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International
Desalination
Association
“Desalination: The Vision of Today and the Future”
Corrado Sommariva
Managing Director generation ILF Middle east
Sustainability and Innovation in Desalination
4 March 2009
“Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs” (Bruntland 1987)
Viewed in terms of meeting current environmental regulations, desalination plants have a relatively low impact and….
there are no significant problems in meeting regulations in particular for the seawater abstraction and brine discharge.
Indicator aspects within the various sustainability criteria
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
Marine system
Land
Air
Noise
(ISO 14040 etc.)
ENERGY
Resource
Conservation
Technical
Efficiency
RESOURCES
CONSUMPTION
Material of construction
Consumable
Renewable resources
Life cycle of system or
Product
ECONOMIC
IMPACT
Total prod. Costs
Econ. Development
- Desal. Industry
- Water availability
POLICY AND
MUNICIPAL IMPACT
NEED for water
Integration of W res.
Integr. Of energy systems
Sulf sustainability
Cross border cooperation
water pricing
SOCIAL IMPACT
NEED for water
Standard of living
jobs
Indicator aspects within the various industry sustainability criteria
Energy and carbon footprint
Seawater discharge
Energy and carbon footprint
Huge difference in power requirements between different desalination technologies
20
4.5
10
4
20
1.5
10
1
1.5
3
1
0
4.5
0
3.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
MSF
cogeneration
MED TVC
cogeneration
MED
cogeneration
SWRO SWRO
Thermal energy converted in
equivalent electric energy
Electric power
Kw
h/m
3o
f d
isti
lla
te p
rod
uce
d
In parts of the world that are heavily
reliant on coal the grid emission
factor is somewhere near.
0.8 TCO2/MWH.
20
10
19.6
11.2
17
3.2 3.62.8
10
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
MSF
cogeneration
MED TVC
cogeneration
MED
cogeneration
SWRO membrane
distillation
kg
CO
2/m
3o
f d
isti
llate
pro
du
ced
CO2
in kind CO2
emission
CO2 reduction
Water
12 lit/day/tree
8 kg /yr
8 kg /yr
1.25 watt/tree
Desalination or
WW project
Specific power consumption per unit of product water
= 2.5 kwh/m3
How efficiency and sustainability are interrelated ?
Ecosystem = VFlow rate discharge
Pollutant concentration ω
Vdt
dVm
Pollutant influent Pollutant removal Accumulation
Alteration /
deterioration
m
Studies have been carried out showing that potable water with TDS lower than 500 mg/l could be obtained with less than 2.5 kwh/m3
Minimum bottom threshold for power requirements for SWRO is 1.2-1.5 kwh/m3
20
4.5
01.5
00.50
5
10
15
20
25
MSF cogeneration MBR MBR
Thermal energy converted in
equivalent electric energy
Electric power
Kw
h/m
3o
f d
isti
lla
te p
rod
uce
d
Steam from the Power
Plant 100%
Seawater Drain 74%
Condensate back to the
power plant 17%
Brine blow down 5%
Distillate 2.6%
Radiation, Vent losses,
others 1.4%
57%
37%
53%
* Water Desalination Report
Forecast desalination capacity by region – future projects (2006-2010)*
Forecast desalination capacity by region – future projects (2006-2010)*
7 million ton/day
desalination
814100 GJ/day
Of thermal energy required
651000 GJ/day of thermal
energy dissipated in the gulf
40% thermal8-8.5 GOR
Is this really sustainable ?
What can be done in this respect ?
Optimise up-grade up-rate !!!!
At a given discharge enthalpy and
production plant efficiency sharply
decrease the heat dissipated to the sea
At high efficiency the difference
between the heat dissipation with
increasing plant size decrease
Introductory Growth
Maturity Decline
Cost of Sales: 20%
Margin: 35%+ 12 - 20%
24 - 35%
8 - 12%
12 - 24%
< 8%
10 - 18%Time
MED MSF
Upgrading
•NF
•Distillate ext
Sustainability and Innovation in Desalination : Thermal desalination
Unit size increase : economy of scale
Material selection : Longer life of the assets
Reliability and availability factors
Thermodynamic design
MED desalination thermo-compressor design
MED-MSF extraction
Increased operating temperature
Matching
Sustainability and Innovation in Desalination : Thermal desalination
Introductory Growth Maturity Decline
Cost of Sales: 20%
Margin: 35%+
12 - 20%
24 - 35%
8 - 12%
12 - 24%
< 8%
10 - 18%
Time
MBR
ADVANCED UF
SWRO
Sustainability and Innovation in Desalination : SWRO desalination
Energy recovery : lower energy input Membrane development :
Large size membranes
Lower pressure membranes
Costing
Reliability and availability factors Process configuration (pressure centre etc) Ultra filtration Matching
Sustainability and Innovation in Desalination : SWRO desalination
Conclusions
•Energy footprint is one of major sustainability
challenge for desalination technology
•The future of water demands creative solutions.
It requires effective innovations and integration of
energy resources to generate power and to
economically create and store desalinated water
This is essential to a country’s sustainable
development and to the security of its communities.
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