Table o Contents - Files.isec.pt

___ Table o Contents

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiiAcknowledgments vTable of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiList of Illustrations xixList of Tables xxix

CHAPTER 1 INTRO~TION TO ASPHAL T . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 HISTORICAL REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.1.2 Historical Milestones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.2 ASPHALT CEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.3 TYPES OF ASPHALT PAVEMENTCONSTRUCTION. . . . . . 10

1.3.1 Plant Mix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.3.2 Surface Treatments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.4 DESIGN OF ASPHALT PAVEMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131.4.1 Basic Concepts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131.4.2 Surface Course. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141.4.3 Base and Subbase Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151.4.4 Determining Required Pavement Thickness. . . . . . 151.4.5 Stage Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1.5 OVERVIEW OF THE HANDBOOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

CHAPTER 2 PETROLEUM ASPHALT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 212.1 REFINING AND PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT BINDERS . . . 23

2.1.1 Introduction............................. 232.1.2 Refining Crude Petroleum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232.1.3 Characteristics of Asphalt Binders. . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2.2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: ASPHALT CEMENT . . . . . . . 282.2.1 Introduction............................. 282.2.2 Tests for Asphalt Cements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282.2.3 Specifications for Asphalt Cements . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

2.3 DOMINANT PRACTICE: PERFORMANCE GRADED(PG) ASPHALT BINDER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

• 2.3.1 Introduction............................. 442.3.2 Asphalt Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442.3.3 PG Asphalt Binder Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472.3.4 PG Asphalt Binder Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

2.4 EMULSIFIEDAND CUTBACK ASPHALTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692.4.1 Introduction............................. 692.4.2 Tests for Emulsified Asphalts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722.4.3 Specifications for Emulsified Asphalts . . . . . . . . . . 772.4.4 Tests for Cutback Asphalts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782.4.5 Specifications for Cutback Asphalts. . . . . . . . . . . . 81

2.5 AIR-BLOWNASPHALTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832.5.1 Introduction............................. 832.5.2 Properties, Specifications, and Tests . . . . . . . . . . . 83

2.6 ASPHALTMODIFICATION AND ADDITIVES . . . . . . . . . . 862.6.1 Reasons for Using Additives and Modification. . . . 862.6.2 Types of Modifiers and Additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862.6.3 AdditionaI Tests for Modified Asphalt Binders. . . . 92

2.7 SUPPLEMENTARYASPHALTTOPICS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992.7.1 ControI of Asphalt Temperatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992.7.2 Asphalt Sampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1012.7.3 Temperature-Volume Relationship. . . . . . . . . . . .. 1022.7.4 Frequently Asked Asphalt Questions. . . . . . . . . .. 106

2.8 SAFETYPROCEDURES FOR HOT ASPHALTBINDER. . .. 107

CHAPTER 3 MINERAL AGGREGATES ANDMIXTURE ADDITIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 109

3.1 AGGREGATESFOR HOT MIX ASPHALT(HMA) . . . . . . .. 1113.1.1 Introduction............................. 1113.1.2 Origin of Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1113.1.3 Sources of Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1133.1.4 Aggregate Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1173.1.5 Aggregate Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 119

3.2 COMPOSITE AGGREGATEANALYSIS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1343.2.1 Introduction............................. 1343.2.2 Gradation............................... 134

3.3 RECLAIMEDASPHALTPAVEMENT.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1473.3.1 Introduction............................. 1473.3.2 Reclaiming Existing Pavements. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 147

3.4 AGGREGATEADDITIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1523.4.1 Introduction............................. 1523.4.2 Mineral Filler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1523.4.3 Antistrip Additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1543.4.4 Other Additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 155

CHAPTER 4 HOT MIX ASPHALT (HMA) DESIGN 1594.1 DENSE-GRADEDASPHALTPAVEMENTMIX DESIGN 161

4.1.1 Introduction............................. 1614.1.2 Desired Properties Considered for Mix Design . .. 1634.1.3 Hot Mix Asphalt Mixture Behavior . . . . . . . . . . .. 1674.1.4 Objectives and Applications of HMA Testing. . . .. 170

4.2 VOLUMETRICCALCULATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1724.2.1 Introduction............................. 1724.2.2 Definitions.............................. 1724.2.3 Analyzing a Compacted Pavement Míxture . . . . .. 173

4.3 SUPERPAVEHMA MIX DESIGN SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1864.3.1 Introduction............................. 1864.3.2 MateriaIs Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 186

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4.3.3 Design Aggregate Strueture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1884.3.4 Design Asphalt Binder Content. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1944.3.5 Steps that Can Be Taken to Adjust Properties . . .. 1944.3.6 Moisture Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 196

4.4 MARSHALLMETHOD OF MIX DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1984.4.1 Introduetion and Historical Context . . . . . . . . . .. 1984.4.2 Deseription of Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1984.4.3 Mix Design Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 201

4.5 HVEEM METHOD OF MIX DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2044.5.1 Introduetion and Historical Context . . . . . . . . . .. 2044.5.2 Deseription of Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2044.5.3 Mix Design Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 205

4.6 RAP MIX DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2104.6.1 Materíals Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2104.6.2 Mix Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 213

4.7 AGGREGATEPACKINGANALYSISUSING THEBAILEYMETHOD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 215

4.8 SPECIALIZEDASPHALTMIXTURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2174.8.1 Stone Matrix Asphalt Mix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2174.8.2 Open-Graded Friction Course , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2234.8.3 Asphalt-Treated Permeable Base. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 228

4.9 PERFORMANCETESTING OF HMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2304.9.1 Introduetion............................. 2304.9.2 Modulus Testing 2304.9.3 Creep Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2324.9.4 Flexural Fatigue Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2344.9.5 ,Empirieal Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2364.9.6 Wheel-Traeking Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 237

4.10 MIX SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2424.10.1 Pavement Layers and Traffie Levels 2424.10.2 Dense Graded Mixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2434.10.3 Determining the Appropriate Mix Type. . . . . . . .. 244

CHAPTER 5 SOILS AND DRAINAGE FORASPHALT PAVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 247

5.1 SOIL-SUBGRADECLASSIFICATIONSYSTEMS . . . . . . . .. 2495.1.1 Introduetion............................. 2495.1.2 Objeetives for Classifying Subgrade. . . . . . . . . . .. 2495.1.3 Classifieation Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 249

5.2 METHODS FOR EVALUATINGSUBGRADESTRENGTH AND STIFFNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2515.2.1 Introduetion............................. 2515.2.2 Laboratory Test Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2525.2.3 . Field Test Proeedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2635.2.4 Strength Correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 269

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5.3 DRAINAGE OF ASPHALT PAVEMENT STRUCTURES. . . .. 2705.3.1 Introduction............................. 2705.3.2 Surface Drainage ~ , 2715.3.3 Design for Large Paved Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2735.3.4 Subsurface Drainage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2745.3.5 Geosynthetic Fabrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 278

CHAPTER 6 THICKNESS DESIGN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2816.1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 283

6.1.1 Design Príncíples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2846.1.2 Input Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2876.1.3 Highways, Roadways, and Streets . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2896.1.4 Airports................................ 2916.1.5 Heavy Wheel Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2936.1.6 Planned Stage Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2956.1.7 Overlay Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 295

6.2 RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER DESIGN METHODS . . . . . .. 2976.2.1 Empirical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2976.2.2 Mechanistic-Empirical Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2976.2.3 The Perpetual Pavement Method , 298

6.3 DESIGN MANUALSAND SOF1WARE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3026.3.1 SW-l Asphalt Pavement Thickness

Design Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., 304

CHAPTER 7 MANUFACTURE OF HOT MIX ASPHALT ... 3077.1 TYPES OF PLANT FACILlTIES/PRODUCTION

PROCESSES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3097.1.1 Batch Facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3097.1.2 Drum-Mix Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 311

