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10/9/14
1
6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues: Part A
Skeletal Car;lages
• Contain no _________________ or _______________
• Dense connec;ve ;ssue girdle of perichondrium contains blood vessels for ___________________ delivery to car;lage
Skeletal Car;lages
1. _____________ car;lages – Provide support, flexibility, and resilience – Most abundant type
2. _____________ car;lages – Similar to hyaline car;lages, but contain elas;c fibers
3. Fibrocar;lages – Collagen fibers—have great tensile strength
Figure 6.1
Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton
Hyaline cartilages Elastic cartilages Fibrocartilages
Cartilages
Bones of skeleton
Epiglottis Larynx
Trachea Cricoid cartilage Lung
Respiratory tube cartilages in neck and thorax
Thyroid cartilage Cartilage in
external ear Cartilages in nose
Articular Cartilage of a joint
Costal cartilage
Cartilage in Intervertebral disc
Pubic symphysis
Articular cartilage of a joint
Meniscus (padlike cartilage in knee joint)
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Growth of Car;lage
• Apposi;onal – Cells secrete matrix against the external face of exis;ng car;lage
• Inters;;al – Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding car;lage from within
• _____________ of car;lage occurs during – Normal bone growth – Old age
Bones of the Skeleton
• Two main groups, by loca;on – _____________ skeleton (brown) – _____________ skeleton (yellow)
Figure 6.1
Cartilage in external ear
Cartilages in nose
Articular Cartilage of a joint
Costal cartilage
Cartilage in Intervertebral disc
Pubic symphysis
Articular cartilage of a joint
Meniscus (padlike cartilage in knee joint)
Classifica;on of Bones by Shape
• _____________ bones – Longer than they are wide
• _____________ bones – Cube-‐shaped bones (in wrist and ankle) – Sesamoid bones (within tendons, e.g., patella)
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Classifica;on of Bones by Shape
• _____________ bones – Thin, flat, slightly curved
• _____________ bones – Complicated shapes
Figure 6.2
Func;ons of Bones
• _______________ – For the body and soZ organs
• ______________ – For brain, spinal cord, and vital organs
• ______________ – Levers for muscle ac;on
Func;ons of Bones
• ______________ – Minerals (calcium and phosphorus) and growth factors
• ______________ forma;on (hematopoiesis) in marrow cavi;es
• Triglyceride (______________) storage in bone cavi;es
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Bone ______________
• Bulges, depressions, and holes serve as – Sites of a[achment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons – Joint surfaces – Conduits for blood vessels and nerves
Bone Markings: Projec;ons
• Sites of muscle and ligament ______________ – Tuberosity—rounded projec;on – Crest—narrow, prominent ridge – Trochanter—large, blunt, irregular surface – Line—narrow ridge of bone – Tubercle—small rounded projec;on – Epicondyle—raised area above a condyle – Spine—sharp, slender projec;on – Process—any bony prominence
Table 6.1
Bone Markings: Projec;ons
• Projec;ons that help to form joints – ______________
• Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck – ______________
• Smooth, nearly flat ar;cular surface – ______________
• Rounded ar;cular projec;on – ______________
• Armlike bar
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Table 6.1
Bone Markings: Depressions and Openings
• Meatus – Canal-‐like passageway
• ______________ – Cavity within a bone
• Fossa – Shallow, basinlike depression
• Groove – Furrow
• Fissure – Narrow, slitlike opening
• ______________ – Round or oval opening through a bone
Table 6.1
Bone Textures
• ______________ bone – Dense outer layer
• Spongy (______________) bone – Honeycomb of trabeculae
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Structure of a Long Bone
• ______________ (shaZ) – Compact bone collar surrounds medullary (marrow) cavity
– Medullary cavity in adults contains ______________ (yellow marrow)
Structure of a Long Bone
• ______________ – Expanded ends – Spongy bone interior – Epiphyseal line (remnant of growth plate) – Ar;cular (______________) car;lage on joint surfaces
Figure 6.3a-b
Proximal epiphysis
(b)
(a)
Epiphyseal line
Articular cartilage
