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Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Studies on Alloys and Composites that Undergo Anomalous Codeposition
Studies on Alloys and Composites that Undergo Anomalous Codeposition
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering
University of South CarolinaColumbia, SC-29208
April 09, 1998
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering
University of South CarolinaColumbia, SC-29208
April 09, 1998
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Systems Studied Systems Studied Systems Studied
Fe-Ni alloys and Fe-Ni-SiO2 compositesElectrodeposition
CorrosionMathematical Model for Electrodeposition
Zn-Ni alloys and Zn-Ni-SiO2 compositesElectrodeposition (D.C., Pulse)Corrosion and Hydrogen PermeationMathematical Model for Hydrogen Permeation
Fe-Ni alloys and Fe-Ni-SiO2 compositesElectrodeposition
CorrosionMathematical Model for Electrodeposition
Zn-Ni alloys and Zn-Ni-SiO2 compositesElectrodeposition (D.C., Pulse)Corrosion and Hydrogen PermeationMathematical Model for Hydrogen Permeation
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Anomalous Alloys Anomalous Alloys -- ApplicationsApplications
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Anomalous Alloys Anomalous Alloys -- ApplicationsApplications
−+ +→ e2ZnZn 2
2He2H2 →+ −+
Iron
Zn-Ni
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Anomalous CodepositionAnomalous CodepositionAnomalous Codeposition
When certain metals are codeposited from certain solutions under certain conditions, the less noble metal deposits preferentially over the more noble one
When certain metals are codeposited from certain solutions under certain conditions, the less noble metal deposits preferentially over the more noble one
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
-0.7 V
Cathodic (less noble) Fee2Fe 2 →+ −+-0.44 V
-0.25 V Nie2Ni 2 →+ −+
HeH →+ −+0.00 V
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Anomalous CodepositionAnomalous CodepositionAnomalous Codeposition
Metals such as:
Fe, Co, Ni (Iron group; VIII B)
Zn, Cd, Pb
Not due to the faster kinetics of the less noble metal
Temperature, current density, and bath composition are critical factors
Metals such as:
Fe, Co, Ni (Iron group; VIII B)
Zn, Cd, Pb
Not due to the faster kinetics of the less noble metal
Temperature, current density, and bath composition are critical factors
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Objectives: Fe-Ni SystemObjectives: FeObjectives: Fe--Ni SystemNi System
To study the deposition and to characterize the corrosion resistance of Fe-Ni alloys and Fe-Ni-SiO2
composites
To develop a mathematical model that will explain Fe-Ni deposition and SiO2 inclusion
To study the deposition and to characterize the corrosion resistance of Fe-Ni alloys and Fe-Ni-SiO2
composites
To develop a mathematical model that will explain Fe-Ni deposition and SiO2 inclusion
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Why SiO2 ?Why SiOWhy SiO2 2 ??
SiO2 films on certain metals forms a barrier layer to reduce metal dissolution rate*
Electrodeposited Zn-SiO2 composites show good corrosion resistance**
SiO2 composites with permalloy also provide excellent soft magnetic properties
* Kato. K, J. Mat. Sci., 28, 4033 (1993).* Hashimoto. S and Abe. M, Corr. Sci., 36, 2125 (1994).
SiO2 films on certain metals forms a barrier layer to reduce metal dissolution rate*
Electrodeposited Zn-SiO2 composites show good corrosion resistance**
SiO2 composites with permalloy also provide excellent soft magnetic properties
* Kato. K, J. Mat. Sci., 28, 4033 (1993).* Hashimoto. S and Abe. M, Corr. Sci., 36, 2125 (1994).
