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Notice: This document has been provided as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Sustainable Materials Management Web Academy (formally RCC) Recycling and Solid Waste Management Educational Series. This document does not constitute EPA policy or guidance and should not be interpreted as providing regulatory interpretations. Inclusion within this document of trade names, company names, products, technologies and approaches does not constitute or imply endorsement or recommendation by EPA. Information contained within this document from non-EPA presenters has not been screened or verified. Therefore, EPA has not confirmed the accuracy or legal adequacy of any information provided by the non-EPA presenters and used by EPA on this web site. Finally, links to non-EPA websites are provided for the convenience of the user; reference to these sites does not imply any official EPA endorsement of the opinions, ideas, data or products presented at those locations nor does it guarantee the accuracy of the information provided.
SuStainable MaterialS ManageMent
OECD Global Forum on EnvironmentMechelen, Belgium, October 2010
Joseph FikselExecutive Director, Center for Resilience
The Ohio State University, USA
Sustainability Advisor, U.S. EPA Office of Research & Development*
*The content of this presentation reflects the views of the author and does not represent the policies or position of the U.S. EPA.
What is Sustainability?Development that meets
the needs of the present
without compromising the
ability of future generations
to meet their own needs
Brundtland Commission, 1987
3
What is Sustainability?A more explicit definition…The continuation of human health and well being, environmental resource protection, and economic prosperity—now and for generations to come
Human Health & Well Being
Economic Prosperity
Environmental Resource Protection
4
Exceeding Planetary Boundaries
Source: Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2009
SafeOperating
Space
Biodiversity Loss
Sustainable Development
• Global warming, melting ice, rising oceans
• Ecosystem degradation, biodiversity loss
• Resource scarcity (water, land, minerals)
• Infectious diseases (viral, bacterial)
• Urbanization, social disintegration
• Income gaps (rich vs. poor)
• Population growth
“Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”
- World Commission on Environment & Development, 1987
Challenges
The Kaya IdentityTotal carbon burden
= population ($GDP/capita)
(resources/$GDP)
(burden/resource unit)
Global challenge: Decouple resource consumption
from economic growth
Sustainable Materials Management
“SMM is an approach to promote sustainable materials use, integrating actions targeted at reducing negative environmental impacts and preserving natural capital throughout the life-cycle of materials, taking into account economic efficiency and social equity.”
Working Group on Waste Prevention and Recycling
Global Supply Chains
Source: New Economic Foundation
Line thickness denotes quantity of imports
Interdependence of the United Kingdom
Networks are both more fragile and more resilient
than isolated systems
The Material-Energy-Water Nexus
Energy
Materials Water~ 100 liters per $
~ 1 kg per liter
excludes ecosystem services
Material demand is a major driver
of both energy and water use
Source: J. Fiksel, “Evaluating Supply Chain Sustainability,” Chemical Engineering Progress, May 2010.
Systems View of Material Flows
Environment (natural capital)
waste and emissions mostly return to the
environment
ecological goodsand services are
utilized in industry
ecological goodsand services are utilized in society
some waste is recovered and recycled
Society(human capital)
Industry (economic capital)
economic valueis created for
society
labor is utilized in industry
Adapted from: J. Fiksel, A Framework for Sustainable Materials Management, Journal of Materials, August 2006.
SMM Policy Intervention Options
12
Environment
SocietyIndustry
regulate
evaluate
collaborate
innovate
educate
facilitate
Principle 1 - Preserve natural capital
Principle 2 – Adopt a life cycle perspective
motivate
Principle 3 - Use the full suite of policy instruments
Principle 4 - Engage all parts of society
ameliorate
eliminate
mitigate
Potential EPA Interventions
13
Environment
SocietyIndustry
regulate
protect, restore
regulate evaluate, purchase
collaborate,catalyze
innovate
educate
facilitate
Full ecologicalfootprint
Embedded ecosystem goods and services –e.g., water resources
Preserving Natural Capital
Supply chainFootprint
€ $Purchased
goods & services(indirect use)
Life Cycle Assessment
(LCA)
Direct resource consumption
Natural Capital Consumed (joules) per $million Output
1.E+08
1.E+09
1.E+10
1.E+11
1.E+12
1.E+13
1.E+14
1.E+15
1.E+16
1.E+17
Soil Erosio
n
Sunlig
ht
Hydropo
tentia
l
Geotherm
alWind
GrassWood
Water
Crude o
il
Natural ga
s
Raw Coa
l
Metals
& mini
ng
Non-meta
llic m
inerals
Crushed
Ston
eSan
d
Detrital
matter
Nuclear
Example: Snack Food Industry
Snack Food Manufacturing Supply Chain – U.S. Average
70 million gallons
120 barrels
“Embedded” natural capital for a typical U.S. foodsupply chain, converted into energy equivalents
Source: OSU Center for Resilience
ProductionSupplyChain
Processes
Utilization & Consumption
Processes
Recycled Parts & Materials
Energy
RecoveryProcesses
Products
Virgin Materials
Life Cycle of Materials
Materials
Residual Materials
Revalorization
ValueExtractionInputs
ValueCreation
By-Products
Outputs
Waste & Emissions
Extraction
Environment – Natural CapitalDisposal
Non-Product
Source: Alcan
Recycling uses 5% of energy & material flows vs. primary
Example: Aluminum Industry
Industrial Ecology
Industrial ecology is a process systems approach that mimics natural cycles,
converting waste into “food”
Ohio By-Product Synergy Network
Marathon Oil
Procter & Gamble
Cemex
Honda of America
Converting solid waste streams into economically valuable byproducts
City of Columbus
Fairmount Minerals
Eco-Flow™ Graphical Interface
Material flow analysis and optimization tool (partially funded by EPA STAR grant)
Ohio BPS Network Estimated BenefitsBy-Product Synergy Metrics Annual Savings
Total Cost Savings $3,495,393
Waste to Landfill avoided (tons) 29,066
Direct Greenhouse Gas Emissions (MT) 1,182
Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions (MT) 230,137
Life cycle Water Use Reduction (1000 gal) 73,430
Total Life Cycle Energy Use (1000 GJ) 34,900
Non-renewable Resources (1000 tons) 503,416
Demater-ialization
Detoxif-ication
Sustainable Business Practices
Human Capital
Natural Capital
Economic Capital
Product Recovery
Disassembly
Recyclability
Release Reduction
Hazard Reduction
Benign Waste Disposition
Energy & Material Conservation
Source Reduction
Servicization
Capital Protection and Renewal
Value Recovery
Source: J. Fiksel, Design for Environment: A Guide to Sustainable Product Development,
McGraw-Hill 2009
Mercidank u
thank you
OECD Global Forum on EnvironmentMechelen, Belgium, October 2010
Resilience.OSU.edu
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