
he
pre
limin
ary
strip
map
above
was
com
ple
ted
prim
arily
by
UW
EC
underg
raduate
stu
dentB
ryan
Hard
el.
Geochem
icaland
assay
sam
ple
shave
been
pro
cessed
and
analy
zed.D
ata
evalu
atio
nand
inte
rpre
tatio
nis
pendin
g.T
he
south
ern
regio
nconsis
tsofrh
yolitic
todacitic
cry
sta
l-lithic
tuff,
porp
hyritic
dacite
flow
s,aphanitic
and
porp
hyritic
(pla
gio
cla
se)
andesite
flow
sand/o
rsills
,dacitic
toandesitic
flow
sconta
inin
grh
yolite
cla
sts
and
mediu
m-
tocoars
e-g
rain
ed
nonw
eld
ed
andesitic
fragm
enta
ltu
ff.R
hyolitic
todacitic
units
typic
ally
conta
inabundantla
vender
quartz
eyes,butall
rock
types
and
most
exposure
sconta
ined
som
ela
vender
quartz
eyes
(See
photo
belo
w).
Inte
rcala
ted
with
inth
evolc
anic
rocks
are
lenses
ofcoars
e-g
rain
ed,stro
ngly
folia
ted
bio
titeschis
t.T
he
entire
package
ofvolc
anic
rocks
ism
eta
morp
hosed
toupper-g
reenschis
tfa
cie
s.F
olia
tion
strik
es
consis
tently
EN
E-W
SW
and
dip
sste
eply.
Rhyolite
tuff
with
dis
tinctiv
ela
vender
quartz
eyes
chara
cte
ristic
ofm
any
units
found
inth
eN
ash
Rid
ge
are
aand
som
eunits
inth
eM
ountC
lague
are
alo
cate
dfu
rther
south
near
Kitim
at.
Ofnote
isth
atin
this
are
ath
ety
pic
alM
ountA
ttree
fragm
enta
landesite
sobserv
ed
both
ineaste
rnand
weste
rnexposure
sconta
inla
vender
quartz
eyes.
Stu
dentB
ryan
Hard
elpoin
tsouta
cro
ss-c
uttin
gandesite
dik
ein
the
White
Cre
ek
Road
map
are
a.
Aphanitic
andesite
dik
es
(varia
bly
porp
hyritic
with
pla
gio
cla
se
and
horn
ble
nde
phenocry
sts
)are
pre
sentth
roughoutth
evolc
anic
package
and
are
typic
ally
undefo
rmed.
Coars
e-g
rain
ed
epic
lastic
volc
anogenic
rocks
from
the
Copper
Riv
er
are
a.C
lasts
are
pre
dom
inantly
porp
hyritic
andesite
and
dacite
.
Gossan
rich
indis
sem
inate
dpyrite
,chalc
opyrite
,ars
enopyrite
and
sm
all
undefo
rmed
vein
lets
or
strin
gers
ofchalc
ocite
from
the
centra
lre
gio
nofth
eG
azelle
are
a.
Magnetite
skarn
found
alo
ng
conta
ctbetw
een
MountA
ttree
volc
anic
rocks
and
an
Eocene
(?)
intru
sio
nfo
und
alo
ng
the
weste
rnedge
ofth
eG
azelle
exposure
s.
MountA
ttree
volc
anic
sin
the
south
ern
Copper
Riv
er
are
ain
terb
edded
with
calc
-silic
ate
.
The
Gazelle
are
ais
aprim
ary
targ
etbecause
ofpre
vio
usly
recogniz
ed
pote
ntia
lfo
reconom
icm
inera
lizatio
n(e
.g.,
MIN
FIL
Eoccurre
nce
103I
185;M
INF
ILE
,2009)
and
the
inte
rpre
tatio
nofV
HM
S-s
tyle
min
era
lizatio
nin
the
are
a(M
cK
eow
netal.,
2008).
Num
ero
us
geochem
ical,
assay
and
geochro
nolo
gic
alsam
ple
sw
ere
colle
cte
dfro
mth
isare
ato
help
assess
min
era
lpote
ntia
land
dete
rmin
egenetic
and
timin
gre
latio
nship
s.M
ostm
inera
lizatio
nin
the
Gazelle
are
aoccurs
inits
centra
lre
gio
n,w
here
the
pre
dom
inantly
fels
icvolc
anic
rocks
are
more
inte
nsely
defo
rmed
and
meta
morp
hosed,and
conta
inm
ore
gossans
than
surro
undin
gvolc
anic
rocks
inth
eG
azelle
are
aand
all
exposure
sofM
ountA
ttree
volc
anic
rocks
toth
eeastofTerra
ce.