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
-E (V vs. SCE)
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6Fe
Wei
ght F
ract
ion
Effect of Electrode Rotation Speed on Fe Weight Fraction
0.5 M NiSO4 + 0.1 M FeSO4 + 0.5 M Na2SO4, pH=3.0
500 rpm
10001500
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
-E (V vs. SCE)
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6Fe
Wei
ght F
ract
ion
Effect of Electrode Rotation Speed on Fe Weight Fraction
0.5 M NiSO4 + 0.1 M FeSO4 + 0.5 M Na2SO4, pH=3.0
500 rpm
10001500
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5-E (V vs. SCE)
30
35
40
45
50
55W
eigh
t Per
cent
Fe
Effect of SiO2 colloid on Fe Weight Fraction 0.5 M NiSO4 + 0.025 M FeSO4 + 0.5 M Na2SO4; pH=3.0
100 g/l SiO2
30
10
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5-E (V vs. SCE)
30
35
40
45
50
55W
eigh
t Per
cent
Fe
Effect of SiO2 colloid on Fe Weight Fraction 0.5 M NiSO4 + 0.025 M FeSO4 + 0.5 M Na2SO4; pH=3.0
100 g/l SiO2
30
10
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
-1100 -850 -600 -350 -100 150
E (mV vs SCE)
-0.015
-0.005
0.005
0.015
0.025C
urre
nt (A
)
Cyclic Voltammogram's obtained for various SiO2 Concentrations
0.5 M NiSO4 + 0.1 M FeSO4 + 0.5 M Na2SO4; pH=3.0
Scan Rate 10 mV/s
0 g/l SiO2
20
50
H2
-1100 -850 -600 -350 -100 150
E (mV vs SCE)
-0.015
-0.005
0.005
0.015
0.025C
urre
nt (A
)
Cyclic Voltammogram's obtained for various SiO2 Concentrations
0.5 M NiSO4 + 0.1 M FeSO4 + 0.5 M Na2SO4; pH=3.0
Scan Rate 10 mV/s
0 g/l SiO2
20
50
H2
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
0 1 2 3 4 5Vol % SiO2 in Solution
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8V
ol. f
ract
ion
SiO
2 in
depo
sit
Relation between Volume Fraction of SiO2 in Deposit and in Solution
-1.1 V
-1.5 V
-1.3 V
0 1 2 3 4 5Vol % SiO2 in Solution
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8V
ol. f
ract
ion
SiO
2 in
depo
sit
Relation between Volume Fraction of SiO2 in Deposit and in Solution
-1.1 V
-1.5 V
-1.3 V
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Schematic of a two-step inclusion ProcessSchematic of a two-step inclusion Process
N. Guglielmi, J. Electrochem. Soc., 119, 1009 (1972).
SubstrateSolution
θ
ϕ
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
SiO2 InclusionSiOSiO22 InclusionInclusion
Volume of SiO2 included:
)BEexp(vdt
dv0SiO
SiO2
2 θ=
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Model ReactionsModel ReactionsModel ReactionsNi Deposition*
Fe Deposition
H2 Evolution
* M. Ramasubramanian, S. N. Popova, B. N. Popov, R. E. White, and K. M. Yin, J. Electrochem. Soc., 143, 2164 (1996).
( ) −−+ +→+ OHNie2OHNi
( ) −−+ +→+ OHFee2OHFe
2He2H2 →+ −+
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Mathematical Model Mathematical Model Mathematical Model
Predicts the effect of various plating parameters on the alloy composition and current efficiencyMass transfer is governed by convection, diffusion and migrationRotating disk electrode; steady stateThe system of coupled non-linear equations is
solved by finite difference technique, using BAND routine.
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5-E (V vs SCE)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
i Fe (m
A/c
m2 )
Experimental and Theoretical iFe for various SiO2 concentrations
0 g/l SiO2
100
30
20
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5-E (V vs SCE)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
i Fe (m
A/c
m2 )
Experimental and Theoretical iFe for various SiO2 concentrations
0 g/l SiO2
100
30
20
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
-E (V vs SCE)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5W
t Fra
ctio
n Si
O2
Model Predictions and Experimental Data for Mass Fraction of SiO2
100 g/l SiO2
3
10
30
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
-E (V vs SCE)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5W
t Fra
ctio
n Si
O2
Model Predictions and Experimental Data for Mass Fraction of SiO2
100 g/l SiO2
3
10
30
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2log [i] (i in A/cm2)
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
E (V
vs.
SCE)
Tafel Plots for Fe-Ni-SiO2 deposits for various SiO2 concentrations
0 g/l SiO2
25
50
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2log [i] (i in A/cm2)
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
E (V
vs.
SCE)
Tafel Plots for Fe-Ni-SiO2 deposits for various SiO2 concentrations
0 g/l SiO2
25
50
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
0 1 2 3 4Corrosion rate (mpy)
Fe - Ni - SiO2 41 45 14
Fe - Ni - SiO2
43 47 10
Fe - Ni - SiO2
45 48 7
Fe - Ni - SiO2
48 49 3Fe - Ni50 50
Com
posi
tes
Corrosion Rate of Various Fe-Ni-SiO2 Composites
0 1 2 3 4Corrosion rate (mpy)
Fe - Ni - SiO2 41 45 14
Fe - Ni - SiO2
43 47 10
Fe - Ni - SiO2
45 48 7
Fe - Ni - SiO2
48 49 3Fe - Ni50 50
Com
posi
tes
Corrosion Rate of Various Fe-Ni-SiO2 Composites
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Objectives: Zn-Ni System Objectives: ZnObjectives: Zn--Ni System Ni System To develop a methodology for the deposition of corrosion and hydrogen permeation resistant Zn-Ni-SiO2 composites*
Develop a mathematical model for characterizing the hydrogen permeation under corroding conditions, and determine the effect of Zn-Ni as hydrogen permeation inhibitor**
* B. N. Popov, M. Ramasubramanian, S. N. Popova, R. E. White, and K.-M. Yin, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 92, 4021 (1996)
** M. Ramasubramanian, B. N. Popov, and R. E. White, J. Electrochem. Soc., 145, 1907 (1998)
To develop a methodology for the deposition of corrosion and hydrogen permeation resistant Zn-Ni-SiO2 composites*
Develop a mathematical model for characterizing the hydrogen permeation under corroding conditions, and determine the effect of Zn-Ni as hydrogen permeation inhibitor**
* B. N. Popov, M. Ramasubramanian, S. N. Popova, R. E. White, and K.-M. Yin, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 92, 4021 (1996)
** M. Ramasubramanian, B. N. Popov, and R. E. White, J. Electrochem. Soc., 145, 1907 (1998)
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
i (mA/cm2)
86
88
90
92
94
96W
t % Z
nWeight Percent of Zinc in Electrodeposited Zn-Ni Alloy
0.5 M NiSO4 + 0.1 M ZnSO4 +0.5 M Na2SO4, pH = 3.0
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2
log(i) (i in A/cm2)
-1.20
-1.15
-1.10
-1.05
-1.00
-0.95
-0.90
E (V
vs.
