Teorisi ve lar - Savunma Sanayii Dergilik

27

Stratejileri 6

27

Stratejileri 13 25

Teorisi ve lar

Transnational Organized Crime in Financing Terrorism

*

ulu

* , e-posta: ozseda@gmail.com.

28 Security

Strategies Year: 13 Issue: 25

Anahtar Kelimeler

Abstract The subject of this study is to analyze the relationship between

terrorism and transnational organized crime theoretically and chronologically and through examples that gained importance in both national and international security arena after Cold War. The aim of this

which suggested that terrorist organizations become also organized crime

organizations, which become also organized crime organizations such as PKK will be presented. Drug trafficking, weapon smuggling, forgery, human trafficking, extortion and theft and cyber crimes are the organized crimes, which are committed often by terrorist organizations. This situation emphasizes the importance of need to development of national strategy for struggle against organized crime, while also forming national strategy to struggle against terrorism. The data in this study are gathered from comprehensive international literature review and actual national data of Turkey are based on primary data of General Directorate of Security Affairs. It is concluded that terrorist organizations has began to transform into organized crime organizations and the problem of financing terrorism has become much more important regarding the counter terrorism at tactical, operational and strategic level.

Keywords: Terrorism, Financing Terrorism, Organized Crime, Transnational Crimes.

1.

Makarenko'nu

29

Stratejileri 13

h- -

1

.2

1 -

i

2 Paula D Global Issues, 2001, Vol. 6, No: 2, s. 2.

30 Security

Strategies Year: 13 Issue: 25

her iki

3

3

la birlikte

i ise

Critical Studies on Terrorism, 6:1, 2013, s. 77).

Makarenko'nu

31

Stratejileri 13

BM 4

uyu

.5

Organize

4 H. Diffe Global Crime, 2014, 15:3-4, s. 213. 5 Global Issues, 2001, Vol. 6, No: 2, s. 5.

32 Security

Strategies Year: 13 Issue: 25

6

etmektedir.7

le gelmektedir.

6 7 A.g.e., s. 481.

Makarenko'nu

33

Stratejileri 13

veretaraftan,

.8

her iki olgunun da kavra

9 Bu durum bizi

8 , Roma

9

1959 Haziran 1962 Atlanta, Georgia

.

ve John L. Cosa Nostra (

ABD Robert Kennedy

(Kaynak: https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Valachi

34 Security

Strategies Year: 13 Issue: 25

fa10

faaliyetlerini

10 Bkz. http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/pc-oc/PCOC_documents/Documents %202014/CDPC%20(2014)%2011%20Fin%20-%20e%20-%20White%20paper.pdf

Makarenko'nu

35

Stratejileri 13

11 imzalanan

zi yapmak,

12 12-

.13

belirtilen

14 15

16 gibi

11 licy-

Defence and Peace Economics, 2011, 22:2, s. 194. 12 Lauren R. Heller, a.g.m., s. 195. 13 https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/kanunlar/k4800.html 14 18.03.2003 tarih ve 15 Ns Millennium, 1999, Vol. 3, s. 57. 16 Global Issues, 2001, Vol. 6, No. 2, s. 19.

36 Security

Strategies Year: 13 Issue: 25

iddia edilebilir.17 u tarihten sonra Afganistan,

Sri

etmek

18

17 licies and Transnational Policing in

European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 2001, Vol: 9/2, s. 105. 18 , Roma

Makarenko'nu

37

Stratejileri 13

ak nitelendirmektedir.19

20

21

tedir.22

23

19 Angela Veng Mei Leong,

Journal of Money Laundering Control, 2004, Vol. 8, No. 1, s. 31. 20

Public Integrity, 2004, Vol. 6, No. 2, s. 157. 21 22 A.g.e. 23

a, mala zarar verme, genel

38 Security

Strategies Year: 13 Issue: 25

Ka

24 4.

olm

bozma, verileri yok

24

, 2008, Ankara, s. 160-161.

Makarenko'nu

39

Stratejileri 13

bombalama bulund

tahmin edilmektedir.25

26 an El

27

riye sokmak

25 Thomas Biersteker ve Sue Eckert, Countering The Financing of Terrorism, Routledge Publications, New York, 2008, ss. 15-18. 26 Thomas Biersteker ve Sue Eckert, a.g.e., s. 8. 27 Between Organised Crime and Al- South African Journal of International Affairs, 10:20, 2003, ss. 84-85.

