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STUDY CHARACTERISTIC OF OIL-WATER EMULSION FUEL
FOR DIESEL ENGINE
MUHAMMAD `AMMAR SHAKIR BIN ISHAR
Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of
Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering with Automotive Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
JUNE 2011
vii
ABSTRACT
This report deals with propose of new oil-water emulsion fuel mixtures which are to be improved by manipulating the percentage of oil and water added in the mixer. The objective of this project is to analysis the characteristic of the emulsion fuels produced by using laboratory analysis. The vertical mixer is used in this research. Emulsified fuels would be one of the best alternatives to replace the current fuel in the future. In order to produce the desired emulsion fuels, the mixer need to be designed and set up. After the emulsion fuels are produced, the mixture is later on be analysis using laboratory analysis such as ball-falling viscometer and oxygen bomb calorimeter. Data and results of the experiment are observed and recorded. The obtained data indicated that the emulsion fuel with 30% of water added shows the most stable physical characteristic. By the end of the report, the emulsion fuels where able to be produced by the mixer and the mixtures produced can be analysis.
viii
ABSTRAK
Laporan ini berkaitan dengan campuran bahan bakar yang terbaru iaitu bahan bakar emulsi minyak-air yang harus dipertingkatkan dengan memanipulasikan peratusan minyak dan air yang dicampur di dalam pengadun. Tujuan projek ini dijalankan adalah untuk menganalisis ciri-ciri bahan bakar emulsi yang dihasilkan dengan menggunakan analisis makmal. Pengadun menegak digunakan dalam kajian ini. Bahan bakar emulsi merupakan salah satu alternatif terbaik untuk menggantikan bahan bakar yang diguna pakai pada saat ini di masa depan. Dalam rangka untuk menghasilkan bahan bakar emulsi yang dikehendaki, mesin pengadun perlu direka bentuk dan dibina. Setelah bahan bakar emulsi siap dihasilkan, kajian ke atas ia dilakukan menggunakan analisis makmal seperti bola-jatuh viskometer dan oksigen kalorimeter bom. Data dan keputusan dari kajian diamati dan direkodkan. Data yang diperolehi menunjukkan bahawa bahan bakar emulsi dengan 30% dari air yang ditambah menunjukkan ciri-ciri fizikal yang paling stabil. Pada akhir laporan, bahan bakar emulsi telah dapat dihasilkan oleh pengadun dan campuran yang dihasilkan boleh analisis.
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION ii
STUDENT’S DECLARATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vi
ABSTRAK vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objectives 2
1.4 Project Scopes 2
1.5 Organization of thesis 3
CHAPTER 2 LITERRATURE REVIEW
2.1 Oil-water emulsion fuel 4
2.2 Surfactant
2.2.1 Sodium hydroxide 2.2.2 Calcium hydroxide 2.2.3 Chlorine liquid
6 6 7
2.3 Viscosity 7
x
2.4 Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter 9
2.5 Previous studies 10
CHAPTER 3 METHADOLOGY
3.1 Project flowchart 15
3.2 Flow chart description 16
3.3 Literature analysis
3.3.1 Internet 3.3.2 Books 3.3.3 Project Supervisor
17 17 18
3.4 Framework rig design 18
3.5 Tools 19
3.6 Apparatus
3.6.1 Mixer 3.6.2 Laboratory Viscometer 3.6.3 Oxygen bomb calorimeter 3.6.4 Digital Laser Tachometer 3.6.5 Tank 3.6.6 Weighing scale 3.6.7 Glass beakers
20 23 24 25 25 26 26
3.7 Liquid/substance 27
3.8 Experiment Procedure
3.8.1 Oil-water emulsion fuel 3.8.2 Viscosity measurement 3.8.3 Calorimetry measurement 3.8.4 Physical characteristic
28 29 29 30
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Results and discussion
4.1.1 Viscosity 4.1.2 Calorimetry 4.1.3 Observation after a week 4.1.4 RPM
31 34 35 36
xi
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion 38
5.2 Recommendation 39
REFERENCES 40
APPENDICES 42
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page
3.1 Percentages of substances used 26