SCE)
Tafel Plots for Various Zn-Ni-SiO2 Composites
0 g/l SiO2
48
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Hydrogen PermeationHydrogen PermeationHydrogen Permeation
Hydrogen in steel can cause damage via:Hydrogen EmbrittlementHydrogen BlisteringHydrogen Induced Cracking
Hydrogen Permeation can be inhibited by:Inhibiting the adsorption reaction rateIncreasing the recombination reaction rateDecreasing the amount of absorbed hydrogenForming a diffusion barrier
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Hydrogen PermeationHydrogen Permeation
MHeHMH
MHeHM
2ads
ads
+→++
→++−+
−+Iron
−+ +→ e2ZnZn 2
Zn-Ni
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Hydrogen Permeation SetupHydrogen Permeation SetupHydrogen Permeation Setup
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
0 10000 20000 30000Time (s)
15
20
25
30
35
40j ∞
(µA)
-1.00
-0.95
-0.90
-0.85
-0.80
-0.75
E c (V
vs.
SCE)
Ec and j∞ for Electrodeposited Zn-Ni in pH=5.2 Solution
0 10000 20000 30000Time (s)
15
20
25
30
35
40j ∞
(µA)
-1.00
-0.95
-0.90
-0.85
-0.80
-0.75
E c (V
vs.
SCE)
Ec and j∞ for Electrodeposited Zn-Ni in pH=5.2 Solution
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000Time (s)
10
20
30
40
50
60Pe
rmea
tion
Cur
rent
(µA) 2.2
4.5
6.0
pH=7.0
Permeation current densities for a Zn-Ni alloy at various solution pH in the Cathodic compartment
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
2 3 4 5 6 7pH
10-5.0000
10-4.0000
10-3.0000
i (A
/cm
2 )Steady State ic and j∞ for iron and Zn-Ni Alloy
ic, Zn-Ni
jinf, Fe
ic, Fe
jinf, Zn-Ni
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
SummarySummarySummary
Studied the characteristics of electrodeposited corrosion resistant Fe-Ni-SiO2 composites Developed a mathematical model for the electrodeposition of anomalous alloys under potentiostatic conditionsExtended the above model was to include inert particle inclusion by a two step adsorption mechanism
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
SummarySummarySummaryCharacterized the electrodeposition of Zn-Ni alloys and Zn-Ni-SiO2 compositesStudied the hydrogen permeation characteristics of Zn-Ni alloys and Zn-Ni-SiO2 composites under applied polarization and corroding conditionsDeveloped a model for hydrogen permeation through substrates under corroding conditionsStudied the effectiveness of Zn-Ni alloys as hydrogen permeation inhibitors using the above model
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Murali RamasubramanianCenter for Electrochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of South Carolina
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Dissertation DefenseApril 09, 1998
Other Projects Worked OnOther Projects Worked OnOther Projects Worked OnElectroless deposition of copper on Pd-Catalyzed Polyimide Substrates: Experimental Study and Mathematical Model
Solution equilibrium characteristics of electroless copper on thermally activated palladium-catalyzed polyimide substrates, M. Ramasubramanian, B. N. Popov, R. E. White, and K. S. Chen, J. Appl. Electrochem., 28, 1998.
A mathematical model for electroless copper deposition on planar electrodes, M. Ramasubramanian, B. N. Popov, R. E. White, and K. S. Chen, J. Electrochem. Soc., submitted (January, 1998).
Passivation of iron in alkaline environmentsInhibiting action of calcium nitrite on steel rebars, M.
Ramasubramanian, B. N. Popov, and R. E. White, in ‘Materials for the New Millenium,’ Ken. P. Chong Ed., Published by the American
Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 2, 1007 (1996).
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