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Technology Transfer on Technology Transfer on Ectoparasite Control in Latin Ectoparasite Control in Latin
America: Challenges and America: Challenges and MotivationsMotivations
FAOFAO--WGPR Meeting, Campo GrandeWGPR Meeting, Campo Grande
October, 2005October, 2005 Efraín Benavides O.Efraín Benavides O.
Programa de Salud AnimalPrograma de Salud AnimalCORPOICA-CEISACORPOICA-CEISA
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 22
Present SituationPresent Situation
In spite of the advances in Science and In spite of the advances in Science and Technology in relation to the control of ticks, Technology in relation to the control of ticks, flies of veterinary importance and Tick Borne flies of veterinary importance and Tick Borne Diseases of livestock, it appears that methods Diseases of livestock, it appears that methods for a sustainable control of these parasitic for a sustainable control of these parasitic diseases, as well as for helminths of veterinary diseases, as well as for helminths of veterinary importance, have not been attained.importance, have not been attained.
Are our efforts well oriented?Are our efforts well oriented?
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 33
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Integrated Pest Management (IPM) applied for Parasitic Control applied for Parasitic Control
IPMIPM concept was preliminary developed for concept was preliminary developed for control of pests in agricultural crops but has been control of pests in agricultural crops but has been adapted to the control of parasites of livestock. It adapted to the control of parasites of livestock. It implies the integration of implies the integration of various tools and various tools and strategies chemical and non chemicalstrategies chemical and non chemical,, to attain to attain a maximum efficacy in their combination, a maximum efficacy in their combination, maintaining parasites under maintaining parasites under a given theoretical a given theoretical threshold levelthreshold level, minimizing the use of chemicals, minimizing the use of chemicals
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 44
Esquemas MIP de Control ParasitarioEsquemas MIP de Control ParasitarioAcorde al Grupo de Trabajo en Resistencia Parasitaria Acorde al Grupo de Trabajo en Resistencia Parasitaria
FAOFAO““Combinación de diferentes medios de control parasitario, de manera que se reduzcan Combinación de diferentes medios de control parasitario, de manera que se reduzcan
efectivamente las poblaciones parasitarias y se minimice el desarrollo de efectivamente las poblaciones parasitarias y se minimice el desarrollo de resistencia parasitaria, aplicable a:resistencia parasitaria, aplicable a:
El control de una especie de parásitoEl control de una especie de parásito El control de dos o más especies de parásitos que coexisten en el huéspedEl control de dos o más especies de parásitos que coexisten en el huésped El control de una o más especies de parásitos, integrando aspectos socioeconómicos de El control de una o más especies de parásitos, integrando aspectos socioeconómicos de
las prácticas de manejo y las particularidades del sistema de producción.”las prácticas de manejo y las particularidades del sistema de producción.”
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 55
Objective of the presentationObjective of the presentation
To examine concepts related to IPM for To examine concepts related to IPM for parasitic control of livestock with emphasis in parasitic control of livestock with emphasis in Latin AmericaLatin America
To discuss what alternatives of control are To discuss what alternatives of control are already validated under our conditionsalready validated under our conditions
To suggest critical points that should be To suggest critical points that should be covered to improve the transfer of technology covered to improve the transfer of technology related to parasite controlrelated to parasite control
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 66
Reasons for the Proposal?Reasons for the Proposal? Parasitic Control based only in the use of Parasitic Control based only in the use of
chemicals is not sustainable in the medium chemicals is not sustainable in the medium or long term:or long term: Costs (product itself and for inefficacies Costs (product itself and for inefficacies
in their use)in their use) Development of ResistanceDevelopment of Resistance Pesticide Residues in milk or meat.Pesticide Residues in milk or meat.
