View
220
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
8/7/2019 Summer Project Ashish Bharuka[1]
1/20
A Summer Project Report
submitted by
Mr. Ashish Jaikumar Bharuka
MGM, Aurangabad
Project done forOrganization- Unimark Remedies Ltd.
Project Guide- Mr. Sameer Akolkar
Project coordinator- Ms. Rubina Khan
Acknowledgement
1
8/7/2019 Summer Project Ashish Bharuka[1]
2/20
Index
Sr. No Topic Page No.
2
8/7/2019 Summer Project Ashish Bharuka[1]
3/20
Part I
INTRODUCTION
3
8/7/2019 Summer Project Ashish Bharuka[1]
4/20
About Pharmaceutical Industry
The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry today is in the front rank of Indias
science-based industries with wide ranging capabilities in the complex filed
of drug manufacture and technology. A highly organized sector, the Indian
Pharma Industry is estimated to be worth $ 4.5 billion, growing at about 8 to9% annually. It ranks very high in the third world, in term of technology,
quality and range of medicine and complex cardiac compound, almost every
type of medicine is now made indigenously.
Playing a key role in promoting and sustaining development in the vital field
of medicines, Indian Pharma Industry boasts of quality producers and many
units approved by regulatory authorities in USA and UK. International
companies associated with this sector have stimulated, assisted and
spearheaded this dynamic development in the past 53 years and helped to
put India on the pharmaceutical map of the world.
The Indian pharmaceutical sector is highly fragmented with more than
20,000 registered units. It has expanded drastically in the last two decades.
The leading 250 pharmaceutical companies control 70% of the market with
market leader holding nearly 7% of the market share. It is an extremely
fragmented market with severe price competition and government price
control.
The pharmaceutical industry in India meets around 70% of the countys
demand for the bulk drugs, drug intermediates, pharmaceuticalformulations, chemicals, tablets, capsules, orals, and injectibles. There are
about 250 large units and about 8000 small scale units, which form the core
pharmaceutical industry in India (including 5 central public sector units).
These units produce the complete range of pharmaceutical formulations, i.e.,
medicines ready for consumption by the patients and about 350 bulk drugs
i.e., chemicals having therapeutic value and used for production of
pharmaceutical formulations.
In Global therapeutic classes of different segment, Oncology has highest
6.2% global share but in INDIA it has only 0.7% market share but it isgrowing at 36% of growth rate
Part II
Industry Profile
4
8/7/2019 Summer Project Ashish Bharuka[1]
5/20
Company Profile
Unimark Remedies Ltd
Unimark Remedies Ltd (URL) is one of the leading bulk drug
manufacturers in the country.
Vision
To be a global integrated Life science company through innovation, cost
leadership and value creation for stake holders
Mission
To contribute towards making affordable healthcare Therapy management
from Detection to Destination
Values
Entrepreneurship, Transparency and Respect for Humanity
Overview
Revenues- US $ 137 million (Apr 07 to Mar 08)
US $ 187 million (Apr 08 to Mar 09)
Growth Rate (Last 5 years)- >25% every year
Research and Development- Investment US $ 9 million
Manpower 110 scientists
Capability 10 to 12 DMFs per year
Patent 12 filed and published
Manufacturing- Plant capacity 400 m3
Investment US $ 66 million
Expansion of US $ 30 million
Bavla and Vapi US FDA approval
Business activity- Manufacturing of APIs and Intermediates
CRAMS
5
8/7/2019 Summer Project Ashish Bharuka[1]
6/20
Customer profile- Customer spread in more than 65
Countries, MNC and Generic companies
Products
Cephasporins Cefaclor, Cephalexin
Semi synthetic penicillins Amoxycillin, Ampicillin
Carbapenems Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem
Antibacterials Minocycline, Albendazole, mefloquine
Cardiovasculars Ramipril, Lisinopril, Benazepril
Antimuscurinic Solifenacine
NSAID Nimesulide
Analgesics Tapentadole
Antimigraine Rizatriptan Benzoate
Antiasthamatic Montelukast Sodium
Anticonvulsant Topiramate
Antipsychotic Paliperidone
Schizopherenic Eszopiclone
Oncology Irinotecan, Carboplatin, Gemcitabine
Approvals
US FDA, EDQM, WHO, ISO 14001, OSHAS compliant
The Rs 650-crore Mumbai-based company had started to sell finished
formulations in a small way just two years ago. The privately held URL, which
sold 26 per cent of its equity to Citi Venture two years ago for Rs 130 crore,
has invested close to Rs 300 crore to create US FDA-approved6
8/7/2019 Summer Project Ashish Bharuka[1]
7/20
manufacturing facilities at Bavla in Ahmedabad and Vapi. URL has about 130
scientists and has the capacity to develop 10-15 active pharmaceutical
ingredients every year.
