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Redescription and distribution of the crayfish, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) pearsei (Creaser, 1934) (Decapoda: Cambaridae),
with notes on its biology
John E. Cooper
North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences Research Lab, 4301 Reedy Creek Road,
Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, U.S.A., e-mail: john.cooper@ncdenr.gov
PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 124(1):9–22. 2011.
Redescription and distribution of the crayfish, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) pearsei (Creaser, 1934) (Decapoda: Cambaridae),
with notes on its biology
John E. Cooper
North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences Research Lab, 4301 Reedy Creek Road,
Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, U.S.A., e-mail: john.cooper@ncdenr.gov
Abstract.—Procambarus (O.) pearsei is endemic to several river basins in
southeastern North Carolina and northeastern South Carolina, with most of its range in the former state. It was described over 75 years ago, but the
original description lacked many salient taxonomic features and very little
else has been published about the species. Recent examination of the two
primary type specimens, and an additional 296 specimens from all three of
the river basins to which the species is restricted, has prompted a
redescription that diagnoses and illustrates the species, provides distribu
tional data and color notes, describes the previously neglected form-II male,
assesses the location of the nebulous type locality, and provides some information on the biology of the species.
Keywords: Carolina crayfishes, crayfish, parapatric crayfishes
Based on their phenotypes, three appar- It is absent from the autonomous North
ently parapatric crayfishes—Procambarus east Cape Fear River basin and the related
(Ortmannicus) pearsei (Creaser, 1934), several elements of the White Oak River
Procambarus (Ortmannicus) plumimanus drainage (New, Newport, etc.) in North
Hobbs & Walton, 1958, and Procambarus Carolina, where it is replaced by P. (O.)
(Ortmannicus) medialis Hobbs, 1975— plumimanus (Cooper & Braswell 1995:
comprise a disjunct enclave of the planir- 113, 122). The single locality reported
ostris group of the genus Procambarus for P. (O.) pearsei in the Neuse River
that inhabits the Coastal Plain of North basin in Johnston County (Hobbs 1975:
Carolina. The other members of this 14, 1989:70) has been shown to apply to
group occur in Alabama, Louisiana, and P. (O.) medialis (Cooper & Braswell
Mississippi (see Hobbs 1962, 1972a). 1995:110, 122), which is endemic to the
Procambarus (O.) pearsei is the widest Neuse and Tar-Pamlico River basins.
ranging member of the North Carolina Procambarus (O.) pearsei is relatively
trio, and the only one that is not endemic abundant in ponds, roadside ditches,
to North Carolina. Its range encompasses Carolina bays, and borrow pits, and is
the lower Cape Fear, Lumber-Little Pee sometimes found in burrows. Yet, al-
Dee, and Waccamaw River basins in the though the taxon was established over
Carolinas. In North Carolina it is known 75 years ago, the species has never been
from Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, adequately described and illustrated.
Cumberland, Hoke, Robeson, Sampson, Creaser’s (1934) description of ‘‘Cam
and Scotland counties. South Carolina barus’’ (Ortmannicus) pearsei, which was
records are available from Dillon, Horry, based on two form-I males and eight
and Marion counties, and the species females from the type locality, was quite
likely occurs in Marlboro County as well. minimal, did not include a morphotypic
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
(form II) male, lacked a diagnosis and
reliable color notes, and contained illus
trations of only the antennal scale and
form-I male gonopod. Some basic outline
drawings were later provided by Hobbs
(1968:27, 1972b:27, 47; 1974:143, 1989:
190), but there is no indication that any of
them represented Creaser’s types, which
were transferred from UMMZ to USNM
in 1954 (Hobbs 1954:1). When Hobbs &
Walton (1958) described P. (O.) pearsei
plumimanus, they added a brief diagnosis
of the nominate subspecies. In support of
their decision to treat these taxa as sub-
specifically related, they included in their
discussion of variation what they inter
preted as ‘‘intergrade’’ specimens from
the Neuse River basin. These ‘‘inter
grades,’’ however, were later assigned to
the new species P. (O.) medialis, at which
time P. (O.) plumimanus and P. (O.)
pearsei were elevated to full species
(Hobbs 1975). Consequently, the diagno
sis of P. (O.) p. pearsei in Hobbs &
Walton (1958:8) was compromised by
inclusion of a few characters that later
devolved to P. (O.) medialis.
This paper is based on an examination
of Creaser’s two primary type specimens,
both of which are in poor condition, and
an additional 296 specimens from all
three of the river basins to which P. (O.)
pearsei is restricted. It provides diagnoses,
redescribes and illustrates the species;
gives color notes; describes a form-II
male; assesses the location of its nebulous
type locality; and includes some informa
tion on the biology of the species.
Methods and Abbreviations
Measurements were made to the near-
Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh;
PCL 5 postorbital carapace length; R 5 River; SR 5 state secondary (county)
road; TCL 5 total carapace length;
UMMZ 5 University of Michigan Mu
seum of Zoology, Ann Arbor; US 5 United States highway; USGS 5 U.S.
Geological Survey; USNM 5 National
Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D.C.
Procambarus (Ortmannicus) pearsei
(Creaser, 1934)
Fig. 1, Table 1
Cambarus (Ortmannicus) pearsei Creaser,
1934:1.—Hobbs, 1975:1 (by implica
tion).
Procambarus pearsei: Hobbs, 1942:343.—
Cooper & Braswell, 1995:110.—Taylor
et al., 1996:32; 2007:386.
Procambarus pearsei pearsei: Hobbs &
Walton, 1958:7.—Hobbs, 1962:288; 1968:
K10.
Procambarus (Ortmannicus) pearsei pear-
sei: Hobbs, 1972a:10; 1972b:59; 1974:59.
Procambarus (Ortmannicus) pearsei:
Hobbs,1975:15;1989:70.—Hobbs&Peters,
1977:6.—Fitzpatrick, 1983:213.—Cooper
& Braswell, 1995:108.—Cooper, 2002:178.
The above synonymy includes only
references that have appeared in the
published literature; no citations from
open-file and similar reports are included.