40 Security

Strategies Year: 13 Issue: 25

eylemleri

28

bir maliyet un

fa

29

28

Public Integrity, 2004, Vol. 6, No. 2, s. 155. 29 Thomas Biersteker ve Sue Eckert, a.g.e., s. 10.

Makarenko'nu

41

Stratejileri 13

finans 30

rlikte bu

.31 El Ordusu

32

30 A.g.e. 31 -Terror Nexus? Thinking on some of

Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 30:12, 2007, ss. 1095- -Terror Continuum: Tracing the

Global Crime, 6:1, 2004, ss. 142-Criminal Syndicate: Studies in Conflict &Terrorism, 30:10, 2007, s. 901-920. 32

Critical Studies on Terrorism, 6:1, 2013, s. 76.

42 Security

Strategies Year: 13 Issue: 25

33

34 Kaide ve

-

lerin El .35

33 -Terror Nexus? Thinking on some of

Studies in Conflict&Terrorism, 30:12, 2007, s. 1095. 34 35 Rachel Ehrenfeld, Funding Evil: How Terrorism is Financed and How to Stop It, Bonus Books, Los Angeles, 2003, ss. 26-28.

Makarenko'nu

43

Stratejileri 13

ili organize

36

kollanmaya

37 Her iki b

.38

39

36 Syndicate: Funding Terrorism through Organized Crime, A Case Study Studies in Conflict &Terrorism, 30:10, 2007, s. 914. 37

Transnational Organised Crime, Vol. 2, No: 4, 1996, s. 40. 38 -Terror Nexus? Thinking on some of

Studies in Conflict&Terrorism, 30:12, 2007, s. 1096. 39 Convergence of International Organized Crime Police Practice and Research, 3:4, 2002, s. 305.

44 Security

Strategies Year: 13 Issue: 25

BM 40

41 Bireysel

42

, 43

edilmektedir.44

45

40 -Terror Nexus? Thinking on some

Studies in Conflict&Terrorism, 30:12, 2007, s. 1096. 41 Alain Journal of Drug Issues, 35(1), 2005, s. 119. 42 Alain Labrousse, a.g.m., s. 124-125. 43 Akt. Alain Labrousse, a.g.m. s. 125. 44 Steven Hutchinson& A Crime-Terror Nexus? Thinking on some of the Links

Studies in Conflict&Terrorism, 30:12, 2007, s. 1097. 45

International Criminal Law Review, (2), 2002, s. 231.

Makarenko'nu

45

Stratejileri 13

illegal

teh geleneksel

tespit

BM

kategorize etmektedir.46

bir alanda deneyim sahibi olm

edebilmektedir.47 r

toritesine zarar veren faaliyetlerinden .

46 A.g.e., ss. 131-135. 47 A.g.e., s. 138.

46 Security

Strategies Year: 13 Issue: 25

- 48

benimsemeye

ise,

yapmak

48 -Terror Continuum: Tracing the Interplay Between

Global Crime, 6:1, 2004, s. 142.

gruplarla

Organize

Eylemlerde

kullanma

Eylemlerde organize

yararlanma

Sendromu

Siyasi

Ticari

1 2 3 1 2 3

4

Makarenko'nu

47

Stratejileri 13

organize 49

operasyonlar ve ve

kleri tespit 50

faaliyetlerini engellemek, suikast de

.51

organize s kadro

52

49 -Terror Continuum: Tracing the Interplay between

Global Crime, 6:1, 2004, s. 142. 50 Rachel Ehrenfeld, Funding Evil: How Terrorism is Financed and How to Stop It, Bonus Books, Los Angeles, 2003, s. 39. 51

, 2008, Ankara, s. 168. 52 A.g.e., s. 169.

48 Security

Strategies Year: 13 Issue: 25

etmektedir ve

53

54

.55

ise

.

56

53 A.g.e., s. 171. 54 A.g.e., s. 175. 55 A.g.e. 56 Rachel Ehrenfeld, Funding Evil: How Terrorism is Financed and How to Stop It,

Makarenko'nu

49

Stratejileri 13

birbirinden ay

lde

da,

zamanda sahiplenmektedir. Bu durum

Bonus Books, Los Angeles, 2003, ss. 36-38.

50 Security

Strategies Year: 13 Issue: 25

izlendi

- -

engellerin lan ve

Makarenko'nu

51

Stratejileri 13

rlar.

(Ekonomi . idir.