The business model of URL is to partner with companies for selling
products. The company markets about 34 products of Serum Institute ofIndia in the oncology segment, Natco Pharma and Celon Labs of Hyderabad.
URL has field force of 260 to 300 medical representatives.
Globally, the company sells its products in semi-regulated markets and
Europe.
Quality policy
Quality policy is a sound commitment by all URL employees to build quality
products meeting highest global quality standards.
The Management is committed to provide the direction and means to
implement the quality policy through the following objectives
Provide the customer with consistent quality product.
Provide products right first time and every time and in full by utilizing
efficient cost effective methods.
Providing the customers with the best value for URL products.
Provide open, effective communications with URL customers and
suppliers.
Provide systematic validation and control of Manufacturing,
operational and Quality processes.
Provide a system of continuous improvement across all disciplines.
Provide a system of employee involvement, motivation and training.
Business Strategy
Growth through
Differentiation Creation of IPR
Creation of robust pipeline through innovative R and D
7
8/7/2019 Summer Project Ashish Bharuka[1]
8/20
Cost leadership through backward and forward integration
Alliance management
1. Strategic alliance
2. Top 10 generic companies as customers
What is Cancer?
Cancer (Medical term: malignantneoplasm) is a class ofdiseases in which
a group ofcells display uncontrolled growth (division beyond the normal
limits), invasion (intrusion on and destruction of adjacent tissues), and
sometimes metastasis (spread to other locations in the body via lymph or
blood).
Malignant cancers are different from benign tumors, which are self-
limited, and do not invade or metastasize. Most cancers form a tumor but
some, like leukemia, do not.
Genetic abnormalities found in cancer typically affect two general classes
of genes. Cancer-promoting oncogenes are typically activated in cancer
cells, giving those cells new properties, such as hyperactive growth and
division, protection against programmed cell death, loss of respect for
normal tissue boundaries, and the ability to become established in diverse
tissue environments.Tumor suppressor genes are then inactivated in cancer
8
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncogenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_cell_deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_suppressor_genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncogenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_cell_deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_suppressor_genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignancy8/7/2019 Summer Project Ashish Bharuka[1]
9/20
cells, resulting in the loss of normal functions in those cells, such as accurate
DNA replication, control over the cell cycle, orientation and adhesion within
tissues, and interaction with protective cells of the immune system.
Classification
Cancers are classified by the type of cell that resembles the tumor and,
therefore, the tissue presumed to be the origin of the tumor. These are the
histology and the location, respectively.
Carcinoma Malignant tumors derived from epithelial cells
Saroma Malignant cells derived from connective
tissue/Mesenchymal cells
Lymphoma or
Leukamia
Malignancies derived from hematopoetic cells
Germ cell tumors Tumors derived from totipotent cells
Blastoma A tumor which resembles an embryonic tissue
Signs and Symptoms
Roughly, cancer symptoms can be divided into three groups:
Local symptoms: unusual lumps or swelling (tumor), hemorrhage
(bleeding), pain and/or ulceration. Compression of surrounding tissues
may cause symptoms such asjaundice (yellowing the eyes and skin).