Diagnosis.—Body and eyes pigmented,
eye large (mean adult diameter 2.2 mm,
n 5 83). Rostrum acarinate, very broad;
margins narrow, slightly elevated, gently
curving to base of short acumen, then
slightly more converging to small apical
tubercle or spine; margins occasionally
with small tubercles at or slightly cephalic
{
{
{
length
caliper, using a stereomicroscope and comprising 15.2–29.6% (X 5 20.8%, n 5 85) of rostrum length, latter comprising
X 5 23.6%, n 5 86) of TCL.
X 5 5.1, n 5 87) times as
est 0.1 mm with a Fowler precision dial to base of acumen; of acumen
following the methods of Hobbs (1981:9,
10) unless otherwise noted. Abbreviations
used in the text are: Crk 5 Creek; j 5 21.5–26.8% (
Areola 3.2–7.1 (
juvenile; NC {
5 North Carolina State long as broad, constituting 29.8–41.0%
(X 5 32.6%, n 5 88) of TCL and 38.4– highway; NCSM 5 North Carolina State
11 VOLUME 124, NUMBER 1
Fig. 1. Procambarus (Ortmannicus) pearsei. A, D, H, L, M: holotypic male, form I (USNM 98336); B, C, G,
I: form-I male (NCSM 2663); E, F: male, form II (NCSM 24993); and J, K: allotypic female (USNM 98337). A,
lateral aspect of carapace; B, E, mesial aspect of gonopod (first pleopod); C, F, lateral aspect of gonopod; D,
dorsal aspect of carapace; G, caudal aspect of in situ gonopods; H, epistome; I, basis and ischium of third and
fourth pereopod; J, annulus ventralis and postannular sclerite; K, antennal scale; L, dorsal aspect of distal
podomeres of right cheliped; M, lateral aspect of fixed finger of propodus. Scale bar 5 2 mm.
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Table 1.—Measurements (mm) of Procambarus (Ortmannicus) pearsei.
Holotypic male, form I Allotypic female Male form II
Carapace
Total length 28.8 27.3 24.4
Postorbital length 22.9 21.6 19.3
Width 13.7 12.1 12.0
Depth 13.2 14.0 10.6
Length rostrum 6.6 6.1 5.6
Length acumen 1.1 1.1 1.1
Length areola 9.1 8.7 8.2
Width areola 1.6 1.5 1.2
Antennal scale
Length – 4.9 5.2
Width – 2.6 2.6
Abdomen
Length 30.1 29.0 28.2
Width 11.5 11.8 10.5
Cheliped
Length lateral margin
propodus 26.8 16.1 18.3
Length mesial margin
palm 9.8 5.6 7.4
Width palm 7.9 5.8 5.8
Depth palm 5.4 3.5 4.1
Length dactyl 14.2 9.2* 9.5
Gonopod length 7.3 N/A 6.6
* Estimated.
{
44.3% (X 5 41.0%, n 5 88) of PCL, and {
with 3–6 (usually 3 4) punctations or
across narrowest part. Thoracic section
X 5{
{
{67.8–100.0% (X 5 81.2%, n 5 41) of length
in males, 81.0–120.0% (X 5 102.3%, n 5 45) of length in females; length of palm
constituting 33.5–42.4% (X 5 37.4%, n 5of carapace constituting 64.9–70.2% (
67.7%, n 5 88) of TCL; dorsally punctate,
dorsolaterally and laterally granulate; cephalic section laterally with granules or
very small tubercles, dorsally with scat
tered punctations; hepatic region without
spines. Cervical spines reduced to small
tubercles; cervical groove interrupted.
Branchiostegal spine small, acute. Subor
bital angle obtuse to obsolete, usually
without tubercle. Postorbital ridge long, {
83) of chela (propodus) length; mesial
margin of palm with several staggered, poorly defined rows of 9 to 13 tubercles;
dorsal surface of palm covered with strong
tubercles, those on median third smaller
than others; ventral surface of palm less
tuberculate, those tubercles on mesial half
larger than others; all tubercles on chela
with short, fanlike setae.
Fingers occluded; dactyl 1.2–1.6 (X 5 with shallow, continuous groove; cephalic
{margin tapered, occasionally with tuber
cle. Antennal scale (Fig. 1K) 1.8–2.7 (X 5
{1.4, n 5 30) times length of mesial margin
of palm in form-I males, 1.3–1.8 (X 5 1.6,
n 5 53) in form-II males and females;
2.2, n 5 87) times as long as broad, widest proximal fourth or less of mesial surface
near midlength; lateral margin thickened, with serrate row of tubercles; lateral
{terminating in acute, usually short spine.
Palm of chela of cheliped 1.3–1.7 (X 5 surface of fixed finger of propodus with
deep, punctate longitudinal groove along
1.5, n 5 65) times as wide as deep; width entire length.
13 VOLUME 124, NUMBER 1
Hook on ischium of third and fourth
pereopods of males, that on third pereo
pod largest of pair; neither hook opposed
by clearly defined tubercle on basis. In
situ gonopods (first pleopods) of form-I
male (Fig. 1B, G, based on NCSM 2663)
asymmetrical; proximomesial apophyses
produced, not overlapping, without cau
dal spur; shaft straight, narrow; mesial
process tapered, acute, directed caudolat
erally; in lateral aspect (Fig. 1C), distal
fourth of shaft inclined caudally at ca. 90u to plane of shaft, terminal elements
directed caudally; cephalic process curv
ing, subacute, tip directed caudoproxi
mally; mesial process originating mesial
to caudal process, tapering, acute, direct
ed caudally; subdistal setae originating
along bases of cephalic process and
central projection, partly obscuring parts
of both; total length of gonopod 25.3% of
TCL, 31.9% of PCL.