4.1 Density of the emulsions with various percentage of water in
emulsion
31
4.2 Time traveled by ball sphere in cylinder tube 32
4.3 Required Data 32
4.4 Dynamic viscosity of each liquids 33
4.5 Calorimetry measurement of each liquids 34
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page
2.1 Image of W/O emulsion 11
2.2 Emulsion fuel image captured by microscope 12
2.3 Relationship between stirring intensity and relative emulsion 13
2.4 Relationship between mixing time and relative volume of emulsion 14
3.1 Framework of methodology 15
3.2 Framework rig design 18
3.3 Lath Machine 19
3.4 Disk Cutter 19
3.5 Vertical Driller 19
3.6 MIG Welding 19
3.7 Framework Rig and Mixer’s Motor 20
3.8 Bottom view of the propeller 21
3.9 Side view of the propeller 21
3.10 Mixer 22
3.11 Steel sphere ball 22
3.12 Measurement tape 22
3.13 Parr 1341 Plain Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter 23
3.14 Parr 6772 Calorimetric Thermometer 23
3.15 Digital Laser Tachometer 24
3.15 Mixer’s Tank 24
3.17 Diesel fuel 25
3.18 Distilled water 25
3.19 Sodium hydroxide 25
3.20 Calcium hydroxide 25
3.21 Chlorine liquid 26
3.22 Surfactant 26
3.23 Fuse wire 27
xiv
4.1 Graph of Dynamic viscosity η against emulsion fuels 33
4.2 Graph of Calorimetry against emulsion fuels 34
4.3 Emulsion fuels before one week 36
4.4 Emulsion fuels after one week 36
4.5 Graph of RPM against emulsion fuels 37
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Water-in-oil emulsions/oil-water emulsion has existed since the turn of the century.
However, only recently, the stability and quality of the emulsion are able to be
controlled to make it advantageous and power-generating uses. The emulsions are
engineered to provide reduced carbon particulate, lower opacity and lower nitrogen
oxide levels.
Despite of only able to reduce the total particulate in combustion, there are others
benefit of emulsion fuel that improve the combustion in the engine. Such as, atomize
improvement, reduces unburned carbon and reduces SO3 and NOx emission. Each of
these benefits has potential economic savings.
In this project, an oil-water emulsion fuel mixer is being design and built. The
mixture produced by the mixer will be analysed whether it meets the right specification
characteristic that can be used in engine or not. Oil-water emulsion fuel is one of the
alternative fuels that may be used in the future.
2
1.2 Problem Statement
From the mid-1980s to September 2003, the inflation-adjusted price of a barrel
of crude oil on New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) was generally under
US$25/barrel. After September 2003, the oil price rose and reach it peak price at
US$147.40 in July 2008 following concern over Iranian missile test. But after the record
peak, the oil price has decreased significantly. The oil recorded a trading between
US$35 a barrel and US$82 a barrel in 2009 (Tim McMahon, 2010). The possible causes
of the rising oil’s price are world crude oil demand, the reduced or removed of state fuel
subsidies and low supply growth of petroleum. Because of these problems, an
alternative fuel is demanded. However, there are several doubts when doing this project.
What is emulsion fuel? How can an emulsion fuel be produced? What are the materials
needed to run this experiment? What are the characteristics of the emulsion fuel when
the mixing ratio of oil and water is vary?
1.3 Objective
1. To analysis the characteristic of oil-water emulsions by laboratory analysis
with variety percentage of water. Such as; 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and
30% volume of the mixture.
1.4 Project Scopes
This project is focusing on producing the desired emulsion of oil-water with
specific percent of oil, water and addictive. This focus area is done within the limits of
analysing the viscosity, calorimetry and observations of emulsion fuel’s characteristic
after one week.