Appropriate schemes for control in the Appropriate schemes for control in the tropics and the American geography must be tropics and the American geography must be developed developed
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 77
Cost and Efficacy of the Cost and Efficacy of the Chemical Control of ParasitesChemical Control of Parasites
Usually drugs are imported and then they imply Usually drugs are imported and then they imply currency emigration. Costs will depend of exchange currency emigration. Costs will depend of exchange raterate Generics advantages and disadvantagesGenerics advantages and disadvantages
Efficacy will depend of the objective for which, the Efficacy will depend of the objective for which, the product is applied. Do producers have clear that product is applied. Do producers have clear that objective? objective? ¿To “clean” the animals?¿To “clean” the animals? ¿To improve the performance of the herd? ¿To improve the performance of the herd?
¿To maintain parasites under an economic threshold level?¿To maintain parasites under an economic threshold level?
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 88
Non Efficient Use of Veterinary Non Efficient Use of Veterinary Antiparasitic DrugsAntiparasitic Drugs
Unnecessary applicationUnnecessary application (Economic criteria (Economic criteria vs.vs. cosmetic criteria) cosmetic criteria)
Deficient coverageDeficient coverage Inadequate volumeInadequate volume The compound does not reach critical sitesThe compound does not reach critical sites
Low or absent effect on PopulationLow or absent effect on Population Type of ParasiteType of Parasite Life Cycle of the parasite involvedLife Cycle of the parasite involved Groups of animals treatedGroups of animals treated Animal’s movements between paddocksAnimal’s movements between paddocks
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 99
Chaotic use of compounds Chaotic use of compounds
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 1010
Tipo de Tratamiento Garrapaticida y Número de Tipo de Tratamiento Garrapaticida y Número de Baños Anuales en el Alto Magdalena (2001)Baños Anuales en el Alto Magdalena (2001)
Numero de Baños Garrapaticidas/año. Histograma de Frecuencias (%)
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1 - 5 6 - 10 11 - 15 16 - 20 21 - 25 26 - 30 31 - 35 36 - 40 41 - 45 > 46
Tipo de Tratamiento Acaricida
73%
16%5% 2%2%2%
Bomba-espalda Bomba-fija Bomba-motorHisopo Trapo inmers-esp-moto
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 1111
Deficiencies in the application of Deficiencies in the application of Acaricides using a back pipeAcaricides using a back pipe
OBSERVED PROBLEMOBSERVED PROBLEM Insufficient volume of Insufficient volume of
ProductProduct Untreated areas in the animalUntreated areas in the animal High number of applicationsHigh number of applications Non penetration of the Non penetration of the
compoundcompound
CORRECT BEHAVIOURCORRECT BEHAVIOUR To use 5 liters per Adult Animal To use 5 liters per Adult Animal
(1 lt/100kg)(1 lt/100kg) To restrain animals for the To restrain animals for the
treatmenttreatment Use an Strategic scheme or treat Use an Strategic scheme or treat
according to parasite levelaccording to parasite level Use appropriate equipment and Use appropriate equipment and
pressurepressure
El Control Sostenible y Racional de El Control Sostenible y Racional de Enfermedades Parasitarias del Ganado en Enfermedades Parasitarias del Ganado en Colombia, basado en esquemas de Manejo Colombia, basado en esquemas de Manejo
Integrado de Plagas (MIP): Utopía o Integrado de Plagas (MIP): Utopía o RealidadRealidad
(ENICIP, 2002)(ENICIP, 2002)
Efraín Benavides OrtizEfraín Benavides OrtizPrograma de Salud AnimalPrograma de Salud Animal
CORPOICACORPOICA
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 1313
Actors and Relationships required in the Implementation Actors and Relationships required in the Implementation of a IPM scheme for Parasite Control of a IPM scheme for Parasite Control
Ganadero
Información Científica Políticos
Sistema Educativo
A.T. Particular Universidad Inst. Tecnológico
Paraveterinario
IndustriaFarmacéutica
Asociaciones de GanaderosAgroindustria
UMATAS
ICA
Instituciones de investigación: CORPOICA, Universidades...
