SUSY breaking, hybrid N=1/2 theories, and the nature...

Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras

SUSY breaking, hybrid N = 1/2 theories, andthe nature of *.inos

Daniel BusbridgeSupervised by: Valya Khoze and Steve Abel

Institute for Particle Physics PhenomenologyDurham University

Young Theorists’ Forum 2011, Durham

Outline

1 ConceptsWhat is SUSY?Irreducible representations of N = 1 SUSY

2 Spontaneous��SUSYThe Sad TruthGeneric Features

3 Dirac *.inosDirac vs. Majorana FermionsParameter space limitationsR−symmetry

4 MRSSMHiggs Sector

5 Optional extras

What is SUSY?

SUSY is a space-time (ST) symmetry

Q|Fermion〉 = |Boson〉Q|Boson〉 = |Fermion〉

}Qs generate a ST symmetry

{Q,Q†} = P ⇐⇒ [θQ, θ†Q†] = θθ†P

Irreducible representations ofN = 1 SUSY

An Introduction to Superspace

x −→ (x , θ, θ†)

s(x) −→ S(x , θ, θ†)

Φ = φ+ θψ + θ2F + . . .

V = θθ†A + θ†2θλ+ θ2θ†2D + . . .

Wα = λα + θαD + . . .

The Sad Truth

Evidence

Degeneracy in (s)particle mass spectrum not observed

uu cc ttdd ss bbννee

ee ννμμ

μμ ννττ

γγgg

Quarks Leptons

Force Particles

Standard Particles6= P2

~uu cc ttdd ss bbννee

ee ννμμ

μμ ννττ

γγgg

Squarks Sleptons

Higgsino

SUSY Force Particles

SUSY Particles

If SUSY is realized, it is broken at low energies

Generic Features

Properties

Theory is SUSY but scalar potential V admits��SUSY vacua

Q|vacuum〉 6= 0⇐⇒ V (vacuum) > 0

GAUGE SUSYΦ

((((GAUGE SUSY

GAUGE ��SUSYΦ

((((GAUGE ��SUSY

Generic Features

Recipe

U(1) VSF spurion 〈Wα〉 = θαDGauge-singlet χSF spurion 〈X〉 = θ2F

How does this work?

Generic Features

The Standard Model Higgs Mechanism

Λ > ΛEWSB

−L ⊃ ydQLφdRφ

Λ < ΛEWSBφ −→ (0, ν + H)

((((GAUGE

−L ⊃ ydν︸︷︷︸md

dLdR dL dR

Generic Features

The Standard Model Higgs Mechanism

Λ > ΛEWSB

−L ⊃ ydQLφdRφ

Λ < ΛEWSBφ −→ (0, ν + H)

((((GAUGE

−L ⊃ ydν︸︷︷︸md

dLdR dL dR

Generic Features

SUSY Breaking in Wess-Zumino Model

Λ > Λ��SUSY

∫d2θM ijΦiΦj + Y ijk ΦiΦjΦk︸︷︷︸

W (Φi )

+ h.c. +

∫d2θd2θ† Φ∗iΦi︸︷︷︸

K (Φ∗i ,Φi )

⊃ −M ij (φiFj + ψiψj)− Y ijkφiφjFk + h.c. + F ∗iFi

φi Fj

ψi ψj

M ij Fk

φi φj

Generic Features

Λ > Λ��SUSY

∫d2θM ijΦiΦj + Y ijk ΦiΦjΦk︸︷︷︸

W (Φi )

+ h.c. +

∫d2θd2θ† Φ∗iΦi︸︷︷︸

K (Φ∗i ,Φi )

⊃ −M∗ikMkjφ∗iφj −M ijψiψj

φjφ∗i

M∗ikMkj

ψi ψj

Generic Features

Λ > Λ��SUSY

∫d2θ

(MΦ2 + Y Φ2X

)+ h.c. +

∫d2θd2θ†Φ∗Φ

⊃ −M (φFφ + ψψ)− YφφFX + h.c. + |Fφ|2 + |FX |2

φ Fφ

Generic Features

Λ < Λ��SUSY 〈X 〉 = θ2F

∫d2θ

(MΦ2 + Y Φ2X

)+ h.c. +

∫d2θd2θ†Φ∗Φ

⊃ −Mψψ − (|M|2 ± |YFX |)|φ±|2

��SUSY

φ±φ∗±

|M|2 ± |YFX |

Dirac vs. Majorana Fermions

Dirac and Majorana particles

Mass terms

Majorana mass

−LMajorana ⊃ MMΨMΨM = MM(ξξ + ξ†ξ†) ΨM =

(ξξ†

)Dirac mass

−LDirac ⊃ MDΨDΨD = MD(ξχ+ ξ†χ†) ΨD =

(ξχ†

−LMSSMsoft ⊃ M3 gg + M2 WW + M1 BB

Parameter space limitations

Approximate SQCD β Functions

m2q ∼ m2

q + M2g

Mg ∼ Mg

MQ ΛSUSY Λ

m2q(Q) ∼ m2

q(M) + a m2q(M) + b M2

Parameter space limitations

The Forbidden Zone

105 GeV

no high scale model

0 500 1000 1500 2000 25000

Mgluino

1Jaeckel, J., Khoze, V. V., Plehn, T., & Richardson, P. (2011). Travels on the squark-gluino mass plane.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1109.2072

R−symmetry

What is R−symmetry?