3
1.5 Organization of thesis
This thesis has been written with necessary details to the understanding of this
project. Excluding the introduction, which is the first chapter of this thesis, the main
point of this project is divided into four chapters. Chapter 2 consists of literature review
of several previous studies on oil-water emulsion. Chapter 3 elaborates the setup of the
apparatus rig and methodology used to achieve the objective of the study. The results of
the analysis are recorded in Chapter 4. Finally in Chapter 5, it presents the conclusion of
overall study and the future work recommendation.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
The aim of this chapter is to provide all the information of oil-water emulsion
fuel. Why oil-water emulsion fuel is suits as an alternative fuel? How oil-water
emulsion is being made? What are the characteristic of the mixture? Oil-water emulsion
fuel will be discussed thoroughly in this chapter. Various sources including journal,
thesis, reference books and literature reviews have been carried out and revised in
writing this chapter.
2.1 Oil-water emulsion fuel
Why oil-water emulsion is suitable to become one of alternative fuel in the
future? The use of water into diesel has a number of possible benefits. It has been found
by many previous works that it has influence on reducing the peak flame temperature
and hence reducing the nitrogen oxides, NOx emissions (Psota et al., 1997). Besides
that, adding water may help to improve atomization and mixing, which will lead to an
attribution of micro explosion’s’ droplet (Dryer, 1976).
In the combustion process, the process of micro explosion took place. The micro
explosion work as water droplets in an oil droplet explosively evaporate inside the
combustion chamber which the temperature is very high, they break the oil droplet into
the huge number of tiny droplet. The improved mixing is due to the increased vaporized
fuel jet momentum, giving greater air entertainment into the fuel jet. When the mixing
5
of air and fuel are improved, the emissions from the diffusive burning portion of the
combustion will be reduced as well as reducing the carbon formation.
This effect, together with the chemical effect of the water results in an increased
ignition delay (Radwan and Salem, 1989). This promotes an increased in the premixed
portion of the combustion process, which decreases the diffusive burning and hence also
contributes to the reduction in the NOx emissions and carbon formation (Greeves and
Onion, 1976). In the journal by Andrews, Bartle, Pang and Nurein also stated that by
adding water to diesel fuel can reduce the particulate matter PM or smoke emissions
(Andrews et al., 1987).
According to Samec at al. (2000) in their journal, the water may be added to the
fuel in several ways:
1. Continuously into the air stream via a single point system or periodically
through intake valves via a multi-point system.
2. Water is injected directly into the cylinder through a separate nozzle, or is
introduced to fuel within the injection nozzle when fuel injection does not
take place.
3. By stratified fuel – water injection
4. Through the preparation of stabilized water/fuel emulsion.
Although all these methods produced a reduction in NOx but the most effective
technique for the reduction of diesel particulates or smoke is the use of water/diesel
emulsion.
The focus in this project is “water in oil emulsion fuel/oil-water emulsion fuel”
but what is oil-water emulsion?
Oil-water emulsion consists of base fuel and water is doped with a slight content
of surfactant/additive. The emulsion is essentially a multi-component fuel that its base
fuel and water are not miscible at the molecular level. Let say, the percentage of water
in the emulsion is 20%, water fuel emulsions can be stated as a mix of about 80%
diesel, 20% water and about 1% surfactant. The surfactant is included to maintain the
6
emulsion, enhance the lubricity, inhibit corrosion and protect against freezing. The
presence of water in the emulsion reduces both PM and NOx, by lowering the
combustion temperature and altering the combustion pattern to more completely burn
the carbon in the fuel.
2.2 Surfactant
The additive used in this project is inorganic emulsifier made of the mixture of
sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and chlorine. The molarity of the each chemicals
property is 0.1M.
2.2.1 Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a caustic metallic base. At room temperature,
sodium hydroxide is a white crystalline odourless solid that absorbs moisture from the
air.
It is used in many industries, mostly as a strong chemical base in the
manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents (Cetin and
Jurgen, 2005).