7.2 EQUIPMENT COMMON TO BOTH TYPES OFFACILlTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3137.2.1 Liquid Asphalt Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3137.2.2 Aggregate Stockpiling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3157.2.3 Virgin Aggregate and RAP Cold-Feed Bins. . . . . .. 3177.2.4 Aggregate and RAP Transfer Conveyors. . . . . . . .. 3187.2.5 Aggregate Dryer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3197.2.6 Dust Collection Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3227.2.7 Dust-Return Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3257.2.8 Mineral Filler Additive Storage and Feed

Silos , 3277.2.9 Lime Additive Bulk Storage and Feed Silos. . . . .. 3287.2.10 Fiber Additive Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3297.2.11 Finished Product Storage Silos and Load-Out

Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3297.3 THE BATCH PLANT PRODUCTION PROCESS . . . . . . . .. 332

7.3.1 Aggregate Gradation Control with a Batch Plant .. 3327.3.2 Asphalt Content Control with a Batch Planto . . . .. 336

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7.3.3 Mixing/Coating with a Batch Plant . . . . . . . . . . .. 3377.3.4 Recycled Mix Production with a Batch Plant. . . .. 338

7.4 THE DRUM-MIXPRODUCTION PROCESS. . . . . . . . . . .. 3407.4.1 The Development of the Drum-Mix Process . . . .. 3407.4.2 Aggregate Gradation Control in a Drum-Mixer . .. 3427.4.3 Asphalt Content Control in a Drum-Mixer. . . . . .. 3457.4.4 Mixing/Coating with a Drurn/Continuous Plant. .. 3477.4.5 Recycled Mix Production with a Drum-Mixer . . .. 348

7.5 MIX DEFICIENCIESAND PROBLEM SOLVING. . . . . . . .. 3507.5.1 Drum-Mix Production Problem-Solving Guide. . .. 3507.5.2 Batch-Plant Production Problem-Solving

Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 353

CHAPTER 8 HOT MIX ASPHAL T PAVING . . . . . . . . . . .. 3578.1 PRE-PAVINGCONFERENCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3598.2 PREPARINGTHE SURFACEFOR PAVING. . . . . . . . . . . .. 360

8.2.1 Surface Preparation and Protection. . . . . . . . . . .. 3608.2.2 Preparation of Existing Pavement for Overlay . . .. 3628.2.3 Horizontal and Vertical Grade Control. . . . . . . . .. 3628.2.4 Prime Coats and Tack Coats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 363

8.3 DELIVERYOF HMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3668.3.1 Types of Haul Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3668.3.2 Delivery of HMA to the Paver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3708.3.3 Control of Material Surge in Front of Paver. . . . .. 3708.3.4 Load Tickets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3748.3.5 Visual Inspection of the HMA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 375

8.4 PAVINGEQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3768.4.1 Asphalt Paving Machine-Basics. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3778.4.2 Types of Tractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3798.4.3 Screeds................................ 3818.4.4 Automatic Screed Controls (Types and

Operational Differences). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3888.4.5 Leveling Effect of the Paver and the Free-Floating

Screed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3928.4.6 Fumes Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3968.4.7 Observation of the HMA Pavement Behind

the Screed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3968.5 ]OINT CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 398

8.5.1 Transverse or Construction ]oints . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3988.5.2 Paving Start-up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3998.5.3 Longitudinal ]oints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4018.5.4 Notched-Wedge ]oints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 403

8.6 RELATEDPAVINGOPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4048.6.1 Hand-Spreading Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4048.6.2 Supplemental Operations and Appurtenances. . .. 404

8.7 FOREMAN'S/INSPECTOR'SCHECK SHEET. . . . . . . . . . .. 411

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CHAPTER 9 HOT MIX ASPHALT COMPACTION . . . . . .. 4139.1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4159.2 COMPACTIONBASICS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 416