Servicios de extensión
El Rol de la Ecología en el Diseño de Planes de El Rol de la Ecología en el Diseño de Planes de Control de la Garrapata del GanadoControl de la Garrapata del Ganado (ejemplo) (ejemplo)
ECOLOGIA
DETERMINACION DEL DAÑO CAUSADO
DISEÑO DE ESTRATEGIAS DE CONTROL
ENDECTOCIDAS
ACARICIDAS
ROTACION Y DESCANSO
DE PRADERAS
VACUNAS ANTIGARRAPATAS
GANADO RESISTENTE
Biocontroladores ??
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 1515
How to rationally combine Tools and How to rationally combine Tools and Strategies under different scenario?Strategies under different scenario?
Unfortunately the message and ideas to Unfortunately the message and ideas to be transferred to the producer is far be transferred to the producer is far more complex to go to the drugstore more complex to go to the drugstore and buy a drugand buy a drug
There is no single solution for all the There is no single solution for all the field situationsfield situations
““If I do not understand the message, If I do not understand the message, better I do not adopt the method”better I do not adopt the method”
The new tools are generally more The new tools are generally more expensiveexpensive
Our vets generally are not formed to Our vets generally are not formed to digest the complex messagedigest the complex message
The farmer in the middle of the stormThe farmer in the middle of the storm
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 1616
The Development of IPM The Development of IPM paradigm in Colombia (and Latin paradigm in Colombia (and Latin
America?)America?) In the researchIn the research In the academyIn the academy In the productive sector (producers and Industry)In the productive sector (producers and Industry)
Hypothesis: These three components, as well as Hypothesis: These three components, as well as related stakeholders (livestock production) interact related stakeholders (livestock production) interact appropriately and share information and methods to appropriately and share information and methods to ensure the deployment of IPM schemes for parasitic ensure the deployment of IPM schemes for parasitic controlcontrol
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 1717
Research Situation on IPM Schemes for Research Situation on IPM Schemes for Parasite Control in ColombiaParasite Control in Colombia
Perspective of the Research Perspective of the Research Institutions CORPOICA, Institutions CORPOICA, othersothers
Sources of funds?Sources of funds? Research callsResearch calls Industry callsIndustry calls Specific necessitiesSpecific necessities
And the University?And the University?Efforts of local laboratoriesEfforts of local laboratoriesAnd the multinational And the multinational
Companies?Companies?
A lot of local, empiric, not A lot of local, empiric, not scientific experiences and scientific experiences and claimsclaims
Design of projects, lack of Design of projects, lack of experienceexperience
PRONATTA projectsPRONATTA projects CORPOICA’s agendaCORPOICA’s agenda Local labs agendaLocal labs agenda Money as driving forceMoney as driving force Demand and offertDemand and offert
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 1818
Offer Offer vs vs DemandDemand Our OfferOur Offer
Methods and protocols for parasitological evaluationMethods and protocols for parasitological evaluation Resistance to acaricides, insecticides, anthelmintics Resistance to acaricides, insecticides, anthelmintics
(DEMAND?)(DEMAND?) Products and technological servicesProducts and technological services Know HowKnow How
DemandDemand Livestock producersLivestock producers Producer associationsProducer associations Pharmaceutical companiesPharmaceutical companies
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 1919
Our ExperienceOur Experience
Animal Health Program, Veterinary Parasitology Animal Health Program, Veterinary Parasitology group (before Veterinary Epidemiology program)group (before Veterinary Epidemiology program)