Annulus ventralis (based on allotypic
female; Fig. 1J) spindle-shaped in ventral
outline, with elongated lateral corners, 2.5
times wider than long, width 30.6% of
carapace width; sinistral half or more very
prominent; most of broad cephalic trough
and excavation situated dextral to mid
line; cephalic half depressed, strongly
sloping; sulcus very deep beneath moder
ately thick dextral margin; transverse
tongue short, broad, plunging into reverse
C-shaped caudosinistral margin. Config
uration of annulus apparently invariable;
no mirror image seen in 49 adult females
from throughout range.
Measurements of both primary types
and a form-II male provided in Table 1.
Description of holotypic male, form 1.—
Body and eyes pigmented, eye 2.2 mm
diam. Cephalothorax (Fig. 1A, D) subcy
lindrical, relatively narrow, vaulted (max
imum width and depth subequal); length of
cephalic section 2.2 times length of areola
and constituting 68.4% of TCL. Areola 5.7
times longer than wide, constituting 31.6%
of TCL (39.7% of PCL), with 3 puncta
tions across narrowest part; width of areola
11.7% of greatest width of thorax; bran
chiocardiac grooves well defined. Rostrum
broad, with narrow, moderately elevated
margins gently curving to base of short
acumen and devoid of tubercles or spines;
margins slightly more converging from
base of acumen to very weak apical
tubercle, tip of which reaching slightly
beyond midlength of penultimate segment
of antennular peduncle; acumen compris
ing 16.7% of rostrum length, latter consti
tuting 22.9% of TCL; inner margins of
dorsal ridge flanked by row of setiferous
punctations; floor (dorsal surface) of ros
trum subplane, with large, scattered, seti
ferous punctations; ventral keel of rostrum
very weak, shallow, lacking spines or
tubercles; subrostral ridge underslung, not
visible in dorsal aspect.
Postorbital ridge long, slightly curving,
groove shallow, mostly lateral; caudal
margin slightly inflated; cephalic margin
tapered, without tubercle. Suborbital an
gle obtuse, without tubercle; orbital rim
with shallow concavity around base of
antennal peduncle; branchiostegal spine
small, acute. Cervical spine region with
several weak tubercles; cervical groove
interrupted just dorsal to tubercles, with
short sulcus cephalic to groove; area
ventral to anterior section of groove very
granulate. Carapace with dorsal surface
of thoracic section punctate, dorsolateral
and lateral surfaces granulate; lateral
surface of cephalic section granulate,
dorsal surface with large punctations,
gastric region punctate; caudal termini
of postorbital ridges continuing caudally,
then curving inward nearly to midline of
carapace, forming low, arcuate ridge.
Antennal peduncle without distolateral
spine or tubercle on basis, with small,
squamous tubercle on ventral surface of
ischium; antennular peduncle with small,
mesially situated spine at midlength of
ventral surface of basal segment; both
antennal scales missing (see description of
scale of allotypic female), antennal flagel
lae damaged.
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Abdomen longer than carapace, width
of abdomen 83.9% of greatest carapace
width; pleura of most abdominal seg
ments rounded on all margins, surface
covered with large punctations; surfaces
of terga with small punctations. Proximal
podomere of uropod with small lateral
spine on lateral lobe, slightly larger spine
on mesial lobe; mesial ramus of uropod
with moderate caudolateral spine, and
strong submedian ridge terminating in
spine situated well cephalic to caudal
margin; lateral ramus with submedian
ridge on cephalic section; transverse
flexure of ramus with margin bearing
row of 19 fixed spines and large, articu
lated sublateral spine. Telson with 2
strong spines in each caudolateral corner
of cephalic section, innermost spine artic
ulated; transverse flexure strong; caudal
margin of telson subtruncated, with slight
median concavity.
Epistome (Fig. 1H) with broad, basi
cally subcordiform cephalic lobe bearing
long, narrow cephalomedian projection;
margins of lobe moderately elevated
(ventrally), lateral apices slightly thick
ened, rounded, not flared; floor (ventral
surface) of lobe broadly convex, punctate,
lacking setae; body of epistome with
broad central depression bearing slitlike
fovea; lamellae sparsely punctate, cepha
lolateral margins strongly sloping, taper
ing laterally to subtruncate margin with
weak caudal tubercle; zygoma strongly
arched, laterally expanded, flanked ceph
alolaterally on each side by deep, elon
gate pit.
Third maxilliped with distal segment
missing on left; tip of right endopodite
reaching midlength of ultimate segment
of antennal peduncle; exopodite not
notably setose, tip reaching slightly be
yond distal margin of merus of endopo
dite; distolateral corner of ischium slightly
produced, subacute; ventrolateral half of
ischium with punctuations bearing long
setae, and strong longitudinal ridge with
inner margin flanked by row of puncta
tions with longer setae, all setae combined
obscuring most of ventrolateral surface;
ventromesial half of ischium, and ventral
surface of basis, with tufts of long, dense
bristles. Right mandible with incisor ridge
bearing 9 denticles.
Left cheliped regenerated; palm of right
chela (Fig. 1L) subovate in cross section,
elongate; length of chela (propodus) 3.4
times greatest width, 93.1% of TCL;
length of mesial margin of palm 1.8 times
greatest depth, margin with several, often
irregular rows of 8–10 tubercles each; all
surfaces of palm covered with prominent
tubercles of varying size, many of those
on median third of dorsum smaller than
others, most tubercles with fanlike setae;
dorsal tubercles encroaching on poorly
defined articular ridge, including its distal
margin. Fingers narrow, both slightly
curving distoventrally, opposable surfaces
occluded; dactyl bowed in dorsal aspect,
length 53.0% of chela length, 1.4 times
length of mesial margin of palm; dorsal
surface of dactyl with strong, narrow
longitudinal ridge, distal three-fourths of
which flanked mesially by broad surface
bearing setiferous punctations, proximal
fourth flanked by tubercles; ridge flanked
laterally by punctate groove on distal
three-fourths, by tubercles on proximal
fourth; mesial surface of finger with
several rows of strong tubercles on
proximal third, tubercles encroaching on
dorsal and ventral surfaces, basalmost
ones semierect, subacute; ventral surface
of finger with narrow keel, flanked
mesially by broad surface, proximal half
of which tuberculate, rest with large
punctations; keel flanked laterally by
large punctations; opposable surface of
finger with 18 tubercles dorsal to denti
cles, 5 or 6 ventral to them, third from
base very large, protrusive; denticles in
dense pad arranged in 6–8 rows from tip
to about midlength, 2 or 3 rows from
there to base. Fixed finger with strong,
narrow dorsomedian ridge, flanked later
ally by moderate, punctate groove, mesi
15 VOLUME 124, NUMBER 1
ally by punctate surface; dorsolateral
margin strongly costate, proximolateral
fifth of dorsal surface with prominent
tubercles; lateral surface of finger with
deep, punctuate longitudinal groove
(Fig. 1M); ventral surface with strong,
rounded keel, flanked mesially by punc
tations on distal two-thirds, by tubercles
on proximal third; keel flanked laterally
by punctations; opposable surface with
large subconical tubercle ventral to den
ticles at base of distal two-fifths of finger
and 1 small tubercle slightly distal to it at
same level; 12 tubercles dorsal to denti
cles, second from base massive, protru
sive, overlapping third tubercle from
base of opposable surface of dactyl when
fingers closed; denticles in dense pad
arranged in 5 or 6 rows to level of sub-
conical tubercle, 2 or 3 rows from there to
base of finger.