9.2.1 Terms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4169.2.2 Need for Compaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4179.2.3 Mechanics of Compaction ~ . . . . . .. 4189.2.4 Factors Affecting Compaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4199.2.5 Cool Weather Paving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 424

9.3 COMPACTIONEQUlPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4269.3.1 Static Steel-Wheel Rollers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4269.3.2 Pneumatic-Tire Rollers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4279.3.3 Vibratory Rollers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4299.3.4 Guidelines for Choosing a Roller . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4319.3.5 New Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4339.3.6 General Operational Notes 433

9.4 ROLLING PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4349.4.1 Test Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4349.4.2 Determining Roller Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . .. 4349.4.3 Lift Thickness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4359.4.4 General Rolling Hints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4359.4.5 Sequence of Roller Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4369.4.6 Rolling Joints and Edges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 440

9.5 TROUBLESHOOTING................ . . . . . . . . . .. 4439.5.1 Pickup................................. 4439.5.2 Low Density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4439.5.3 Erratic Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4449.5.4 Roller Marks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 444

CHAPTER 10 QUALlTY CONTROL AND ACCEPTANCE OFHOT MIX ASPHALT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 445

10.1 GENERAL.................................... 44710.1.1 Quality-Assurance Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 44710.1.2 Job-Mix Formula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 449

10.2 SAMPLINGMETHODS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 45110.2.1 Representative Sampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 45110.2.2 Random Sampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 45310.2.3 Aggregate Sampling Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 45410.2.4 HMA Mixture Sampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 45810.2.5 Asphalt Binder Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 463

10.3 TESTING METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 46410.3.1 Aggregate Gradation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 46410.3.2 Fractured Faces and Aggregate Angularity. . . . .. 46510.3.3 Asphalt Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 46610.3.4 Maximum Theoretical Specific Gravity. . . . . . . .. 46710.3.5 Bulk Specific Gravity (Laboratory Density) . . . .. 46710.3.6 Air Voids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 46810.3.7 Temperature............................ 468

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10.4 SAMPLINGANO TESTING PLAN FOR QUALITYCONTROL 47010.4.1 Selection of Sampling Methods and Sample

Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47010.4.2 Selection ofTesting Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47110.4.3 Written Quality-Control Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47210.4.4 Test Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 474

10.5 PLANT PRODUCTION QUALITY-CONTROLDATAANALYSIS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47610.5.1 job-Mix Formula Verification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47610.5.2 Mixture Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47710.5.3 Plant Adjustments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 481

10.6 PLACEMENTQUALITY-CONTROLDATAANALYSIS. . . .. 48310.6.1 Temperature............................ 48310.6.2 Compaction Control Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 48610.6.3 Mixture Compactability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 48910.6.4 Thickness and Spread Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49010.6.5 Pavement Smoothness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 492

10.7 ACCEPTANCEPOINT ANO TEST RESULTS. . . . . . . . . . .. 49310.7.1 Asphalt Content and Gradation. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49310.7.2 Aggregate Angularity (Fractured Faces). . . . . . .. 49310.7.3 Volumetric Properties (Voids, VMA,VFA). . . . . .. 49410.7.4 Compaction............................ 49410.7.5 Thickness.............................. 49610.7.6 Ride Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 496

10.8 ACCEPTANCECRITERIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49910.8.1 Historical Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50010.8.2 Modern Acceptance (with Volumetrics) . . . . . . .. 50010.8.3 General Compaction Requirements . . . . . . . . . .. 50110.8.4 Statistical Acceptance-Percent Within Limits

(PWL) Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50610.9 PERFORMANCE-BASEDSPECIFICATIONS. . . . . . . . . . .. 513

10.9.1 Specification Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51310.9.2 Performance-Related Specifications . . . . . . . . . .. 51410.9.3 Performance-Based Specifications . . . . . . . . . . .. 514

10.10 PERFORMANCESPECIFICATIONS-WARRANTIES. . . . .. 51610.10.1 Performance Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51610.10.2 Monitoring Performance Parameters . . . . . . . . .. 51710.10.3 Dispute Resolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 517