2 Na+ + 2 H2O + 2 e– → H2 + 2 NaOH
For manufacture of biodiesel, sodium hydroxide is used as a catalyst for the
transesterification of methanol and triglycerides. It is used more often than potassium
hydroxide because it is cheaper and a smaller quantity is needed (Greenwood and
Earnshaw, 1997).
2.2.2 Calcium hydroxide
Calcium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula
Ca(OH)2. It is colourless crystal or white powder. It is low of toxicity and traditionally
called slaked lime.
7
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
As calcium hydroxide is easily handled and cheap, it is produced on a large
scale. In the petroleum refining industry, calcium hydroxide is commonly used as
additives to the oil (Greenwood and Earnshaw, 1997).
2.2.3 Chlorine liquid
Chlorine is a halogen element. In its elemental form which is Cl2 or dichloride
under standard conditions, chlorine is a powerful oxidant. In chemical industry, chlorine
is commonly used as an essential reagent.
At 10oC and atmospheric pressure, one litter of water dissolves 3.10L of
chlorine’s gas. The solubility of chlorine in water will increased if the water added
contains dissolved alkali hydroxide and chlorine liquid can be produced.
Cl2 + 2 OH- → ClO- + Cl- + H2O
2.3 Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of fluid which is being deformed by
either shear stress or tensile stress (Keith, 1971). Fluids for which the rate of
deformation is proportional to the shear stress are called Newtonian fluids after Sir Isaac
Newton, who expressed it first in 1687 (Cengel and Cimbala, 2006).
The principle of viscosity involve in this project is when a body moving in a
fluid is acted on by a frictional force in the opposite direction to its direction of travel.
The magnitude of this force depends on the geometry of the body, its velocity, and the
internal friction of the fluid. A measure for the internal friction is given by the dynamic
viscosity η.
8
For a sphere of radius r moving at velocity v in infinitely extended fluid of
dynamic viscosity η, G.G. Stokes derived an expression for the frictional force:
�� = 6���� (2.1)
If the sphere falls vertically in the fluid, after a time, it will move at a constant
velocity v, and all the forces acting on the sphere will be in equilibrium: the frictional
force F1 which acts upwards, the buoyancy F2 which also acts upwards and the
downward acting gravitational force F3. The latter two forces are given by:
� = �� ��ρ�� (2.2)
�� = �� ��ρ� (2.3)
And the equilibrium between these three forces can be described by:
�� + � = �� (2.4)
The viscosity can, therefore, be determined by measuring the rate of the fall v:
� = � � ������� �
� (2.5)
Where v can be determined by measuring the fall time t over a given distance s.
The viscosity then becomes:
� = � � ������� � �
� (2.6)
In practice, equation (2.1) has to be corrected since the assumption that the fluid
extends infinitely in all directions is unrealistic and the velocity distribution of the fluid
particles relative to the surface of the sphere is affected by the finite dimensions of the
fluid.
9
For a sphere moving along the axis of a cylinder of fluid of radius R, as in a
falling-ball viscometer, the frictional force is:
�� = 6� � � �1 + 2.4 !"# (2.7)
And equation (2.6) becomes:
� = � � ������� � �
� ��$. %! "& ' (2.8)
Equation (2.8) can be used in a falling-ball viscometer to determines the
viscosity if fluids.
2.4 Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter
Calorimeter is a device used for calorimetry, the science of measuring the heat
of chemical reactions or physical changes as well as heat capacity. A bomb calorimeter
is a type of constant-volume calorimeter used in measuring the heat of combustion of a
particular reaction. Bomb calorimeters have to withstand the large pressure within the
calorimeter as the reaction is being measured. The whole bomb, pressurized with excess
pure oxygen at 30atm and containing a known mass of sample weighted less than 1.0g.