Carpus of right cheliped (Fig. 1L) 1.5
times longer than broad, length 74.5% of
palm length; dorsal surface with broad,
shallow, oblique sulcus, surface mesial to
which with several admixed rows of
strong tubercles, including single strong,
subconical tubercle on distomesial corner
near articular condyl; surface lateral to
sulcus punctate; mesial surface with
several rows of strong, admixed tubercles,
some larger than others, distalmost larg
est; ventral surface with weak distolateral
tubercle, strong conical distomedian tu
bercle, and several strong conical tuber
cles proximomesial to latter. Merus elon
gate, 2.8 times longer than greatest depth,
dorsal surface with many strong subdistal
tubercles and row of prominent tubercles
along dorsal ridge; distolateral surface
and distal third of distomesial surface
with tubercles; ventrolateral ridge with 14
small, subacute tubercles and vestigial
distal tubercle, ventromesial ridge with
16 acute, larger tubercles and moderate
distal spine; 6 strong tubercles in diagonal
row between distal extremities of ridges,
and several small tubercles between ridg
es; ischium with row of 5 strong tubercles
on ventral ridge, 4 smaller ones on dorsal
ridge.
Most podomeres of both fourth pereo
pods missing; hook on ischium of third
pereopod (Fig. 1I) strong, tapering, obli
que, overreaching basioischial articula
tion by tip, not opposed by tubercle on
basis; hook on ischium of fourth pereo
pod smaller, vertically disposed, tip not
reaching articulation; coxa of fourth
pereopod with strong, vertically disposed
caudomesial boss; coxa of fifth pereopod
with strong, flattened mesial boss. Left
gonopod missing; for description of right
gonopod see ‘‘Diagnosis.’’
Description of allotypic female.—Other
than secondary sexual characters, differ
ing from holotypic male as follows: TCL
2.3 times maximum carapace width;
cephalic section of carapace 2.1 times
length of areola, latter 5.8 times longer
than wide. Rostrum with minute tubercle
on each side between base of acumen and
weak apical tubercle; acumen comprising
18.0% of rostrum length. Postorbital
ridge with minute cephalic tubercle; sub
orbital angle with vestigial tubercle. An
tennal peduncle with small distolateral
tubercle on basis and small tubercle on
ventral surface of ischium. Antennal scale
with lateral margin broadly and slightly
convex, tip of very short distolateral spine
reaching slightly beyond distal margin of
ultimate podomere of antennular pedun
cle; width of mesial (lamellar) portion ca.
2.3 times width of thickened lateral
portion, distal margin slightly convex
before curving proximomesially to widest
part at midlength, then abruptly turning
proximolaterally and obliquely to base.
Width of abdomen 97.5% of greatest
carapace width.
Right cheliped missing, tip of left dactyl
off; palm of left chela 2.8 times longer
than wide, length 59.0% of TCL; length
of mesial margin 1.6 times depth of palm.
Length of dactyl ca. 57% of total chela
length, ca. 1.6 times length of mesial
margin of palm; opposable surface of
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
finger with 10 tubercles, fourth from base
largest and situated ventral to denticles,
which in 1 or 2 rows. Opposable surface
of fixed finger with strong subconical
tubercle ventral to denticles at base of
distal third of finger, 10 tubercles dorsal
to denticles, fourth from base largest,
protrusive, not overlapping fourth tuber
cle from base of opposable surface of
dactyl when fingers closed; denticles in 1
or 2 rows. Carpus and mesial surface of
palm subequal in length; ventral surface
of carpus with conical distolateral tuber
cles. Merus 2.4 times longer than deep;
ventrolateral ridge with 12 tubercles and
minute distal spine, ventromesial ridge
with 14 tubercles and moderate distal
spine; ischium with 4 weak tubercles on
ventral ridge, 4 smaller ones on dorsal
ridge.
First pleopods moderately long; ovi
duct apertures open, surrounded by long,
dense setae; preannular sternite with
broad, glabrous, U-shaped median floor
between steep walls (width of sternite
between ventral margins 33.9% of cara
pace width). For description of annulus
ventralis see ‘‘Diagnosis.’’
Description of male, form II.—(Based
on NCSM 24993.) Differing from holo
typic male as follows: areola 6.8 times
longer than wide, constituting 33.6% of
TCL (42.5% of PCL). Acumen compris
ing 19.6% of rostrum length, latter
constituting 23.0% of TCL. Length of
cephalic section of carapace 2.0 times
areola length, comprising 66.4% of TCL.
Suborbital angle obsolete; antennal pe
duncle with 2 small tubercles. Distolateral
corner of ischium of third maxilliped not
produced.
