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7/29/2019 Stellar Graveyard Chapter 13
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Star Forming Regions M42 – The Orion Nebula (Fig. 7.2)
M45 – The Pleiades (Fig. 13.14)
M80 – Globular Cluster (Fig. 13.15)
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Chalkboard Diagram
Life Track Flow Chart - the lives of low, medium
and high mass stars
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The Milky Way
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Clicker Question
Pulsars are really…
A. White Dwarf
B. Red Giant
C. Black HoleD. Neutron Star
E. None of these
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Clicker Question
Which of the following is not
one of the last possible stages of
a star’s life? A. White Dwarf
B. Red GiantC. Black Hole
D. Neutron Star
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Which event marks the beginning of a supernova?
A. The sudden collapse of an iron core into a
compact ball of neutronsB. The onset of helium burning after a helium flash
C. The beginning of neon burning in an extremely
massive star
D. The sudden initiation of the CNO cycle
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Clicker Question
Our Sun is considered to be a _________.
A. low-mass star B. intermediate-mass star
C. high-mass star
D. brown dwarf
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Chapter 13
Stellar Graveyard
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White Dwarfs...
...are stellar remnants for low-mass stars.
...are found in the centers of planetary nebula.
...have diameters about the same as the Earth’s.
...have masses less than the Chandrasekhar mass
(1.4 Solar Masses).
Sirius
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Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
(1910-1995)
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Novas and Supernovas
Nova - a stellar explosions
Supernova - a stellar explosion that marks
the end of a star’s evolution – White Dwarf Supernova - occur in binary
systems in which one is a white dwarf
– Massive Star Supernova - occur when amassive star’s iron core collapses
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Supernova 1998S in
NGC 3877
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Supernova 1987a
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Supernovae History
The star releases more energy in a just a few minutesthan it did during its entire lifetime.
» Example: SN 1987A
On July 4, 1054 astronomers in China witnessed a
supernova within our own galaxy. After the explosion of a massive star, a huge glowing
cloud of stellar debris - a supernova remnant - steadily
expands.
» Example: Crab Nebula
After a supernova the exposed core is seen as a
neutron star - or if the star is more than 3 solar masses
the core becomes a black hole.
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Anazasi Pictographs
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The Crab Nebula
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“Listen to the Pulsar”
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Pulsars
The first pulsars observed was originallythought to be a signal from extraterrestrials.
This was later shown to be unlikely after
many other pulsars were found all over thesky.
Also, it was found that each pulse had a
total power output equal to that of all theresources of Earth.
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Pulsars…..Discovered in 1960’s The pulsing star inside the Crab Nebula
was a pulsar. Pulsars are rotating, magnetized neutron
stars.
Light House Model – Beams of radiation emanate from the magnetic
poles.
– As the neutron star rotates, the beams sweeparound the sky.
– If the Earth happens to lie in the path of the
beams, we see a pulsar.
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http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/~pulsar/Education/Sounds/sounds.html
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Rotation Rates of Pulsars
The neutron stars that appear to us as pulsarsrotate about once every second….or less.
Before a star collapses to a neutron star it probably rotates about once every 25 days.
Why is there such a big difference in rotation
rates?
Answer: Conservation of Angular Momentum
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Neutron Stars
...are stellar remnants for medium-mass stars.
...are found in the centers of some white dwarf
supernova remnants.
...have diameters of about 6 miles.
...have masses greater than the Chandrasekhar
mass.
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Black Holes
...are stellar remnants for high-mass stars.
– i.e. those greater than 3 solar masses
…have a gravitational attraction that is so
strong that light cannot escape from it.
…are found in some binary star systems and
there may be super-massive black holes in the
centers of some galaxies.
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Black Hole
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Black Holes…
…are spherical objects not funnels. …do not suck everything in.
…have been observed indirectly in X-ray
binary systems.
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End of Chapter
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How To Study
Review Sheet
Online Quiz
Homework Read Chapters 16, 17, 20
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Homework 5
1. C
2. D
3. E
4. D
5. A
6. D
7. A8. D
9. C
10. C
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Homework 6
1. A
2. B
3. D
4. B
5. C
6. B
7. E8. D
9. D
10. C
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Messier Catalogue
Charles Messier made the first catalog of non-stellar “fuzzy” objects during the 1770's.