Symptoms of metastasis (spreading): enlarged lymph nodes, cough
and hemoptysis, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), bone pain, fracture of
affected bones and neurological symptoms. Although advanced cancer
may cause pain, it is often not the first symptom.
Systemic symptoms: weight loss, poor appetite, fatigue and cachexia
(wasting), excessive sweating (night sweats), anemia and specific
9
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_distinct_cell_types_in_the_adult_human_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemorrhagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulcer_(dermatology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptoms_of_metastasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_nodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoptysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatomegalyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_losshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cachexiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_hyperhidrosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_distinct_cell_types_in_the_adult_human_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemorrhagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulcer_(dermatology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptoms_of_metastasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_nodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoptysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatomegalyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_losshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cachexiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_hyperhidrosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia8/7/2019 Summer Project Ashish Bharuka[1]
10/20
paraneoplastic phenomena, i.e. specific conditions that are due to an
active cancer, such as thrombosis or hormonal changes.
Causes
Cancer is a diverse class of diseases which differ widely in their causes
and biology. Any organism, even plants, can acquire cancer. Nearly all
known cancers arise gradually, as errors build up in the cancer cell and its
progeny (see mechanisms section for common types of errors).
The errors which cause cancer are often self-amplifying, eventually
compounding at an exponential rate. For example:
A mutation in the error-correcting machinery of a cell might cause that
cell and its children to accumulate errors more rapidly
A mutation in signaling (endocrine) machinery of the cell can send
error-causing signals to nearby cells
A mutation might cause cells to become neoplastic, causing them to
migrate and disrupt more healthy cells
A mutation may cause the cell to become immortal (see telomeres),
causing them to disrupt healthy cells forever
Other causes can be
Chemicals
Ionising radiations
Infections
Hormonal imbalance
Immone system dysfunction
Heredity
Screening
10
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraneoplastic_phenomenonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#Mechanismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomereshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraneoplastic_phenomenonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#Mechanismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomeres8/7/2019 Summer Project Ashish Bharuka[1]
11/20
Cancer screening is an attempt to detect unsuspected cancers in an
asymptomatic population. A number of different screening tests have been
developed for different malignancies. Eg.
Breast self examination for Breast cancer
Fecal occult blood test and colonoscopy for colorectal cancer
Pap smear for cervical cytology testing
Digital rectum exam with PSA blood testing for prostate cancer
Diagnosis
Most cancers are initially recognized either because signs or symptomsappear or through screening. Neither of these lead to a definitive diagnosis,
which usually requires the opinion of a pathologist, a type of physician
(medical doctor) who specializes in the diagnosis of cancer and other
diseases. People with suspected cancer are investigated with medical tests.
These commonly include blood tests, X-rays, CT scans and endoscopy.
Pathology
A cancer may be suspected for a variety of reasons, but the definitive
diagnosis of most malignancies must be confirmed by histological
examination of the cancerous cells by a pathologist. Tissue can be obtained
from a biopsy or surgery. Many biopsies (such as those of the skin, breast or
liver) can be done in a doctor's office. Biopsies of other organs are
performed under anesthesia and require surgery in an operating room.
The tissue diagnosis given by the pathologist indicates the type of cell
that is proliferating, its histological grade, genetic abnormalities, and other
features of the tumor. Together, this information is useful to evaluate the
prognosis of the patient and to choose the best treatment. Cytogenetics and
immunohistochemistry are other types of testing that the pathologist may
perform on the tissue specimen. These tests may provide information about
11
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screening_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_pathologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-rayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_scanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_pathologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopsyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_roomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histological_gradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prognosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytogeneticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunohistochemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screening_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_pathologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-rayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_scanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_pathologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopsyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_roomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histological_gradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prognosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytogeneticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunohistochemistry8/7/2019 Summer Project Ashish Bharuka[1]
12/20
the molecular changes (such as mutations, fusion genes, and numerical
chromosome changes) that has happened in the cancer cells, and may thus
also indicate the future behavior of the cancer (prognosis) and best
treatment.