CHAPTER 11 PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT. . . . . . . . . . .. 51911.1 PAVEMENTMANAGEMENTCONCEPTS. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 521

11.1.1 Introduction............................ 52111.1.2 The Pavement Management Concept. . . . . . . . .. 52111.1.3 Pavement Management Components . . . . . . . . .. 52311.1.4 Pavement Management Analysis Levels . . . . . . .. 52611.1.5 Role of Pavement Management in Pavement

Preservation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 527

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11.2 PAVEMENTEVALUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 52911.2.1 Introduction............................ 52911.2.2 Functional Characteristics and Evaluation . . . . .. 52911.2.3 Structural Characteristics and Evaluation. . . . . .. 53411.2.4 Use of Pavement Condition Information . . . . . .. 536

11.3 PAVEMENTDISTRESS SURVEYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 53911.3.1 Distress Survey Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 53911.3.2 Typical Asphalt Pavement Distress Types. . . . . .. 541

11.4 PAVEMENTPRESERVATIONPROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 55811.4.1 Establishing a Pavement Preservation Program .. 55811.4.2 Selecting the Appropriate Treatrnent . . . . . . . . .. 56011.4.3 Types of Maintenance and Rehabilitation

Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 56311.4.4 Prioritizing Project Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 56311.4.5 Maintaining the Pavement Preservation

Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 565

CHAPTER 12 ASPHALT IN PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE 56912.1 INTRODUCTION............................... 57112.2 PATCHING................................... 573

12.2.1 MateriaIs.............................. 57312.2.2 Full-Depth (Deep) Patching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 57312.2.3 Surface Patch (Skin Patch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 57612.2.4 Spray-Injection Patching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 580

12.3 CRACK SEALING/FILLING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58212.3.1 MateriaIs.............................. 58312.3.2 Crack-Sealing Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58312.3.3 Crack-Filling Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 585

12.4 ASPHALT SURFACETREATMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58612.4.1 Pavement Surface Preparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58712.4.2 Spray-Applied Sealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58812.4.3 Chip Seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58912.4.4 Slurry Seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 60512.4.5 Microsurfacing.......................... 61012.4.6 Cape Seal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 61312.4.7 Sand Seal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 614

12.5 THIN OVERLAYS(MAINTENANCE BLANKET) . . . . . . . .. 61512.6 GUIDANCE ON MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES . . . . . . .. 616

CHAPTER 13 REHABILlTATION METHODS FOR ASPHALTPAVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 619

13.1 HMA OVERLAYOVER ASPHALT PAVEMENTS . . . . . . . .. 62113.1.1 Considerations in Overlay Selection . . . . . . . . .. 621

13.2 PREPARING PAVEMENTSFOR OVERLAYS. . . . . . . . . . .. 62613.2.1 Local Weak Areas (Patching). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 62613.2.2 Leveling Courses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 62613.2.3 Crack Filling/Sealing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 626

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13.2.4 Widening.............................. 62813.2.5 Drainage.............................. 62913.2.6 Interlayer Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 629

13.3 MILLAND INLAY.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63713.3.1 Specifications........................... 64013.3.2 Inspection............................. 641

13.4 HOT IN-PLACERECYCLING.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 64213.4.1 Pavement Assessment 64213.4.2 Material Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 64313.4.3 HIPR Construction Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 64413.4.4 Inspection............................. 649

13.5 COLD-MIXRECYCLING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 65213.5.1 Introduction............................ 65213.5.2 Central Plant (CP) Cold Recycling . . . . . . . . . . .. 65213.5.3 Stationary Facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 65313.5.4 Placement of the Mix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 654

13.6 COLD IN-PLACERECYCLING.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 65513.6.1 General............................... 65513.6.2 Mix Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 65613.6.3 Equipment and Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 65813.6.4 Placement of CIPR Materiais. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 66113.6.5 Compaction of CIPR Layers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 66113.6.6 Curing and Aeration 66313.6.7 Wearing Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 66413.6.8 Inspection............................. 664