Ulusal-

Tablo 1:

n

52 Security

Strategies Year: 13 Issue: 25

57

58

dan .59

koruma, zarar vermeme ve tehdit gibi sebepler ortaya sunularak ,

vaadinde bulunma, zarar ve

alarak f .60 organize

. 1970 lerden bu yana FARC, Basque, ETA, PKK ve Sandero

57 Rachel Ehrenfeld, Funding Evil: How Terrorism is Financed and How to Stop It, Bonus Books, Los Angeles, 2003, s. 40 58 Sabrina Adamoli, Organized Crime Around The World, European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, United Nations Publications, Helsinki, 1998, s. 48. 59

, 2008, Ankara, ss. 151-152. 60 A.g.e., s.156.

Makarenko'nu

53

Stratejileri 13

61 Balkan r

Bekaa 62

-

-

63

e etmek, hem de

bilinmektedir.64

, uzun ir.

61 -Terror Continuum: Tracing the Interplay between

Global Crime, 6:1, 2004, s. 134. 62 Tamara Makarenko, a.g.m., s. 135. 63 64 Ankara, 2003, s. 118.

54 Security

Strategies Year: 13 Issue: 25

65

66

tercih ettikleri .67 ye PKK/KCK

68 de

len olaylarda toplamda 207 70 69

5.3. Sahtecilik

belgeleri

65 Sabrina Adamoli, Organized Crime Around The World, European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, United Nations Publications, Helsinki, 1998, s. 41. 66 A.g.e., s. 42-43 67 Rachel Ehrenfeld, Funding Evil: How Terrorism is Financed and How to Stop It, Bonus Books, Los Angeles, 2003, s. 39. 68

verileri, 2016. 69 A.g.e.

Makarenko'nu

55

Stratejileri 13

,

sahte belgelerle Avrupa70

Sahtecilik, El

y , hem de sahte para krizl

71

72 sahte ABD nun evinde ele

teknolojiyle daki ba

73

74

70

71 - South African Journal of International Affairs, 2003, 10:20 s. 85. 72 Gail Wannenburg, a.g.m., s. 86. 73 A.g.e. 74 Rachel Ehrenfeld, Funding Evil: How Terrorism is Financed and How to Stop It, Bonus Books, Los Angeles, 2003, s. 39.

56 Security

Strategies Year: 13 Issue: 25

75

a da

rl,

ilah

nispeten daha az risk sebebiyle giderek

, eleman da temin edebilmektedir.

,

- 76

75 sed Crime and Al- South African Journal of International Affairs, 2003, 10:20 s. 86. 76 The EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT), https://www.europol. europa.eu/content/te-sat-2014-european-union-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-

Makarenko'nu

57

Stratejileri 13

24 Haziran

;

77 5.5.

an

knolojilerle birlikte bilgi

1998

Birinci

silah sistemlerini devre i ise, yle

78 El Kaide nin

SamurB

79

2014, 77 Milliyet Gazetesi. http://www.milliyet.com.tr/ 2000/07/01/dunya/dun01.html 78 Haydar. (ed.) Ankara, 2009, s. 87. 79 Taner Altunok, a.g.e., s. 88.

58 Security

Strategies Year: 13 Issue: 25

bilgilerinin yoluyla

nce de

uzundur. Orta D da Hizbullah, Hamas, El-t PKK/ Kongra-Gel,

- Latin AmerikaKuvvetleri, Tupac Amaru; Asya Kaide, Ensan el

80 Dijital teknolojiyi

Endonezya ine

sistemlerinin

kull kendi

80 Sabrina Adamoli, Organized Crime Around The World, European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, United Nations Publications, Helsinki, 1998, s. 43.

Makarenko'nu

59

Stratejileri 13

plomatik yollarla elde edemeyen

nin,

devlet

zedelenmesi

faaliyetleri se

fa

ya da en

60 Security

Strategies Year: 13 Issue: 25

-19

geleneksel

. Ancak zaman

tir. Bu durum ise salt asker

ve

etmektedir. kara

para e arz

ve talebin bulun

,

ekonomik ve kurumsal

Makarenko'nu

61

Stratejileri 13

anlamda ,

Summary In this article, the relationship between terrorism and transnational

organized crime is analyzed. Financing terrorism by organized criminal activities has gained importance after Cold War period and has become important issue in both national and international security level of the countries. The main thesis of the article is that financial support of foreign states into terrorism is decreasing while financing terrorism through organized crime is increasing dramatically.