Basic and applied research on Integrated Pest Basic and applied research on Integrated Pest Management for the control of endo and ecto Management for the control of endo and ecto parasites of major veterinary importance and parasites of major veterinary importance and studies on resistance to pesticidesstudies on resistance to pesticides
Experience on epidemiological assessments Experience on epidemiological assessments Participation as member of the Working Group Participation as member of the Working Group
on Parasite Resistance of FAOon Parasite Resistance of FAO
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 2020
Cepas Multi - ResistentesCepas Multi - Resistentes Se ha caracterizado el Patrón de Resistencia para algunas Se ha caracterizado el Patrón de Resistencia para algunas
cepas en Colombia, algunas de las cuales se mantienen cepas en Colombia, algunas de las cuales se mantienen en el laboratorio: en el laboratorio: Cepa PasoanchoCepa Pasoancho Procedente del Valle del Cauca. Multi- Procedente del Valle del Cauca. Multi-
resistentes a OP, PS y Amitraz (Betancourt).resistentes a OP, PS y Amitraz (Betancourt). Cepa Bonanza:Cepa Bonanza: Aislada del Piedemonte Llanero. Resistente a Aislada del Piedemonte Llanero. Resistente a
OC, OP y PS (WARRC).OC, OP y PS (WARRC). Cepa Montecitos:Cepa Montecitos: Proviene de Santander. Multi-resistente a Proviene de Santander. Multi-resistente a
OP, PS y Amitraz . OP, PS y Amitraz . Cepa Palma de Vino:Cepa Palma de Vino: Procedente de Valledupar con Procedente de Valledupar con
resistencia a PS y OP, y con fuertes indicios de que es resistencia a PS y OP, y con fuertes indicios de que es resistente a Ivermectinas.resistente a Ivermectinas.
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 2121
Ubicación Ubicación Geográfica de Geográfica de Cepas Cepas MultiMulti--ResistentesResistentes
Paso AnchoPaso AnchoBonanzaBonanzaMontecitosMontecitosPalma de VinoPalma de Vino
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 2222
Cooperation ExamplesCooperation ExamplesNew ways to obtain financeNew ways to obtain finance
Agreement CORPOICA – LIMOR: Development Agreement CORPOICA – LIMOR: Development vaccine Anaplasma Babesiavaccine Anaplasma Babesia
Agreement CORPOICA –VECOL: Evaluation Agreement CORPOICA –VECOL: Evaluation mosquicidal ear tagsmosquicidal ear tags
Project Entomopathogenic Fungi. Ministry of Project Entomopathogenic Fungi. Ministry of Agriculture. Seeking financeAgriculture. Seeking finance
Agreement CORPOICA-INALMET: Evaluation Agreement CORPOICA-INALMET: Evaluation sticky traps for fliessticky traps for flies
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 2323
AnabasanAnabasan®®
El proyecto cooperativo y la vacuna son un excelente ejemplo de la coooperación exitosa entre la Industria y CORPOICA
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 2424
Eficacia de dos Formulaciones Eficacia de dos Formulaciones Experimentales de Orejeras Experimentales de Orejeras
MosquicidasMosquicidas
Benavides E.Benavides E.11; Calderón M.; Calderón M.22; García P.; García P.22; Ortiz D.; Ortiz D.22; Abuabara Y.; Abuabara Y.33; Vivas ; Vivas J.J.44; Pacheco D.; Pacheco D.33; Mora N. ; Mora N. 55; & Noguera M.; & Noguera M.55
1 DVM., MSc., PhD. Investigador Principal, Programa Nacional de Salud Animal. CORPOICA.1 DVM., MSc., PhD. Investigador Principal, Programa Nacional de Salud Animal. CORPOICA.
2 MV Investigador Principiante contratista; Bacterióloga Investigador Principiante y MV Investigador adjunto. Programa Nacional de Salud Animal. CORPOICA - C.I. CEISA.2 MV Investigador Principiante contratista; Bacterióloga Investigador Principiante y MV Investigador adjunto. Programa Nacional de Salud Animal. CORPOICA - C.I. CEISA.
3 MV Investigador adjunto y Biólogo, Programa Nacional de Salud Animal. CORPOICA - C.I. Turipaná Cereté.3 MV Investigador adjunto y Biólogo, Programa Nacional de Salud Animal. CORPOICA - C.I. Turipaná Cereté.