Both chelipeds normal; length of chela
(propodus) 75.0% of TCL, 3.2 times
longer than greatest width. Mesial margin
of palm with 3 irregular rows of 9 to 13
tubercles. Length of dactyl 51.9% of chela
length, 1.3 times length of mesial margin
of palm; opposable surface of dactyl with
12 tubercles dorsal to denticles, 1 large,
prominent tubercle ventral to denticles;
latter in 4 rows. Opposable surface of
fixed finger of propodus with 6 tubercles
dorsal to denticles, single large tubercle
ventral to denticles at base of distal third
of finger; denticles in 4 or 5 rows. Carpus
of right cheliped 1.6 times longer than
wide, length 87.8% of palm length. Merus
of cheliped 2.6 times longer than greatest
depth; ventrolateral ridge with 11 tuber
cles (9 on left) and vestigial distal spine;
ventromesial ridge with 14 tubercles and
strong distal spine; ischium with 6 tuber
cles (5 on left) on ventral ridge, none on
dorsal ridge. Width of abdomen 87.5% of
greatest carapace width.
Hooks on ischia of third and fourth
pereopods tuberclelike, no tubercles in
opposition on either basis; bosses on
coxae of fourth and fifth pereopods
moderately developed. In situ gonopods
slightly asymmetrical; proximomesial
apophyses weak, acute; cephalic process
curving caudolaterally; in lateral and
mesiao aspect (Fig. 1E, F), distal third
of gonopod curving at ca. 45 degrees to
plane of shaft; very short setae along base
of cephalic process; central projection
small, tuberclelike; juvenile suture faintly
detectable. Total length of gonopod
27.0% of TCL (34.2% of PCL).
Color notes.—Based on five live fe
males and a live form-I male: ground
color of dorsal cephalothorax greenish-
tan, dark green-brown, or olivaceous,
dorsolaterally with black spots or dark
brown blotches; lateral surface of thoracic
section with dark and light mottling,
sometimes pinkish with pale blue ventral
margin; areola pale, bearing black spots;
pale longitudinal median stripe on ceph
alothorax; tubercles on lateral surfaces
gray, those in cervical spine area white,
gray, or pale tan; orbital rim with white
horizontal band between branchiostegal
spine and anterior terminus of cervical
groove; antennal scale with dark lateral
margin, rest pale or olivaceous, often with
scattered black spots; antennal and an
17 VOLUME 124, NUMBER 1
tennular flagellae pale greenish or tan,
banded with paler interstices.
Dorsal surface of abdomen with pink
ish or orangish-tan median stripe, flanked
each side by narrow dark stripe, which in
turn flanked dorsolaterally by broad,
light reddish or tannish-green stripe;
dorsolateral surface of each pleuron with
dark crescentric marking, series of mark
ings forming narrow, irregular stripe;
ventrolateral pleura pinkish to orangish,
with scattered, fine dark markings. All
ventral surfaces of body caudal to man
dibles blue-gray or translucent; mandibles
blue, with white margin along surface of
incisor ridge; epistome reddish or iodine;
circular margins of renal apertures white;
zygoma greenish-blue. Telson and uro
pods blue-green or tannish, dorsal sur
faces with pale orange, pink, or black
spots and flecks; dorsomedian ridge and
lateral margin of mesial ramus of uropod
dark; spines along transverse flexure of
lateral ramus black, producing narrow
transverse band.
Ventral surfaces of second pleopods of
male blue; caudal surfaces of gonopods
with blue markings. Walls of annulus
ventralis white or creamy, with some
blue flecks, and parts of caudal wall with
dark gray markings; postannular sclerite
(Fig. 1J) white or gray. Dorsal surface of
palm of cheliped ground color, most
tubercles black, some gray or oyster;
ventral surface of palm tan or ground
color, mesial half often darker than
lateral half, most tubercles light; tubercles
on mesial surface of palm sometimes very
dark. Fingers ground color; ventral sur
face of dactyl frequently darker than
same surface of fixed finger; tips of both
fingers amber, or whitish with pale bluish
tinge, color not subtended by dark band;
base of dorsal surface of fixed finger often
with black spots; lateral surface of entire
propodus with greenish-brown longitudi
nal stripe and occasionally black spots;
tubercles on opposable surfaces of fingers
white or tan. Dorsal surface of carpus,
merus, and ischium of cheliped, and all
podomeres of other pereopods, dark
greenish-gray, other surfaces varying
from white to light bluish-gray to dark;
tubercles on dorsal surface of carpus and
merus very dark, those on mesial and
ventral surfaces white or grayish.
Location of types.—The holotypic male,
form I, and the allotypic female are in
the USNM crayfish collection, catalog
numbers 98336 (originally UMMZ 53792)
and 98337 (originally UMMZ 53793),
respectively. The other eight of Creaser’s
specimens, all from the type locality, are at
USNM: 1 = I (69361); 1 R (69360); 6 R (98338; originally UMMZ 53794, all six
were designated paratypes by Creaser). The
male, form II, is in the NCSM crustacean
collection (24993).
Type locality.—The nebulous type lo
cality was given as ‘‘Pond and ditch on
Highway No. 22, south of Fayetteville,
Cumberland County, North Carolina’’
(Creaser 1934:3). ‘‘Highway No. 22’’ is
now US 301, which is paralleled by I-95
and traverses elements of both the Cape
Fear and the Lumber-Little Pee Dee
River basins. Since the type locality is in
Cumberland County, though, it is within
the Cape Fear drainage. Obviously, in the
75+ years since the description of P. (O.)
pearsei there has been a great deal of
development in the probable area of the
type locality and considerable expansion
of the city of Fayetteville in all directions.
It is highly likely that habitat for the
species at what could have been the
original type locality no longer exists.
Range and specimens examined.—
Known from eight counties in the lower
Cape Fear, Lumber-Little Pee Dee, and
Waccamaw River basins in southeastern
North Carolina, and three counties in the
latter two basins in northeastern South
Carolina. Specimens have been collected
at the following localities (all are at
NCSM unless otherwise noted): NORTH
CAROLINA. Cape Fear River basin:
Bladen Co.—(1) pond along SR 1327,
18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
2.6 rd km NW jct SR 1325, 9.4 air km W
of Ammon (34.80389N, 278.68166W); 1
= I, 1 j = (304), 17 Mar 1979, coll. A. L.