The
exposure
sofM
ountA
ttree
volc
anic
rocks
inth
eM
ountC
lague
are
aare
som
ew
hatsim
ilar
inchara
cte
rto
those
found
inth
eN
ash
Rid
ge
are
a.P
artic
ula
rlyin
tere
stin
gis
the
pre
sence
ofla
vender
quartz
eyes
inboth
volc
anic
and
plu
tonic
units
found
inth
isare
a.V
olc
anic
rocks
exposed
are
nearly
com
ple
tely
surro
unded
by
ahete
rogeneous
inte
rmedia
teto
mafic
intru
siv
ecom
ple
x.D
om
inantvolc
anic
rock
types
inclu
de
quartz
-phyric
rhyolitic
todacitic
tuff,
where
quartz
phenocry
sts
are
both
ofth
ela
vender
and
cle
ar
varie
ty.M
inor
occurre
nces
oflith
icdacitic
tuff
and
andesitic
nonw
eld
ed
tuff
with
lavender
quartz
eyes
(xenocry
sts
?)
als
onote
din
the
matrix
.M
ostofth
eare
aconsis
tsofto
nalite
,dio
riteand
mic
rodio
ritein
trusio
ns
with
min
or
occurre
nces
ofgra
nite
and
gabbro
.F
els
icplu
tonic
units
,in
partic
ula
rgra
nitic
intru
sio
ns,ofte
nconta
inla
vender
quartz
phenocry
sts
/xenocry
sts
(?).
The
MountB
olto
nare
aw
as
notm
apped
durin
gth
em
ostre
centB
CG
Sre
gio
nalm
appin
gcam
paig
nin
the
Terra
ce–K
itimatare
a.It
was
sele
cte
das
ata
rgetbecause
itis
alo
ng
and
acro
ss
strik
eofoth
er
mapped
exposure
sofM
ountA
ttree
volc
anic
rocks
and
conta
ins
pro
xim
alR
GS
Cu,M
oand
Au
anom
alie
s.T
his
north
-trendin
g,elo
ngate
body
ofvolc
anic
rock
was
pre
vio
usly
mapped
as
possib
lelo
wer
Jura
ssic
Telk
wa
Form
atio
nby
Woodsw
orth
etal.
(1985).
The
north
ern
half
ofth
eta
rgetare
aw
as
mapped
and
sam
ple
dfo
rpetro
gra
phic
,geochem
icaland
geochro
nolo
gic
alanaly
ses.T
he
volc
anic
units
inth
isare
alik
ely
belo
ng
toth
eJura
ssic
Telk
wa
Form
atio
nbased
on
their
low
er
gra
de
ofm
eta
morp
his
mand
lack
ofalte
ratio
n.A
sam
ple
ofquartz
-phyric
rhyolitic
weld
ed
tuff
was
colle
cte
dfo
rdatin
g.M
inera
lizatio
nis
lackin
gin
this
are
a,w
ithone
exceptio
nconsis
ting
ofm
inor
dis
sem
inate
dpyrite
and
vein
pyrite
observ
ed
inone
rhyolite
tuff.
Intru
din
gth
epackage
ofvolc
anic
rocks
inth
ew
estis
am
ediu
m-g
rain
ed,
folia
ted
horn
ble
nde-b
iotite
gra
nodio
rite,orig
nally
inte
rpre
ted
by
Nels
on
etal.
(2008a,b)
tobe
part
ofth
eJura
ssic
Kle
anza
plu
ton.H
ow
ever,
asam
ple
colle
cte
dfo
rgeochro
nolo
gy
yie
lded
aM
issis
sip
pia
nage
of337
13
(See
sta
rred
locatio
non
Terra
ce
regio
nalm
ap).
This
intru
siv
ere
latio
nship
require
sth
atth
eM
t.A
tree
volc
anic
com
ple
xis
Mis
sis
sip
pia
nor
old
er.
�
Photo
ofeaste
rnM
ountA
ttree
are
aw
ithA
mbitio
nF
orm
atio
nlim
esto
ne
exposed
insaddle
and
sm
all
gossans
furth
er
east
alo
ng
slo
pe.
The
MountA
ttree
are
ais
the
type
locality
for
the
MountA
ttree
volc
anic
com
ple
x.V
olc
anic
rocks
inth
isare
ain
clu
de
aw
este
rnunit
thatis
dom
inate
dby
aphanitic
andesitic
flow
s,sills
and
sm
all
sto
cks
and
cro
sscuttin
gporp
hyritic
andesite
dik
es.T
his
transitio
ns
abru
ptly
toan
easte
rnunit
chara
cte
rized
by
fine-
tom
ediu
m-g
rain
ed
fragm
enta
lvolc
anic
lastic
andesite
with
min
or
aphanitic
andesite
flow
sand
sills
,and
porp
hyritic
andesite
dik
es.A
stru
ctu
ral
conta
ctbetw
een
MountA
ttree
volc
anic
units
and
Am
bitio
nF
orm
atio
nlim
esto
ne
isexposed
insevera
llo
calitie
sin
the
Mt.
Attre
eare
a.
INS
ER
TG
EO
CH
RO
ND
ATA
50
150
250
350
450
0.0
0
0.0
2
0.0
4
0.0
6
0.0
8
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
20
7
206
Pb
Pb
/23
5
/238
U
U
Inte
rcepts
at
92±250
&337±13
[±14]
Ma
MS
WD
=1.3
Recommended