4 Médico Veterinario. Particular, Finca Las Violetas. Nemocón.4 Médico Veterinario. Particular, Finca Las Violetas. Nemocón.
5 Director Departamento de Investigación e Ingeniera Química MSc. Departamento de Investigación. Laboratorio VECOL de Colombia.5 Director Departamento de Investigación e Ingeniera Química MSc. Departamento de Investigación. Laboratorio VECOL de Colombia.
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 2626
Materiales y Métodos Materiales y Métodos (1)(1)Sedes de trabajoSedes de trabajo
Trópico bajo. C.I. Turipaná (Cereté, Cordoba)
Trópico alto. Finca las Violetas (Nemocón)
4 grupos experimentales (20-25 animales, asignación en bloque)
3 grupos experimentales(16 animales, asignación aleatoria)
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 2727
Materiales y Métodos Materiales y Métodos (3)(3)Recuentos de MoscasRecuentos de Moscas
Semanal Potrero 8-10 am con
binoculares(Steelman et al., 1993)
Mensual Corral
(Lysyk & Colwell, 1996)
Ubicación
21 Sem (TB)
18 Sem (TA)
Efecto de Hongos Entomopatógenos Efecto de Hongos Entomopatógenos sobre la Garrapata del Ganado sobre la Garrapata del Ganado
Boophilus microplus Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodida). (Acari: Ixodida). Mejoramiento de Modelos Mejoramiento de Modelos in vitro in vitro de de Evaluación del Efecto BiocontroladorEvaluación del Efecto Biocontrolador
Efraín Benavides OEfraín Benavides O., Karim Raymond., Karim Raymond, Fabiola , Fabiola RojasRojas, Alba Marina Cotes, Alba Marina Cotes, Laura Villamizar, Laura Villamizar, Vania , Vania
RonderosRonderos & Paola García & Paola García Programa Nacional de Investigación en Salud Animal, CORPOICA – CEISA. Programa Nacional de Investigación en Salud Animal, CORPOICA – CEISA.
Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Programa MIP. CORPOICA, TibaitatáLaboratorio de Control Biológico, Programa MIP. CORPOICA, Tibaitatá
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 2929
General RemarksGeneral Remarks The use of entomopathogenic fungi on agricultural crops (coffee The use of entomopathogenic fungi on agricultural crops (coffee
borer) borer) This occur in natureThis occur in nature Theoretical possibility of their use on arthropods of veterinary Theoretical possibility of their use on arthropods of veterinary
importanceimportance Complex interaction host - pathogenComplex interaction host - pathogen ¿How to develop bioassays that detect deleterious effect on ticks and ¿How to develop bioassays that detect deleterious effect on ticks and
flies and their effect on populations?flies and their effect on populations? The merchandisers and the fait of producers The merchandisers and the fait of producers It is a more complex business that to grow the fungi on cocked rice It is a more complex business that to grow the fungi on cocked rice
and sell itand sell it Scheme for development of biocontrolers and the role of the Scheme for development of biocontrolers and the role of the
regulation agenciesregulation agencies
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 3030
Uso de la trampa Piramidal para el Uso de la trampa Piramidal para el Control de La Mosca del Establo Control de La Mosca del Establo
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 3131
Sticky traps for fly controlSticky traps for fly control
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 3232
Present situation of Tick Vaccines Present situation of Tick Vaccines Two products licensed in ColombiaTwo products licensed in Colombia GavacGavac® and their experience® and their experience The phenomena of TickVac®, the The phenomena of TickVac®, the
Colombian “larval extract” vaccineColombian “larval extract” vaccine How about TickGard®?How about TickGard®? Research initiatives?Research initiatives?
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 3333
And the Academy?And the Academy?