He made a list of 109 such objects that he
did not want to mistake for comets. These objects turned out to be the following:
– galaxies
– star clusters
– nebulae
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End of Section.
N l th i
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Nucleosynthesis
Fused Products Time TemperatureH
4He 10
7yrs. 4 X 10
6K
4He
12C Few X 10
6yrs 1 X 10
8K
12
C16
O,20
Ne,24Mg,
4He
1000 yrs. 6 X 108
K
20 Ne +
16O,
24Mg Few yrs. 1 X 10
9K
16O
28Si,
32S One year 2 X 10
9K
28Si +
56Fe Days 3 X 10
9K
56Fe Neutrons < 1 second > 3 X 10
9K
Evolutionary Time Scales for a 15 M Star
E e B d et
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Energy Budget
Fusion Stages
H He C Fe
The Crab Nebula
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The Crab Nebula
Supernova Remnants
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Supernova Remnants
Tycho’s SNR - 1572
Core Remnant
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Core Remnant
Too massive for electron degeneracy to
halt collapse (> 1.4 M
)
– Electromagnetic force Neutron Degeneracy can halt collapse
– M < 3 M
– Strong nuclear force – Neutron Star
PSR 0628 28
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PSR 0628-28
LGM?
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LGM?
Several more found at widely different
places in the galaxy
Power of a power equals total power potential output of the Earth
No Doppler shifts
PULSARS
Light Time Argument
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Light Time Argument
An object which varies its light can be no
larger than the distance light can travel inthe shortest period of variation.
To Darken the Sun
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To Darken the Sun
Time Delay = Radius/c
500,000 km/300,000 km/s = 1.67 sec
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Only candidates: White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars
Pulse Mechanisms
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Pulse Mechanisms
Binary Stars - How quickly can two stars orbit? Two WD about 1m
Two NS about 1s.
Neutron Stars in orbit should emit gravity waves which should
be detectable.
Oscillations - Depends only on density
WD about ten seconds
NS about .001s Little variation permitted.
Rotation - Until the object begins to break up.
WD about 1s
NS about .001s with large variation.
The Crab Pulsar
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The Crab Pulsar
Rotating Neutron Star
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Rotating Neutron Star
Animation
SS 433
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SS 433
Synchrotron Radiation
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Synchrotron Radiation
Magnetic lines of force
Electron
Radiation
Glitches
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Glitches
Relative sizes
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Relative sizes
Earth White Dwarf Neutron Star
Mass Limits
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Mass Limits
Low mass stars
– Less than 8 M
on Main Sequence
– Become White Dwarf (< 1.4 M)» Electron Degeneracy Pressure
High Mass Stars
– Less than 40 M on Main Sequence – Become Neutron Stars (3 M
< M <1.4 M
)
» Neutron Degeneracy Pressure
Supermassive Stars
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Supermassive Stars
If stellar core has more than three solar
masses after supernova, then no known
force can halt the collapse
Black Hole
Space-Time
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Space Time
No mass
Distortion
caused bymass
Predictions of General Relativity
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Predictions of General Relativity
Advance of Mercury’s perihelion
Bending of starlight
Advance of Mercury’s Perihelion
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Advance of Mercury s Perihelion
Bending of Starlight
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Bending of Starlight
Sun
Light from star bent by
the gravity of the Sun
Apparent position
of the star
Low Gravity
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Low Gravity
Very small
amount of
bending
Stronger Gravity
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Stronger Gravity
Light at an angle is
bent noticeably
Exit Cone and Photon
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Exit Cone and Photon
Sphere
Photon Sphere
Near a Black Hole
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Near a Black Hole
Schwarzschild Black Hole
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Schwarzschild Black Hole
Rs
Singularity +
Event Horizon
Rs = 3(Mass)
Mass Rs
3 M 9 km
5 15
10 30
What Can We Know?
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What Can We Know?
Mass
– gravity
Charge – Electric Fields
Rotation Rate
– Co-rotation
How Can We Find Them?
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How Can We Find Them?
Look for X-ray sources
– Must come from compact source
» White Dwarf
» Neutron Star
» Black
– Differentiate by Mass
» WD - < 1.4 M
» NS - between 1.4 and 3 M
» BH - > 3 M
Cygnus X-1
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Cygnus X 1
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