Braswell (ALB), R. E. Ashton, Jr. (REA),
P. S. Ashton (PSA); (2) baylike depres
sion W of NC 210, S of Colly Crk,
4.5 air km NE of Kelly (34.49556N,
278.28722W); 2 = II, 1 R, 1 j ? (2692), 1
j =, 1 j R (2702), 30 Apr 1987, coll. ALB;
(3) Horseshoe Lake (Suggs Mill Pond),
1.1 km NE of SR 1327; 1 = I, 8 j =, 1 R, 6
j R (1602), 23 Feb 1980, coll. REA, PSA,
and others; (4) roadside ditch on SR 1730,
0.8 km NE jct NC 211 in subdrainage
Friar Swamp; 1 R (5266), 24 Jun 1999,
coll. W. C. Starnes (WCS), D. G. Cooper
(DGC), et al. Brunswick Co.—(5) depres
sion pond 7.7 air km NW of Winnabow; 2
j R (7424), 13 Mar 2001, coll. ALB, R.
LeBlond (RL), J. T. Finnegan (JTF), N.
Murdock (NM); (6) sinkhole pond ca. 6.1
air km NW of Winnebow; 1 = I, 1 R, 1 j R (7425), 13 Mar 2001, coll. ALB, RL, JTF,
NM; (7) sinkhole pond ca. 14.2 air km
WSW of Leland; 1 = I, 1 R (7426), 13 Mar
2001, coll. ALB, RL, JTF, NM; (8)
sinkhole pond along Goose Pond Road,
ca. 15.2 air km WSW of Leland; 3 j =, 2 R,
2 j R (7427), 14 Mar 2001, coll. ALB, JTF;
(9) sinkhole pond ca. 8.0 air km NW of
Bolivia; 1 = I, 1 R (7428), 13 Mar 2001,
coll. ALB, RL, JTF, NM. Cumberland
Co.—(10) ‘‘pond and ditch on State
Route 22, south of Fayetteville’’; 2 = I
(USNM 69361, 98336), 1 R (USNM
98337), 6 R (USNM 98338), 25 Mar
1934; 1 R (USNM 69360), 4 Jul 1933;
coll. A. S. Pearse; (11) Black Ground Bay
east of jct NC 53 and SR 1228; 1 j =, 2 R (6012), 10 Jul 2000, coll. G. S. Grant
(GSG); (12) ‘‘Cape Fear Bluffs, Massen
gale property’’; pair dried chelipeds,
probably = I (6010), 9 Jul 2000, coll.
GSG; (13) shallow grassy ditch along NE
side SR 1609, ca. 0.8 km NW jct SR 1705,
2.9 air km SE of Linden (35.195N,
278.72861W); 1 = II (2027), 26 Jan
1975, coll. M. R. Cooper (MRC), J. E.
Cooper (JEC); (14) roadside ditch on US
13, 9.6 km S of Sampson Co. line; 3 = I, 22
= II, 7 j =, 10 R, 11 j R (USNM 131773), 21
May 1971, coll. H. H. Hobbs, Jr. (HHH).
Sampson Co.—(15) roadside ditch along
NC 242, 4.3 rd km N of jct US 421, ca. 13
air km W of Newton Grove; 1 = II, 4 j =, 3
j R (2014), 24 Mar 1975, coll. MRC, JEC;
(16) alive on NC 242, 0.3 rd km N of jct
SR 1634, 2.9 air km NNW of Spiveys
Corner (35.22139N, 278.49528W), ca.
0922 hr EDT, light rain; 1 R (5053), 21
Mar 1999, coll. J. C. Beane (JCB), J. W.
Rowland, Jr.; (17) roadside ditch on US
13, 0.6 km SW of Wayne Co. line; 1 = I, 2 j
=, 4 R, 6 j R (USNM 131767), 21 May
1971, coll. HHH; (18) roadside ditch on
US 13, 10.7 km S of Newton Grove; 7 j =,
16 j R (USNM 131768), 21 May 1971, coll.
HHH.
Lumber-Little Pee Dee River basin:
Bladen Co.—(19) on SR 41, 6 km S of
Dublin (Hobbs & Peters 1977:52, 54).
Hoke Co.—(20) Antioch Church Bay on
E side NC 211, 1.0 rd km SSE of jct SR
1447, 3.2 air km SSE of Antioch
(34.86361N, 279.19945W); 4 = I, 3 R (2240), 1 Feb 1985; 1 = II, 2 R (2241), 23
Feb 1985; 1 R (2668), 7 Feb 1986, coll. D.
L. Stephan (DLS), R. W. Laney (RWL),
D. F. Lockwood (DFL); (21) Hamby’s
Bay at SR 1448, 1.9 rd km SE jct SR 1105,
2.4 air km E of Antioch (34.88445N,
279.1825W); 1 = I (2663), 21 Mar 1990,
coll. ALB; 2 R (4486), 14 Feb 1998; 1 = I, 1
= II (5011), 7 Feb 1999, coll. JCB, JTF, S.
J. Horton (SJH). Robeson Co.—(22)
Goose Pond Bay off SR 1704, 2.9 air km
WSW town Lumber Bridge (34.88194N,
279.10056W); 3 R with third instar young
(2246, 2248, 2249); 1 = I, 1 = II, 1 R, 1 R with young (2247), 5 = I, 2 = II, 11 R, 6
loose young (2250), 23 Feb 1985; 3 = I, 3 = II, 1 j =, 12 R (2676), 10 Jan 1987; 1 R (2315), 27 Apr 1985, coll. DLS, DFL; 1 R (4459), 17 Jan 1998, coll. JCB, R. A. Davis
(RAD); (23) dead on SR 1704 along
Goose Pond Bay; 1 R (24258), 24 Jan
1997, coll. JCB, RAD, J. Morgan-Davis;
(24) field near Goose Pond Bay; 1 dried
VOLUME 124, NUMBER 1
chela & other parts (3719), 19 May 1997,
coll. DGC, D. A. Jackan, D. DeOliviera;
(25) borrow pit along US 74 near railroad
tracks, 0.5 rd km NW jct SR 1554, 2.9 air
km SSW of Pembroke (34.65639N,
279.20805W); 1 R (800), 13 May 1982,
coll. ALB, W. M. Palmer (WMP); 1 = I, 2
= II, 2 j =, 2 R, 4 j R (2664), 26 May 1987,
coll. ALB, DLS, DFL; (26) roadside ditch
on NC 130 (34.45406N, 278.97732W); 4 j
=, 1 R, 7 j R (4209), 16 Jul 1996, coll. J.
