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Techno-Economic Assessment of Processes that produce Jet Fuel from
Plant-Derived Sources
by Wim Diederichs
Supervisor: Dr. JF Gorgens
Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University
Research problem
Potential routes, feedstock and product
Objectives
Proposed Processes
Method
Main Outcomes
High consumption of Jet fuel
Conventional Jet Fuel - high GHG emissions
Non-fossil processes - low GHG emissions
Closed carbon-cycle
Large number of potential feedstocks
Large number of potential processes
Unsure what is the best option
Need to determine the best option
Je
t F
ue
l
Used cooking oil
Tallow
MSW
Starches
Sugar from plants
Algae
Extr
acti
on
Oil Extraction
Filtration & Neutralization
Sep
arat
ion
Rendering
Fermentation
Ketones to Alcohols
Gasification & Reforming Fischer-Tropsch & Fractionation
Lipids
Bio-char
Hydro-carbons
Organic Wastes
Organic Acids
Syngas
Bio-oil
Syngas
Gasification
Acid Hydrolysis
Hydrogenation, Deoxygenation & Fractionation
Fast Pyrolysis
Liquefaction
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Fermentation
Fermentation to Hydrocarbons
Extraction & Fermentation
Fermentation
Fermentation to Lipids/FFA
Cat
alyt
ic c
on
vers
ion
&
Hyd
rotr
eatm
ent
Dehydration Oligomerization Hydro-processing
Hydrotreatment/ Hydrocracking
Catalytic Hydrothermolysis
Lipid conversion
Biochemical conversion
Thermochemical conversion
Flue gas CO, CO,H2
FFA Hydrotreatment/ Hydrocracking
Alcohols
Sugars
Catalytic conversion
Hydrolysis Catalytic- and Hydro-processing Hemicellulose + Cellulose
Oil from plants
Alcohol(s)
Lignocellulose
1G
1G
2G
Cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin
Source
Wastes
Forest products
Energy crops
Lignin
Cellulose
Hemi-cellulose
Mixture of hydrocarbons
“Drop-in” jet fuel
ASTM approval process
HEFA process
GFT process
0
5
10
15
20
25
6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Mas
s %
Carbon number
Jet fuel carbon distribution
Main Objective:
Compare lignocellulose to jet fuel processes
Minor Objectives:
Compare plant-derived jet fuel production processes
Commercial feasibility of lignocellulose to jet fuel processes
Most mature lignocellulose to jet fuel processes:
Lignocellulose Gasification & Reforming Fischer-Tropsch
Hydrogenation, Deoxygenation & Hydro-cracking
Fast Pyrolysis
Dehydration, Oligomerization & Hydro-processing
Ethanol
Pretreatment, Hydrolysis & Fermentation
Jet Fuel Syngas
Bio-oil
Mature non-lignocellulose to jet fuel processes:
Hydro-treatment & Hydrocracking
Dehydration, Oligomerization & Hydro-processing
Ethanol Fermentation
Jet Fuel
Sugarcane
Vegetable oil
Novel lignocellulose to jet fuel processes:
Lignocellulose
Catalytic-processing, Hydro-processing & Fractionation
Hydrolysis
Dehydration, Oligomerization, & Hydro-processing
Butanol
Jet Fuel
Alcohols
Catalytic syngas conversion
Ethanol Syngas Fermentation
Hydro-treatment, Hydrocracking
Hydrocarbons
Lipids
FFA Hydrolysis & Fermentation
Hemi-cellulose & Cellulose
Novel lignocellulose to jet fuel processes:
Lignocellulose
Catalytic-processing, Hydro-processing & Fractionation
Hydrolysis
Dehydration, Oligomerization, & Hydro-processing
Butanol
Jet Fuel
Alcohols
Catalytic syngas conversion
Ethanol Syngas Fermentation
Hydro-treatment, Hydrocracking
Hydrocarbons
Lipids
FFA Hydrolysis & Fermentation
Hemi-cellulose & Cellulose
High-level techno-economic assessment
Process Flow Diagrams
Rigorous Material & Energy Balances (ASPEN)
Capital & Project Cost Estimation
Published experimental data
Literature search on process configurations
Pinch-Analysis and Heat Integration Economic Sensitivity
Analysis
Literature for Capital and
Operating costs
Energy efficiency
GHG emissions
Understanding of jet fuel production processes
Mass- and energy-balances for the processes
Comparative techno-economic analysis of
processes
Sensitivity analysis of economics
GHG emissions - jet fuel production processes
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