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Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário1
Prof. Doutora Maria do Rosário Partidário
Stakeholders and perspectives
Participative techniques
Environment and Territory Management
Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário
Stakeholders in planning process
Stakeholders= population?
Stakeholders have different motivations and interests, sometimes convergent others conflictual
Public interest: Public good or private corporative interests?
Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário
Multiple territorial perceptions
Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário
Aarhus Convention and European Directive 2003/4/CE of 28 January
http://www.unece.org/env/pp/
Access to information, Public participation in environmental decision-making and Access to justice in environmental
matters
European Directive 2004/35/CE - environmental responsibility
Principle 10 of Rio Declaration(1992)
Environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens….each individual shall have appropriate access to
information concerning the environment ….and the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes.
Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário
Art. 7º
Public participation concerning plans, programmes and policies in environmental matters
Each Part will undertake the practical adequate measures or other to ensure that the public will participate, in a transparent and fair way, in the preparation of plans and programme concerning environmental matters, making the necessary information to the public. .. The public that will be able to participate will be identified by the competent public authority, having in consideration the objectives of this convention.
Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário
http://lithgow-schmidt.dk/sherry-arnstein/ladder-of-citizen-participation.html
Citizens participation ladderArnstein (1969, Journal of the American Planning Association, 35: 216-224)
Manipulation
Information
Consultation
Participation
Delegation of power
Citizens control
Public weight in decision-making
Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário
Actor analysis is an analysis of all relevant actors.
Relevant actors are:
Actors that have an interest in the decision making;
Actors that can hinder the decision making;
Actors that can enrich the decision making;
Actors that has to be involved on moral arguments.
(De Bruijn, et al., 2002)
Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário
Communicative-planning approaches – emphasis on the role of actors in the planning process
1. How to select the relevant actors?2. What is the relevant information for each
relevant actor, and how to get it? 3. What are the characteristics of important
social networks, and how can they be identified and analyzed?
4. How to apply the information on actors and actor networks in practical situations?
Thissen (2001)
Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário
Communicative-planning approaches – emphasis on the
role of actors in the planning process
Approaches
1. Actors analysis for problem formulation – vision of problems depend on actors; problem formulation will therefore depend on actors.
(Thissen (2001)
Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário
Communicative-planning approaches – emphasis on the
role of actors in the planning process
Identify actors :- actors have a cause influence on problematic factors- actors develop formal papers- actors have controlling mechanisms that are needed to implement certain solutions -actors can be affected, or potentially affected by the problem situation
(Thissen (2001)
Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário
Communicative-planning approaches – emphasis on the
role of actors in the planning process
Study actors :- what are their interests and objectives- how do they see the problem situation (causes, problems, solutions)
Their probable position on the problem formulation and possible solution (agreement, opposition, opportunity, conciliation, etc.)
(Thissen (2001)
Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário
Communicative-planning approaches – emphasis on the
role of actors in the planning process
Methods:- Document analysis- interviews- workshops
Process can be repeated once or twice(Thissen (2001)
Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário
Communicative-planning approaches – emphasis on the
role of actors in the planning process
2. Theory of social share (Coleman, 1990)
It is a social theory of linear action based on the rational approach behaviour driven by individual objectives of actors, that is, actors will try to satisfy their needs and will act rationaly in direction to a common objective
In a social actors network that mutually depend on each other, and knowing their relative control strengths, they will be able to share those strengths to achieve their objectives
Thissen (2001)
Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário
Communicative-planning approaches – emphasis on the
role of actors in the planning process
2. Theory of social share (Coleman, 1990)
Support algorithm to define the systems balance, assuming all sharing opportunities that will enable improving the actors situation will take place, in the actors perspective
Thissen (2001)
Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário
Communicative-planning approaches – emphasis on the
role of actors in the planning process
2. Theory of social share (Coleman, 1990)
Utility of this theory:
Identify the solving capacity of an actors configurationSupport the negotiation processProcess Monitoring - control of the balance solution –
mediation of process towards balance achievement
Thissen (2001)
Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário
Communicative-planning approaches – emphasis on the role of actors in the planning process
3. Modelling actors perception and networks
Systemic description of an actor in relation to the relevant causal situations, on the structure of objectives, or on the structure of the network, which implies his relationship with other actors in the network
Visualization with graphs analysis will enable:- Analysis of different perspectives between actors- Clusters of actors- Analysis of dependence structures
Dynamic Actor Network Analysis (DANA)Thissen (2001)
Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário
Formal network
Informal network
Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário
Shift paradigms
From giving information
Stakeholders DecisoresDecision-makers
InformationConsultation
to asking for views
for creative developmentand mutual learning
Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OLqXu5kVz7M
http://www.calgaryregionfocus.com/2014/04/23/learn-how-the-calgary-region-is-building-its-future/
TED Talk: How to be a change agent?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZR1Dn1HdSpA
Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário
http://www.sas2.net/Social Analysis Systems
Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário
Participative techniques - Hands on planning
"If you want to know how the shoe fits, ask the person who is wearing it, not the one who made it."
Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário
Participative techniques - Hands on planning
http://www.communityplanning.net/aboutcp/aboutcp.php
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