Later on, the oxygen combustion vessel is submerged under 2000 ml of water in
oval bucket before the charge is ignited. The sample and oxygen in oxygen combustion
vessel will form a closed system which means no air escapes during the reaction. The
energy released by the combustion raises the temperature of the oxygen combustion
vessel, its contents, and the surrounding water jacket. The temperature change in the
water is then accurately measured. This temperature rise, along with a bomb factor
which is dependent on the heat capacity of the metal bomb parts is used to calculate the
energy given out by the sample burn. After the temperature rise has been measured, the
excess pressure in the bomb is released.
10
Basically, a bomb calorimeter consists of a small cup to contain the sample,
oxygen, a stainless steel bomb, water, a stirrer, a thermometer and ignition circuit
connected to the bomb.
2.5 Previous studies
Many researches and experiments on oil-water emulsion fuel had been carried
out. In the journal entitled “an experimental study of stability of oil-water emulsion”
states that, an emulsion can be defined as two immiscible liquids wherein droplets of
one phase (the dispersed or internal phase) are encapsulated within sheets of another
phase (the continuous or external phase). According to journal by Chen and Tao (2005),
it summarized that; to form a stable emulsion, three basic conditions must be met:
1. the two liquids must be immiscible or mutually insoluble in each other;
2. sufficient agitation must be applied to disperse one liquid into the other;
3. an emulsifying agent or a combination of emulsifiers must be present.
There were many researches and experiments have been carried out for years.
Different researcher used different method and application in producing emulsion fuels.
For instance, Nohara (2001) stated in his research that he made emulsion fuels by
adding warm water to heated heavy oil. The heavy oil is heated to lower the viscosity of
the heavy oil so that, in mixing process, the cohesion happens among water particles
and the oil.
Besides that, many method and research have been made by Kandori (1991). In
Kandori’s journal, he stated that he was able to prepare an emulsion fuel by SPG filter
emulsion method and by Shirasu-porous-glass filter emulsification technique.
In Vladisavljevic’s journals (2002), stated that he prepares the emulsion fuels
using microporous polypropylene hollow fifers. Further research was later on made by
Reyes and Charcosset (2010) using membrane emulsification method. From previous
researches also, it is noted that, even different method were carried out to produce
emulsion fuels, the existence of surfactant is essential.
11
The surfactant can be either organic based or inorganic based. The surfactant is
essential as it will form a thin interfacial film between the two liquids and maintain
emulsion
In “Formation of water-in-oil emulsions and application to oil spill modelling”
by Fingas and Fieldhouse, they stated that, a stable water-in-oil emulsion are brown or
reddish. A stable emulsion remains stable for at least four weeks under laboratory and
test tank conditions.
Figure 2.1: Image of W/O emulsion
Source: Reyes and Charcosset 2010
Figure 2.1 shows the typical optical microscopy image of W/O emulsion
obtained by membrane emulsification. The emulsion fuels prepared by Reyes and
Charcosset meet the claim made by Fingas and Fieldhouse even method of producing is
differ.
12
Another research done by Dukhin and Goetz (2005) gives different image of
emulsion fuel when emulsion is prepared by adding similar volume of water to the
kerosene with different ratio of 0.01M KCI, potassium chloride relative to kerosene.
Figure 2.2 shows the image of emulsion fuels prepared after 40minutes the stirrer is
turned off.
Figure 2.2: Emulsion fuel image captured by microscope
Source: Dukhin and Goetz 2005
In addition, there was an experimental study had been done by Chen and Tao in
effect of surfactant dosage used, effect of oil/water ratio, effect of stirring intensity and
temperature to the emulsion fuels produced. The surfactant used was sorbitan
monooleate (SM) and the emulsion fuels produced using NMR self-diffusion method.