There are some common motivations between terrorist groups and transnational organized criminals. Both groups commit the crimes in organized way, they use the same methods as pressure, force, violence and threats, they have a strong hierarchical structure and there is a kind of sanctions system among the members of organizations. Also both terrorist groups and organized criminals rapidly orientate themselves into technological changes and especially provide their staff from minority groups in the society. On the other hand, there is dissimilarity between transnational organized crime and terrorism. For instance, for organized criminals, fear and violence are instrumental, whereas fear and violence are main goals of terrorist organizations. Since main motivation of organized criminals is to gain money and to increase the profit, politics is an instrument for organized criminals; but since main motivation of terrorist groups is political power, economics is an instrument for terrorist activities.

Drug trafficking, weapon smuggling, forgery, human smuggling, extortion and theft, cyber crimes and money laundering are organized crimes which are committed often by terrorist organizations. This situation emphasizes the importance of need to development of national

62 Security

Strategies Year: 13 Issue: 25

strategy for struggle against organized crime and terrorism together. In conclusion, the comprehensive fight strategy against terrorism

requires a multi dimensional approach. In addition to political, economic, social, cultural, and military/police combating efforts with the terrorism, the vital approach is prevention of financing instruments of terrorism. The combat with transnational organized crime is very important in blocking financing of terrorism as a way of prevention of providing financial support to terrorist activities.

Kaynak Kitaplar ADAMOLI, Sabrina, Organized Crime Around The World, European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, United Nations Publications, Helsinki, 1998. BIERSTEKER, Thomas, ECKERT Sue, Countering The Financing of Terrorism, Routledge, New York, 2008. EHRENFELD, Rachel, Funding Evil: How Terrorism is Financed and How to Stop It, Bonus Books, Los Angeles, 2003.

, Sedat, ,

, Enver Alper,

, Mustafa,

Makaleler ADEN, Hartmut, Convergence of Policing Policies and Transnational

European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice vol: 9/2, 2001. CARRAPICO,

Global Crime, 15:3-4, 2014.

Makarenko'nu

63

Stratejileri 13

ok

DOBRIANSKY, Global Issues, Vol. 6, No: 2, 2001. FLANIGAN, Mexican Drug Cartels and Terrorism and Political Violence, 24:2, 2012. GALLAGHER, -

Terrorism and Political Violence, 26:2, 2014. HELLER, ns of (In)Security within the EU. How European Policy-makers view the Sources and costs of Terrorism and

Defence and Peace Economics, 22:2, 2011. HUTCHINSON, Steven and O MALLEY, -Terror Nexus? Thinking on some of the Links between Terrorism and Criminality", Studies in Conflict&Terrorism, 30:12, 2011. LABROUSSE, s Connection to

Journal of Drug Issues, 35(1), 2005. LEONG, Terror and O Journal of Money Laundering Control, Vol.8, No.1, 2004. LI, Quan and SCHAUB,

Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2004, 48(2), 2004.

Ns Millenium, Vol. 3, 1999. -Terror Continuum: Tracing the

Global Crime, 6:1, 2004. MYLONAKI, Terrorists: Legal and Factu International Criminal Law Review, (2), 2002. ROTH, Mitchel and SEVER, (PKK) as Criminal Syndicate: Funding Terrorism Through Organized

Studies in Conflict &Terrorism, 30:10, 2007.

64 Security

Strategies Year: 13 Issue: 25

Transnational Organised Crime, Vol. 2, No: 4, 1996. SHELLEY, Global Issues, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2001. SHELLEY, Louise ve PICARELLI, Implications of the Convergence of International Organized Crime and

Police Practice and Research, 3:4, 2002.

World: The Case of Transnational Public Integrity, Vol.6, No.2, 2004.

Critical Studies on Terrorism, 6:1, 2013. WANNENBURG, Gail, Links Between Organised Crime and Al-Qaeda, South African Journal of International Affairs, 10:20, 2003.

Federation Of American Scientist, International Crime Threat Assesment Report, ABD, http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270 chap1.html

Milliyet Gazetesi. http://www.milliyet

, Ankara, 2008.

Gazete, Kanun No.4800, 30 Ocak 2003. https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ kanunlar/k4800.html

T.C. Resmi Gazete, Kanun No. 4738, 10 Ocak 2002, https://www.tbmm. gov.tr/kanunlar/k4738.html

Nisan 1991, http://www.uhdigm.adalet.gov.tr/suggam/ulusal_mevzuat /3713%20Ter%C3%B6rle%20M%C3%BCcadele%20Kanunu.pdf