From my point of view, the parasitology cathedra From my point of view, the parasitology cathedra remains some how formolized; it means it is only remains some how formolized; it means it is only working on dead specimens (emphasis on taxonomy)working on dead specimens (emphasis on taxonomy)
Aspects of parasitic epidemiology, their population Aspects of parasitic epidemiology, their population dynamics, genetics of populations, that should dynamics, genetics of populations, that should characterize the education of the new professionals, characterize the education of the new professionals, are seldom considered with the required strengthare seldom considered with the required strength
How the research results diffuses to University?How the research results diffuses to University?
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 3434
And the Productive Sector?And the Productive Sector?FarmersFarmers
Maybe the most dynamic stakeholderMaybe the most dynamic stakeholder Major commercial agreements to open frontiers (or to Major commercial agreements to open frontiers (or to
close them) will be a key factor to bring dynamism in close them) will be a key factor to bring dynamism in producer’s behavior, under the necessity of producer’s behavior, under the necessity of competitivity competitivity
Who is taking decisions at farm level? Land lords and Who is taking decisions at farm level? Land lords and cattlemen. To whom to transfer the knowledge?cattlemen. To whom to transfer the knowledge?
They always are asking for “practical”, “simple” They always are asking for “practical”, “simple” solutions. They do not exist anymoresolutions. They do not exist anymore
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 3535
Productive Sector Productive Sector Pharma industryPharma industry
Multinationals Multinationals vs vs Local laboratoriesLocal laboratories The generics businessThe generics business Local associations INFARVET, APROVET, Local associations INFARVET, APROVET,
etc.etc. Could be the more dynamic sector in providing Could be the more dynamic sector in providing
adequate information to producersadequate information to producers CENAPA´s experience CENAPA´s experience
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 3636
TLC, Mercosur, etcTLC, Mercosur, etc¿How they would affect parasite control?¿How they would affect parasite control?
Client oriented view, look for China Client oriented view, look for China Competitivity as a necessityCompetitivity as a necessity The problem of residues; Who and how to The problem of residues; Who and how to
measure them?measure them? Who is going to pay for these improvements Who is going to pay for these improvements
or barriersor barriers And by the end, what is the future of parasite And by the end, what is the future of parasite
control?control?
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 3737
Buenas Practicas de ManejoBuenas Practicas de Manejo Good Management PracticesGood Management Practices It is any agreement in relation It is any agreement in relation
what do they mean in relation what do they mean in relation to sustainable parasitic to sustainable parasitic control?control?
Example: More than five Example: More than five treatments a year is not a GMPtreatments a year is not a GMP
A lot of work to do and in A lot of work to do and in small groups we do small groups we do
isolated efforts!isolated efforts!It is necessary to break barrier and start a clear join It is necessary to break barrier and start a clear join between university and research institutions to in between university and research institutions to in
conjunction with the productive sector search for native conjunction with the productive sector search for native and practical solutions to the parasitic control problemand practical solutions to the parasitic control problem
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 3939
Red de Garrapatas y Red de Garrapatas y Enfermedades Transmitidas Enfermedades Transmitidas por Garrapatas para América por Garrapatas para América Latina y El CaribeLatina y El Caribe
Financed by FAO Animal Health Service Agreement CORPOICA-FAO, 1999 - 2005
Advisers: Carlos Eddi, DVM, PhD.Armando Nari, DVM, MSc.
Editors: Efraín Benavides O. & Melissa Garay Address: http://web.andinet.com/redectopar/
CORPORACION COLOMBIANA DE INVESTIGACION AGROPECUARIA -CORPOICA- Programa Salud Animal
Network on Ticks and Tick-borne Network on Ticks and Tick-borne diseases for Latin America and the diseases for Latin America and the
Caribbean. Caribbean.
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 4040
http://web.andinet.com/redectopar/http://web.andinet.com/redectopar/
Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 4141
Thanks, Many thanksThanks, Many thanksGracias …Gracias …
ObrigadoObrigado Agradezco su amable atenciónAgradezco su amable atención ¿Questions?¿Questions?
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