{Q,Q†} = P

Invariant under

Q → eiRQθQ, Q† → Q†e−iRQθ, P → P

Choose RQ = −1

[Q,R] = Q [θ,R] = −θ[Q†,R] = −Q† [θ†,R] = θ†

R−symmetry

R-charge of Gauginos

V = V † =⇒ RV = 0

V ⊃ θ†2θλ

Rθ = −Rθ† = 1 =⇒ Rλ = 1

R−symmetry

Majorana Gaugino Masses

−LgauginoMajorana ⊃ MM(λλ+ λ†λ†)

λλU(1)R−−−→ e2iθλλ

Majorana gaugino masses violate U(1)R symmetry

R−symmetry

Dirac Gaugino Masses

−LDirac ⊃ MD(λχ+ λ†χ†)

λχU(1)R−−−→ ei(1+Rχ)θλχ

Dirac gaugino masses can preserve U(1)R symmetry

R−symmetry

The idea

U(1)R ←−−−−−−−−−−→ ��U(1)R

MM → 0 MM ∼ MDMMMD� 1

R−symmetry

The Forbidden Zone

105 GeV

no high scale model

0 500 1000 1500 2000 25000

Mgluino

2Jaeckel, J., Khoze, V. V., Plehn, T., & Richardson, P. (2011). Travels on the squark-gluino mass plane.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1109.2072

R−symmetry

Minimal Dirac Gauginos

Rχg = −1, Og ⊃ θχg , 〈W′α〉 = θαD

Names Superfield SU(3)C U(1)RRHGs Og Ad 0GFs W3α Ad 1

LDiracgluino =

∫d2θ

W′α

ΛTr[W3αOg

]⊃ −mDλ3χg

mD =DΛ

N = 2 vector multiplet (Og ,V3)

Higgs Sector

MSSM Higgs

WMSSM = yuuQ · Hu + yd dQ · Hd + µHu · Hd + · · ·

Λ < ΛEWSB

((((GAUGE

H0u −→ νu + · · ·

H0d −→ νd + · · ·

L ⊃∫

d2θW (Φi) ⊃ −µHu · Hd

Higgs Sector

Dirac Higgsinos

Superfield SU(2)L U(1)Y U(1)R

Hu � 12 0

Rd � 12 2

Hd � −12 0

Ru � −12 2

WHiggs =(µu + λS

Hu · Ru + λTu Hu · TRu + (u ↔ d)

N = 2 Hypermultiplet (Hu,Rd )

Higgs Sector

Is R−symmetry useful?

Dangerous ∆L = ∆B = 1 operators forbidden

Proton decay through QLQLQLLL,URURDRER forbidden

Majorana Neutrino mass HuHuLLLL allowed3

3Kribs, G., Poppitz, E., & Weiner, N. (2008). Flavor in supersymmetry withan extended R symmetry. Physical Review D, 78(5) 055010

Higgs Sector

Summary of MRSSM

All *.inos are Dirac

Higgs and Gauge sector form N = 2 representations

Gauginos much heavier than squarks possible

Higgs Sector

Outlook

High-scale completion? Gauge mediation?4

Q∗Q∗

Create a consistent effective theory at the high scale

Identify important phenomenology using simplified models

4Benakli, K., & Goodsell, M. D. (2008). Dirac Gauginos in GGM.arXiv:0811.4409

Higgs Sector

Thanks

Thanks for listening!

Where to Break SupersymmetryHidden sectors

mediation

mechanism

SUSY breakingorigin

(hidden sector)

MSSM(visible sector)

How to Communicate ��SUSYTree-level?

Supertrace Theorem:

tree level communication+

renormalizable couplings

SUSY partner lighterthan SM counterpart

Non-renormalizable =⇒ Planck-Scale Mediated��SUSY

Non-tree-level =⇒ Gauge Mediated��SUSY (GMSB)

Supertrace Theorem:

Particle Content and Superpotential

Messenger mass spectrum

φ, φ M2 ± F 2

ψ, ψ M2

SUSY is broken!

Messenger mass spectrum

φ, φ M2 ± F 2

ψ, ψ M2

SUSY is broken!