13.7 FULL-DEPTHRECLAMATION.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 66613.7.1 Stabilization with Chemical Additives . . . . . . . .. 66613.7.2 Stabilization with Asphalt Materiais. . . . . . . . . .. 66713.7.3 Construction of a FDR Pavement. . . . . . . . . . . .. 66913.7.4 Shaping and Compaction Procedures . . . . . . . .. 67213.7.5 Inspection............................. 674

CHAPTER 14 REHABILlTATION OF CONCRETEPAVEMENTS WITH HMA 677

14.1 INTRODUCTION............................... 67914.1.1 Reflection Cracking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 679

14.2 SAW-AND-SEAL................................ 68214.2.1 Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 68314.2.2 Construction............................ 683

14.3 FRACTUREDSLABTECHNIQUES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 68714.3.1 Crack/Break and Seat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 68714.3.2 Construction............................ 689

14.4 RUBBLIZATION............................... 69314.4.1 Project Selection and Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 69314.4.2 Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 69314.4.3 Construction............................ 69414.4.4 Specification Criteria and Inspection . . . . . . . . .. 700

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CHAPTER 15 SPECIAL USES OF ASPHALT AND HMA.. 70315.1 COLD MIX ASPHALT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 705

15.1.1 Introduction............................ 70515.1.2 Description............................. 705.:>15.1.3 Suitability for Pavement Construction . . . . . . . .. 70615.1.4 Mix Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 70615.1.5 Asphalt................................ 70615.1.6 Types of Mixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 70815.1.7 Proportioning Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 71015.1.8 Construction Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 71215.1.9 Methods of Preparing Mixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 715

15.2 HYDRAULICSTRUCTURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 72415.2.1 Application/Uses for Hydraulic Structures. . . . .. 72415.2.2 Hydraulic Mix Design Requirements . . . . . . . . .. 72715.2.3 Construction Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 730

15.3 HMA UTILIZATION IN RAILWAYTRACK BEDS . . . . . . .. 73415.3.1 Introduction............................. 73415.3.2 Desirable Benefits and Applications of HMA

Underlayment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 73515.3.3 Prevailing Design Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 73615.3.4 Typical Installation Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 737

15.4 ATHLETICAND RECREATIONFACILITIES. . . . . . . . . . .. 74015.4.1 Types of Facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 74015.4.2 Basic Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 74115.4.3 Pavement Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 742

15.5 ASPHALTROOFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 74415.5.1 History................................ 74415.5.2 Types of Asphalt Roofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 744

15.6 PAVEMENTNOISE MITIGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 74615.6.1 Introduction............................. 74615.6.2 Nature of Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 74615.6.3 Noise Characteristics of HMA Pavements. . . . . .. 747

15.7 MISCELLANEOUSASPHALTUSES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 75015.7.1 Bridge-Deck Paving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 75015.7.2 Construction Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 75015.7.3 Industrial Floors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 75115.7.4 Roof Deck Parking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 751

15.8 LEACHINGPADS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 75315.8.1 Uses of Leaching Pads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 75315.8.2 Design of Leach Pads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 75315.8.3 Materiais.............................. 75315.8.4 Construction of Leaching Pads . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 753

15.9 ENVIRONMENTALAPPLICATIONSOF ASPHALT . . . . . .. 75515.9.1 General................................ 75515.9.2 Examples of Environmental Uses of Asphalt . . . .. 755

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15.10 USES OF HMA FOR RACEAND TEST TRACKS. . . . . . . .. 75715.10.1 Introduction............................ 75715.10.2 Materiais Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 75815.10.3 Construction Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 759

15.11 POROUS PAVEMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 76115.11.1 Introduction............................ 76115.11.2 General Design Principies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 76115.11.3 Construction............................ 76315.11.4 Maintenance............................ 763

15.12 COLORED ASPHALT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 76415.13 WARMMIX ASPHALTPAVEMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 765

15.13.1 Potential Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 76515.13.2 Various WMA Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 765

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