Alderman (JA), G. Motessi (GM), Kirk,
M. Savacool (MS); (27) Pretty Pond Bay S
of NC 20, 0.5 rd km E of jct SR 1924, 4.8
air km E of St Pauls (34.79417N,
278.92528W); 4 R (2245), 1 R with third
instar young (2243), 23 Feb 1985, coll.
DLS, RWL, DFL; 1 = I (2688), 26
Mar 1987, coll. ALB, DLS, DFL; (28)
Oak Savannah Bay II, along SR 1811,
0.5 rd km W SR 175 (34.80416N,
279.090228W); 3 = I, 1 R (2690), 8 May
1987, coll. ALB, H. M. Wilbur (HMW), J.
Fauth; (29) roadside ditch on NC 71w,
6.6 km S of Red Springs; 6 = I, 32 j =, 6 R,
34 j R (USNM 131779), 22 May 1971, coll.
HHH; (30) roadside ditch on NC 71,
8.8 km S of Wakulla; 3 = I, 2 = II, 1 j =,
14 R, 3 j R (USNM 131783), 22 May 1971,
coll. HHH; (31) Big Swamp at NC 211,
1.1 km W of Bladen Co. line; 1 = II
(USNM 132635), coll. P. D. Ross, Sr.,
HHH. Scotland Co.—(32) field pond on
Maxton-Laurinburg Air Base; 1 = I, 3 = II, 2 j =, 5 R, 1 j R (USNM 144791), 14
Oct 1973, coll. M. Odell; (33) borrow pit
along SR 1432 near jct SR 1400 & 1413,
5.6 air km NW of Wagram (34.9289N,
279.3949W); 1 = I, 1 j =, 2 j R (2011), 8
Oct 1974, coll. MRC, ALB, WMP, JEC; 1
R (494), 25 Jan 1978, coll. ALB, REA; 1 = I (2662), 18 Apr 1990, coll. ALB; 2 R (7812), 8 Jul 2001, coll. JCB, JTF, SJH;
(34) Muddy Crk on Sandhills Game Land
at SR 1328, 10.6 air km NNW of Silver
Hill (35.00333N, 279.53833W); 1 j R (4496), 23 Jul 1997, coll. GM, M. R.
Wood; (35) State Line Prairie Bay on The
Nature Conservancy property off S side
19
SR 1622 at jct SR 1625 & Marlboro Co.,
SC, line, 4.0 km SSW of Hasty; 1 = I, 1 = II, 1 R, 1 j R (4487), 28 Feb 1998, coll. JCB,
JTF, SJH.
Waccamaw River basin: Bladen Co.—
(36) roadside ditch on US 701, 5.5 km N
of Clarkton (Hobbs & Peters 1977:49);
(37) roadside ditch on SR 1730 & SR
1786, 0.8 km NE of jct NC 211
(34.42722N, 278.45639W); 2 j =, 1 j R (5144), 1 R & exuvium (5266), 24 Jun
1999, coll. WCS, DGC, R. T. Bryant et
al. Brunswick Co.—(38) Juniper Crk at
SR 1340, ca. 1.3 air km E of Makatoka,
16.8 air km NW of Supply (34.12505N,
278.39445W); 1 R (1390), 13 Feb 1984,
coll. F. C. Rohde; (39) along NC 211,
0.8 km SSE of Juniper (Driving?) Crk,
9.9 air km NNW of Supply (34.09889N,
278.30194W); 2 = I (1829), 2 Aug 1984,
coll. ALB, S. D. Smith, K. Green; (40)
‘‘9 mi NW of Supply’’; 1 j R (3757), 29
Aug 1975, coll. HMW; (41) roadside
drainage ditch on NC 211, ca. 11.4 km
N of Supply, probably near Juniper
Creek; 2 j = (4548), coll. E. E. Brown;
(42) on NC 211, 9.6 km N of US 17; 1 = II, 3 R (USNM 147810), 20 Feb 1976, coll.
J. R. Bailey (JRB). Columbus Co.—(43)
ditch on E side of NC 211, 12 8 km S of
Bolton; 1 R (USNM 147813), 21 Mar
1976, coll. JRB; (44) roadside borrow pit
along NC 211, ca. 1.8 rd km NW of crossing
Clear Branch (34.206N, 278.3899W); 4 = I, 2 = II, 1 j =, 4 R, 1 j R (24992), 1 = II (24993),
30 Apr 2005, coll. ALB, DLS; (45) roadside
borrow pit in mesic pine flatwoods along
NC 211, 1.9 rd km WNW of Brunswick Co.