Soft Mass GenerationMajorana Gaugino masses at one-loop

W, B, g W, B, g

Ma ∝ αaΛ Λ =FM

Soft Mass GenerationSquark/Slepton masses at two-loop

m2sq, sl ∝ Λ2

α2a Λ =

Solving the Higgs Hierarchy ProblemQuick Higgs revision

Standard Model Higgs potential

V (H) ∼ µ2|H|2 + λ|H|4

Higgs vacuum expectation value (VEV)

〈H〉 =√−µ2/2λ ∼ 174 GeV

Implies a Higgs mass

m2H = −µ2 ∼ 100 GeV

Solving the Higgs Hierarchy ProblemHiggs self-energy at one-loop

−L ⊂ λ|s|2|H|2 + gHf f s = scalarsf = fermionss

H H ∼ −λsm2S ln

∼ λsΛ2

H H ∼ −λ2f Λ2

Solving the Higgs Hierarchy ProblemUV cut-off at one-loop

At one-loop

m2H −→ m2

H + Λ2

(∑scalars

λs −∑

fermions

)−∑

scalars

λsm2s ln(

)Natural Higgs mass

Λ ∼ mPl =⇒ mnat ∼ mPl

Solving the Higgs Hierarchy ProblemDim-reg at one-loop

At one-loop

m2H −→ m2

H −∑

scalars

λsm2s ln(µ

mH sensitive to heaviest particles Higgs couples to!Why is mH so small?

Solving the Higgs Hierarchy ProblemSome two loop Higgs self-energy processes

−L ⊂ mF FF F = fermionsF

∼ g4(

Λ2 + m2F ln

Solving the Higgs Hierarchy ProblemYou saved us... thanks supersymmetry!

ψ/φ/A pairings+ λf = λ2

s etc.V (φ) well behaved

Unavoidable withsupersymmetry

Gauge Coupling Unification

HΑ1L-1

HΑ2L-1

HΑ3L-1

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

602 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Log10HQ�1 GeVL

Figure: RGE of α−1i in SM (dashed) and MSSM (solid)

Dark Matter, Triggering EWSB

In R-parity conserving SUSY, LSP is DM candidate

Gauge Mediated��SUSY → GGravity Mediated��SUSY → χ0

Renormalization Group Evolution (RGE) triggers EWSB

−→RGE

((((GAUGE

Dark Matter, Triggering EWSB

In R-parity conserving SUSY, LSP is DM candidate

Gauge Mediated��SUSY → GGravity Mediated��SUSY → χ0

Renormalization Group Evolution (RGE) triggers EWSB

−→RGE

((((GAUGE

Dark Matter CandidateProton decay

General MSSM =⇒ rapid proton decay

}(π0,K0), (π+,K+)

L (e+, µ+), (νe, νµ)

Forbid these interactions by imposing symmetries

Dark Matter CandidateR−parity

Define a multiplicatively conserved quantum number PR

Let all (supersymmetric) particles have PR =(−)1ww�Interaction vertices contain even numbers of superpartnersForbids process mediating rapid proton decayThe lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) is stable

Dark matter candidate!

Flavour Changing Neutral Currents

µ−→ e−γ is highly constrained experimentally

W−γ

νµ ν e

Forbid/suppress the additional loop processes from SUSY

Pros and Cons

AdvantagesFlavour-blind communication automaticTheory is renormalizable

ProblemsHiggs ‘b’ term difficult to generateLSP is always gravitino

Pros and Cons

AdvantagesFlavour-blind communication automaticTheory is renormalizable

ProblemsHiggs ‘b’ term difficult to generateLSP is always gravitino

Flavour Universality

−LMSSMsoft ⊂

∑φ=Q,L,u,d,e

φ†m2φφ+

(uauQHu−dadQHd−

eaeLHd + h.c.)

Easiest way:Assume supersymmetry breaking is ‘universal’

(mi)jk = miδjk , i = (Q,L, u, d, e)

Assume that the (scalar)3 couplings are ∝ thecorresponding Yukawa couplings

ai ∝ yi , i = (u, d, e)

ConsequencesWe find...

At any RG scale, the squark and slepton mass matrices appear

)ij≈

0 00 m2

0 0 m2φ3

φ = (Q,L, u, d, e)

For tree-level renormalizable couplings

STrM2 =∑

(−1)2J(2J + 1)M2J = 0,

ww�superpartner lighter than SM counterpart

For tree-level renormalizable couplings

STrM2 =∑

(−1)2J(2J + 1)M2J = 0,

ww�superpartner lighter than SM counterpart

Minimal ModelContent

Extra field contentSU(3)C SU(2)L U(1)Y

Φ 2 2 −13

Φ 2 2 +13

S 1 1 0

SuperpotentialW = λΦXΦ

X is goldstino superfield

〈X 〉 = M + θ2F

Minimal ModelContent

Extra field contentSU(3)C SU(2)L U(1)Y

Φ 2 2 −13

Φ 2 2 +13

S 1 1 0

SuperpotentialW = λΦXΦ

X is goldstino superfield

〈X 〉 = M + θ2F

MSSM Soft Lagrangian

The most general set of positive mass dimension terms whoobey SM symmetries but break SUSY are

LMSSMsoft =− 1

(M3 gg + M2 WW + M1 BB + c.c.

uauQHu − dadQHd − eaeLHd + c.c.)

− Q†m2QQ − L†m2

LL− um2u u† − dm2

d d† − em2

e e†

−m2Hu

H∗uHu −m2Hd

H∗dHd − (b HuHd + c.c),

and form the soft supersymmetry breaking Lagrangian density

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