Periosteum
Spongy bone
Compact bone
Medullary cavity (lined
by endosteum)
Compact bone
Diaphysis
Distal epiphysis
Membranes of Bone
• ______________ – Outer fibrous layer – Inner osteogenic layer
• Osteoblasts (bone-‐forming cells) • Osteoclasts (bone-‐destroying cells) • Osteogenic cells (stem cells)
– Nerve fibers, nutrient blood vessels, and lympha;c vessels enter the bone via nutrient foramina
– Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey’s fibers
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Membranes of Bone
• ______________ – Delicate membrane on internal surfaces of bone – Also contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Figure 6.3c
(c)
Yellow bone marrow
Endosteum
Compact bone
Periosteum
Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers
Nutrient arteries
Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones
• ______________-‐covered compact bone on the outside
• ______________-‐covered spongy bone within • Spongy bone called diploë in flat bones • Bone marrow between the trabeculae
Figure 6.5
Compact bone
Trabeculae
Spongy bone (diploë)
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Loca;on of Hematopoie;c Tissue (_____ _________)
• Red marrow ______________ of adults – Trabecular cavi;es of the heads of the femur and humerus
– Trabecular cavi;es of the diploë of flat bones • Red marrow of newborn infants
– Medullary cavi;es and all spaces in spongy bone
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
• Cells of bones – ______________ (osteoprogenitor) cells
• Stem cells in periosteum and endosteum that give rise to osteoblasts
– ______________ • Bone-‐forming cells
Figure 6.4a-b
(a) Osteogenic cell (b) Osteoblast
Stem cell Matrix-synthesizing cell responsible for bone growth
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
• Cells of bone – ______________
• Mature bone cells
– ______________ • Cells that break down (resorb) bone matrix
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Figure 6.4c-d
(c) Osteocyte
Mature bone cell that maintains the
bone matrix
(d) Osteoclast
Bone-resorbing cell
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone: Compact Bone
• Haversian system, or osteon—______________ – Lamellae
• Weight-‐bearing • Column-‐like matrix tubes
– Central (Haversian) canal • Contains ______________ and ______________
Figure 6.6
Structures in the central canal
Artery with capillaries
Vein Nerve fiber
Lamellae
Collagen fibers run in different directions
Twisting force
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone: Compact Bone
• Perfora;ng (______________) canals – At right angles to the central canal – Connects blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum and central canal
• ______________—small cavi;es that contain osteocytes
• ______________—hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
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Figure 6.7a-c
Endosteum lining bony canals and covering trabeculae
Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal
Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers
Periosteal blood vessel Periosteum
Lacuna (with osteocyte)
(a)
(b) (c)
Lacunae
Lamellae
Nerve Vein Artery
Canaliculi Osteocyte in a lacuna
Circumferential lamellae
Osteon (Haversian system)
Central (Haversian) canal
Central canal
Interstitial lamellae
Lamellae
Compact bone
Spongy bone Microscopic Anatomy of Bone: Spongy Bone
• ______________ – Align along lines of stress – No osteons – Contain irregularly arranged lamellae, osteocytes, and canaliculi
– Capillaries in endosteum supply ______________
Figure 6.3b
(b)
Lacunae
Lamellae
Nerve
Vein
Artery
Canaliculus
Osteocyte in a lacuna
Central canal
Chemical Composi;on of Bone: Organic
• Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
• ______________—organic bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts – Ground substance (proteoglycans, glycoproteins) – ______________ fibers
• Provide tensile strength and flexibility
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Chemical Composi;on of Bone: Inorganic
• ______________ (mineral salts) – 65% of bone by mass – Mainly calcium phosphate crystals – Responsible for ______________ and resistance to compression
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