Prognosis
Cancer has a reputation as a deadly disease. While this certainly applies
to certain particular types, the truths behind the historical connotations of
cancer are increasingly overturned by advances in medical care. Some types
of cancer have a prognosis that is substantially better than nonmalignant
diseases such as heart failure and stroke.
Progressive and disseminated malignant disease has a substantial impact
on a cancer patient's quality of life, and many cancer treatments (such as
chemotherapy) may have severe side-effects. In the advanced stages of
cancer, many patients need extensive care, affecting family members and
friends. Palliative care solutions may include permanent or "respite" hospice
nursing.
Treatment
Cancer treatment depends on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer
(how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal
characteristics. There is no single treatment for cancer and patients often
receive a combination of therapies and palliative care. Treatments usuallyfall into one of the following categories:
Surgery
Radiation
Chemotherapy
12
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palliative_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palliative_care8/7/2019 Summer Project Ashish Bharuka[1]
13/20
Immunotherapy
Hormone therapy or gene therapy.
About Breast Cancer
The term, breast cancer, refers to a malignant tumor that has developed
from cells in the breast. The breast is composed of two main types of
tissues: glandular tissues and stromal (supporting) tissues. Glandular tissues
house the milk-producing glands (lobules) and the ducts (the milk passages)
While stromal tissues include fatty and fibrous connective tissues of the
breast. The breast is also made up of lymphatic tissue-immune system tissue
that removes cellular fluids and waste. All women are at risk of breast
cancer. Breast cancer is the leading killer of 35- to 54-year-old women.
Breast cancer in women under 50 is more aggressive and virulent.
Structure of female Breast
Interior of the female breast consists mostly of fatty and fibrous
connective tissues, divided into about 20 section called lobes. Each lobe is
further subdivided into a collection of lobules, structures that contain small
milk-producing glands. These glands secrete milk into a complex system of
tiny ducts. The ducts carry the milk through the breast and converge in acollecting chamber located just below the nipple.
Signs and Symptoms
Early breast cancer has vague symptoms and is usually not painful. Most
are discovered as an abnormality or a lump in the breast
Common symptoms are:
lump or a thickening in the breast
Change of size or shape of the mature breast
Fluid (not milk) leaking from the nipple
13
8/7/2019 Summer Project Ashish Bharuka[1]
14/20
Change of size or shape of the nipple
Change of color or texture of the nipple or the areola, or of the skin
of the breast itself (dimples, puckers, rash)
Risk Factors
Age: risk increases with age with >80% being in women over age
60yrs
Age-related risk also varies with geographical variation
Early menarche and delayed menopause increases risk
Late first pregnancy with inadequate breast feeding
Familial and past history
Over-exposure to radiation
Unhealthy lifestyle - Intake of alcohol, Oily food
Smoking
Long term usage of oral contraceptives
Usage of hormonal replacement therapy
Screening and Diagnosis
Screening is done to detect the presence of a disease particularly in
patients who do
not show any signs or symptoms. Done through:
Mammograms
Clinical breast examination
Breast self examination
14
8/7/2019 Summer Project Ashish Bharuka[1]
15/20
Diagnosis is done to assess the actual cause of symptoms seen.
Done through - Clinical breast examination
Imaging techniques such as CT scans MRI, PET scan, ultrasounds,
Mammograms etc.
Biopsy
Hormone receptor status - Histopathological tests include testing
for hormone receptors- estrogen and Progesterone
If the tests are positive, hormonal therapy is the preferred treatment
modality.
Current treatment options
Surgery
Radiotherapy
Given in early stages post surgery or when there is nodal
involvement
Chemotherapy
Usage of various drugs to reduce the tumor size or make itdisappear
Hormonal therapy - Usage of hormonal inhibitors to achieve
regression in hormone receptor positive Tumors.
About Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is a disease caused by the rapid growth
and division of cells that make up the lungs. Lung cancer is
sometimes called "bronchogenic cancer," or it may be
described by its particular histologic type, that is the type
of tissue that is diseased.