line, 13.0 air km S of Bolton; 1 = I, 3 = II, 3 j
=, 6 R (3195), 14 May 1996, coll. ALB; (46)
on pavement of NC 211, 1.1 rd km S of
Bolton (34.30556N, 278/38695W), ca. 2045
hr EDT, wet night; 1 R (1951), 24 Mar 1975,
coll. MRC, ALB, WMP, JEC; (47) grassy
sloughs on NC 130, ca. 7.4 air km SE of Old
Dock; 5 = I, 6 = II, 6 j =, 5 R, 11 j R (2020), 1
= I, 1 = II, 1 j =, 1 R, 1 j R (uncat.), 24 Mar
1975, coll. MRC, ALB, WMP, JEC; (48)
1.0 km E of Hallsboro on US 76 (Hobbs &
20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Peters 1977:54); (49) from stomach of red-
shouldered hawk from near Hallsboro; pair
of = I gonopods & 2 partial carapaces
(1277), 8 Apr 1983, coll. GSG; (50)
roadside ditch along SR 1117
(34.15803N, 278.75275W); 1 j =, 1 R, 5 j
R (4220), 6 Jul 1995, coll. JA, Tim Savidge
(TS), M. Hartman (MH), MS; (51)
roadside ditch on NC 130 (34.1297N,
278.58665W); 6 j =, 2 R, 14 j R (4225),
28 Sep 1995, coll. JA, GM, MS; (52) road
side ditch on NC 904 (34.01067N,
278.60792W); 1 = II, 2 j =, 2 R, 3 j R (4208), 21 Sep 1995, coll. JA, GM, MS;
(53) water along railroad tracks, 1.0 km E
of Hallsboro; 1 = I, 1 R (4952), 16 Apr
1956, coll. HHH, E. T. Hall; (54) ‘‘Green
Swamp’’ (34.31472N, 278.44611W); 1 j = (2062), 23 Feb 1975, J. H. Gillespie, R.
Gordon; (55) roadside ditch on SR 1006
(34.13654N, 278.66315W); 1 j =, 5 j R (4221), coll. JA, TS, MH, MS; (56)
roadside ditch on SR 1157; 3 j R (4202),
6 Jul 1995, coll. JA, TS, MH, MS.
SOUTH CAROLINA. Lumber-Little
Pee Dee River basin: Dillon Co.—(57)
Little Reedy Crk at route 34, ca. 16 km
NW of center Dillon; 1 = (25118), 12 Mar
2001, coll. R. G. Arndt, E. W. Gaines, and
students. Marion Co.—(58) roadside ditch
on route 41A, 3.4 km SW of Dillon Co.
line, NE of Marion; 1 = I, 2 R (USNM
177310), 12 Apr 1981, coll. HHH; (59)
roadside ditch on route 41A, 5.0 km S of
US 501, Marion; 1 = I (USNM 177317),
12 Apr 1981, coll. HHH.
Waccamaw River basin: Horry Coun
ty.—(60) swamp at S-32, 100 m SSE of
Waccamaw R; 1 = II, 2 j =, 3 j R (USNM
207820), 13 Nov 1982, coll. P. H. Carlson
(PHC); (61) roadside ditch on S-237,
0.16 km W of S-564 near Georgetown
Co. line; 5 = II, 2 j =, 5 R, 2 j R (USNM
207826), 14 Nov 1982, coll. PHC.
Size.—Form-I males ranged from 21.5– {
35.5 (X 5 27.4, n 5 33) mm TCL. The
largest specimen examined is the largest
form-I male, which is from the Lumber-
Little Pee Dee basin. The largest female
measured 32.8 mm TCL and is from the
same basin.
Life history and ecological notes.—
Form-I males were found from January
through May, and in August and Octo
ber. Cooper (2002:178, 179) provided
data on six females carrying late-instar
young, collected at two sites in Robeson
County on 23 February 1985. One
additional female (2243), collected in
Pretty Pond Bay, Robeson Co., on the
same date, measures 32.1 mm TCL
(25.2 mm PCL) and has 22 third-instar
young measuring ca. 3.7 mm TCL.
Some of the ponds, bays and borrow
pits where P. (O.) pearsei occurs are
breeding sites of the ambystomatid sala
manders, Ambystoma maculatum, A. opa
cum, and A. tigrinum. The adult salaman
ders are only seasonally present at the
sites, but their larvae, which may be quite
large and carnivorous, remain in the
water until metamorphosis occurs. Sever
al of the sites contain anostracans of the
genera Streptocephalus (cf. S. seali) and
Eubranchipus, along with conchostracans
of the genera Lynceus (cf. L. gracilicor
nis), Limnadia (cf. L. lenticularis), and
Eulimnadia.
Crayfish associates.—Procambarus (O.)
pearsei has been found with Procambarus
(Ortmannicus) acutus (Girard, 1852), Pro
cambarus (Ortmannicus) ancylus Hobbs,
1958, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) blan
dingii (Harlan, 1830), and Fallicambarus
(Creaserinus) fodiens (Cottle, 1863).
Affinities.—Morphologically, P. (O.)
pearsei is most similar to P. (O.) plumi
manus and P. (O.) medialis, and the three
probably originated from the same com
mon ancestor in the southeastern Coastal
Plain of North Carolina. It is clearly
distinguishable from both these species
by the strong caudolateral turn of the
mesial process on the gonopod of the
form-I male; the mesial processes of both
P. (O.) plumimanus and P. (O.) medialis
are strongly directed caudomesially. Also,
viewed in lateral or mesial aspect, the
VOLUME 124, NUMBER 1
distal fourth of the shaft of the gonopod is
strongly curved caudally at about 90
degrees in P. (O.) pearsei but at about
45–50 degrees in the other two species. In
addition, females of P. (O.) pearsei can be
distinguished from those of P. (O.) plumi
manus by the configuration of the annu
lus. In the former species it is basically
spindle-shaped and has a long, broad
sulcus; in the latter it is more prominently
subovate and has a weak sulcus.
Etymology.—Creaser named the spe
cies in honor of A. S. Pearse, a noted
aquatic biologist of the time at UMMZ,
who published a number of papers on
fishes, crayfishes, and other crustaceans,
and who collected all of Creaser’s type
specimens of P. pearsei.
Acknowledgments
My sincerest thanks go to those many
collectors who provided the specimens on
which this redescription is based; their
names appear in the section on range and
specimens examined. Special thanks go to
A. L. Braswell and D. L. Stephan, who
collected the form-II male and the live
specimens used for color notes, and to S.
A. Cooper, who provided technical assis
tance at NCSM and assisted in prepara
tion of the plate that appears as Figure 1.
Loan of the primary types from USNM
was arranged through the generosity of R.
Lemaitre and K. Reed. Two anonymous
reviewers provided helpful comments.
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Recommended