Figure 2.3: Relationship
The purpose of stirring is to form a stable and homogeneous emulsion by
breaking large liquid drops into smaller drops. Figure 2.3 clearly indicates t
stable emulsion was achieved with higher stirring speed. From their studies also, the
mixing time also is another factor for emulsification.
emulsifier becomes more effective with increased mixing time. However
time is too long, the effectiveness of emulsifier will be decreased because the intense
stirring will cause the emulsifier to drop out from the oil
Relationship between stirring intensity and relative emulsion
Source: Chen and Tao 2005
The purpose of stirring is to form a stable and homogeneous emulsion by
breaking large liquid drops into smaller drops. Figure 2.3 clearly indicates t
stable emulsion was achieved with higher stirring speed. From their studies also, the
mixing time also is another factor for emulsification. Figure 2.4 clearly shows that, the
emulsifier becomes more effective with increased mixing time. However
time is too long, the effectiveness of emulsifier will be decreased because the intense
stirring will cause the emulsifier to drop out from the oil-water interface.
13
and relative emulsion
The purpose of stirring is to form a stable and homogeneous emulsion by
breaking large liquid drops into smaller drops. Figure 2.3 clearly indicates that a more
stable emulsion was achieved with higher stirring speed. From their studies also, the
Figure 2.4 clearly shows that, the
emulsifier becomes more effective with increased mixing time. However, if the mixing
time is too long, the effectiveness of emulsifier will be decreased because the intense
water interface.
14
Figure 2.4: Relationship between mixing time and relative volume of emulsion
Source: Chen and Tao 2005
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter will describe further on the experiment which is setting up the rig,
producing the oil-water emulsion fuel and analysis the emulsions. In order to complete
the experiment, methodology is one of the most important things that need to be
considered. The objective of the methodology is to make sure that the project is running
on schedule and the data obtained from the experiment can later be analysed.
In this chapter, all the details and related discussion on the process and methods
involved in the project are described. The process flow and timeline of the project is
illustrated using flow chart and Gantt chart. Both charts are fundamental for this project
as both charts explained every step to achieve the objective of the project. The project
starts with working on literature review and end by submitting the complete report to
the faculty.
15
3.1 Project flowchart
FYP 1
FYP 2
Figure 3.1: Framework of methodology
Start
Final Year Project 1 presentation
Finish
Setup the rig for the experiment; plan the steps for the experiment thoroughly
Understanding the title, determining the project scopes, objective and project background
Design and modify mixer
Literature review
Understand the project
Produce the emulsion fuel
Viscosity
Analysis and Report
Final Year Project 2 presentation
Completed the report
Calorimetry Physical Characteristic
16
3.2 Flow Chart Description
Figure 3.1 shows the flow chart of every process that needed to complete the
project. In the beginning, the project starts with understanding the title, determining the
project scope and general background of the project.
After that, literature review of the project is being made. The sources for the
information of the literature review came from the books, journal and research from the
internet. The information for the project is understood better after literature review is
done. The data and information from previous research can be used to gain new idea
and concept to be used in the project.
The project starts with designing the rig of the experiment. The rig of the
experiment is designed using application of Solidworks. The next procedure of the
project is doing a research on previous studies that relate with oil-water emulsion fuel.
After all information on oil-water emulsion fuel is understood, the presentation slide for
Final Year Project 1 presentation is prepared.
For Final Year Project 2, methodology continued with setting up the rig and
determining the procedure for the experiment. The rig is setup based on the designed
made on Final Year Project 1.After the setup process is finished, the oil-water emulsion
fuel is produced with variety percentages of water that are 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%
and 30% of emulsion’s volume fuels.
The experiments were carried out to analyse the viscosity, calorimetric and
observation of physical characteristic of the emulsion fuels produced. The data from the
experiments were next discussed. If the data from experiment did not satisfy the
objective and scope of the project, the experiment is repeated to get the desired results.
After the objective and scope of the project were fulfilled, the next step of the project is
to present the Final Year Project 2 to the panels. Final step of the project is to compile
and submit the completed report of the project to faculty.
17
3.3 Literature Analysis
Literature analysis is a combination and elaboration of the literature review that
are made from the information of journals and analysis of previous researches. Before
starting the project, it is very fundamental to understand the objective of the project that
is to analysis the characteristic of oil-water emulsions by laboratory analysis with
variety percentage of water. In order to understand that, the best and precise information
must be gathered from the right and trusted sources. The sources of the information that
required for the project are internet, books and Project Supervisor.