15
8/7/2019 Summer Project Ashish Bharuka[1]
16/20
Type of Lung Cancer
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
Types of NSCLC
About 8 to 9 out of 10 cases of all lung cancers are the
non-small cell type.
There are 3 sub-types of NSCLC:
1. Squamous cell carcinoma - About 25% to 30%of all lung cancers are this kind. They are linked
to smoking and tend to be found in the middle of
the lungs, near a bronchus.
2. Adenocarcinoma - This type accounts for about
40% of lung cancers. It is usually found in the
outer part of the lung.
3. Large-cell (undifferentiated) carcinoma -
About 10% to 15% of lung cancers are this type. Itcan start in any part of the lung. It tends to grow
and spread quickly, which makes it harder to
treat.
Signs and Symptoms
Cough, Chest pain, Hoarseness
Weight loss and loss of appetite
Bloody or rust-colored sputum (spit or phlegm)
Shortness of breath
Infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia that
keep coming back16
8/7/2019 Summer Project Ashish Bharuka[1]
17/20
New onset of wheezing
Weakness or numbness of the arms or legs
Headache, dizziness, or seizure
Yellow coloring of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
Risk Factors
Tobacco
Smoking is by far the leading risk factor for lung
cancer. Tobacco smoke causes early 9 out of 10
cases of lung cancer
Secondhand smoke
Radon - Radon is a radioactive gas made by the
natural breakdown of uranium in soil and
Rocks
Asbestos
Other cancer-causing agents in the workplace
Radioactive ores, such as uranium
Inhaled chemicals or minerals, such as arsenic,
beryllium, cadmium, vinyl chloride, nickel
compounds, chromium compounds, coal products,
mustard gas, and chloromethyl ethers
Diesel exhaust
Arsenic
Personal or family history of lung cancer
Air pollution
17
8/7/2019 Summer Project Ashish Bharuka[1]
18/20
Screening & Diagnosis
Imaging tests
Chest x-ray
CT scan (Computed Tomography): A CT (or CAT)
Will give the doctor precise information about the
size, shape, and place of a tumor.
MRI scan (Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PET scan (Positron Emission Tomography): PET
uses a form of sugar that contains a radioactive
atom. Cancer cells in the body absorb large
amounts of the sugar.
Bone scan - For a bone scan a small amount of
radioactive substance is injected into a vein. This
substance builds up in areas of bone that may not
be normal because of cancer.These will be seen
on the bone scan pictures as dense, gray to black
areas, called "hot spots."
CT (Computed Tomography) Scan is a series of
detailed pictures of areas inside the head and
neck created by a computer linked to an x-ray
machine
MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging) - Uses a
powerful magnet linked to a computer to create
detailed pictures of areas inside the head and
neck.
PET scan (Positron emission tomography
Biopsy - Surgically the removal of tissue. A
pathologist studies the tissue under a microscope
to make a diagnosis. A biopsy is the only sure way
to tell whether a person has cancer.
18
8/7/2019 Summer Project Ashish Bharuka[1]
19/20
Research Methodology
Miniature survey was conducted of the Oncologists in
Aurangabad to study the treatment landscape of BreastCancer and Non Small cell lung Cancer
Research Instrument used wasaStructured
Questionnaire where doctors were interviewed personally.
Training Module, Internet were used to collect data about
the disease conditions, their symptoms, treatment options
etc.
Aim
To identify doctors business potential for BreastCancer and Non small cell Lung Cancer.
To understand reasons for using Taxane in Breast
Cancer and identify various brands preferred.
To identify the preference of Paclitaxel versus
Docetaxel in terms of Safety and Efficacy.
To find out the importance of Maintenance therapy,
drug used and brands preferred in Non small cellLung Cancer
Six doctors were interviewed
Medical oncologists: 2
Surgical oncologists: 2
Radiation oncologists: 1
RMOs: 1
Analysis and Findings
19
8/7/2019 Summer Project Ashish Bharuka[1]
20/20
20
Recommended