3.3.1 Internet
Internet is the simplest and easiest way to get any information that related to the
project. There are many journals and technical papers written by previous researchers
can be easily found from the internet. The information from the internet cannot be
trusted blindly. It is better to compare the information from internet with other sources
such as books to get accurate and relevant information for the project.
3.3.2 Books
Well published books are one of good example sources to get precise
information for the project. The books published were written by professional and
qualified people. Most of the books can be found in the library. Information that relates
to the project such as analysis, concept and mathematical calculation information can be
found in the book.
18
3.3.3 Project Supervisor
After going through the internet and books, there is some information that is
hard to understand. So, project supervisor advices and guidance are very crucial in this
project as the project supervisor is an expert in the field that relate to the project.
Besides that, by discussing with the project supervisor can generate new idea or concept
that can be used in the project.
3.4 Framework Rig Design
Before producing oil-water emulsion fuel, the framework rig of the mixer is
needed to support the motor of the mixer. The design of the framework rig is carried out
with Solidworks. The framework rig designed should be able to fit and support the
motor while mixing the mixture in the experiment.
Figure 3.2: Framework Rig Design
19
3.5 Tools
There are many tools that have been used in order to complete the project
especially to fabricate the framework rig design. The tools used are disk cutter, MIG
welding, vertical driller and lath machine.
Figure 3.3: Lath Machine Figure 3.4: Disk Cutter
Figure 3.5: Vertical Driller Figure 3.6: MIG Welding
20
3.6 Apparatus
3.6.1 Mixer
In this project, the mixer selected is vertical mixer. When vertical mixer is
operating in normal working position, only a part of shaft and propeller is submersed in
the substance to be mixed. Driving unit, consisting of electric motor is located above
liquid’s level. In this way, mixer’s life span can be lengthened significantly. Vertical
mixer is usually fixed to a fabricated framework.
Figure 3.7: Framework Rig and Mixer’s Motor
The driving unit of the mixer used is the motor of industrial heavy duty exhaust
fan, model: IHEF – 2400. It is operate on AC single phase. It requires 220V to 240V to
operate.
mixer's motor
framework rig
21
Propeller of the mixer is made of aluminium. It is a 2 blade propeller and has a
buffed mirror finish that minimizes speed loss from drag and reduces corrosion. Its
rotation is clockwise when viewed from the motor end. This creates a downward flow to
produce optimal tank turnover or mixing.
Figure 3.8: Bottom view of the propeller
Figure: 3.9: Side view of the propeller
22
Figure 3.10: Mixer
3.6.2 Laboratory Viscometer
The laboratory viscometer used in this project is falling sphere viscometers. It
consists of measurement tape, 1000mL cylinder tube and steel sphere.
Figure 3.11: Steel sphere ball Figure 3.12: Measurement tape
23
3.6.3 Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter
The amount of calorie of each emulsion fuel can be analyzed using oxygen
bomb calorimeter. The model used in this project is Parr 1341 Plain Oxygen Bomb
Calorimeter. To improve the precision and simplify the procedure for measuring and
recording the temperature rise in the 1341 Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter, Parr 6772
Calorimetric Thermometer is used also.
Figure 3.13: Parr 1341 Plain Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter
Figure 3.14: Parr 6772 Calorimetric Thermometer
24
3.6.4 Digital Laser Tachometer
The digital laser tachometer is used to measure the RPM of the rotating shaft of
the vertical mixer. The model of the tachometer used in this project is TM-5010 (Line
Seiki).
Figure 3.15: Digital Laser Tachometer
3.6.5 Tank
The tank used for the mixer is made from aluminium. The diameter of the tank
is 0.3m and height of 0.35m.
Figure 3.16: Mixer’s Tank
Recommended