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SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Industrial Hygiene
What’s an Industrial Hygienist?
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
•A professional qualified by education, training and experience to anticipate, recognize, evaluate and develop controls for occupational health hazards and environmental issues.
Industrial Hygienist
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Not a Master…
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
History…
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Industrial Hygienist
In the first century AD, Pliny the Elder, a Roman scholar, perceived health risks to those working with zinc and sulfur. He devised a face mask made from an animal bladder to protect workers from exposure to dust and lead fumes.
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Law Codes
Hammurabi
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
If any harm follows, then you shall give life for life, 24eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, 25burn for burn, wound for wound, stripe for stripe. Ex 21:23-25
Anyone who kills an animal shall make restitution for it, life for life. 19Anyone who maims another shall suffer the same injury in return: 20fracture for fracture, eye for eye, tooth for tooth; the injury inflicted is the injury to be suffered. Lev 24: 18-24
LAW
lex talionis
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
In the second century AD, the Greek physician, Galen, accurately described the pathology of lead poisoning and also recognized the hazardous exposures of copper miners to acid mists.
History…
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
1473 Elrich EllenbogWrote a pamphlet on
occupationalDiseases with the mining industry
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Magna Carta Year
•Year: 1215 •Lead to Bill of Rights•Some other clauses still used today!
Edward Coke interpreted Magna Carta to apply not only to the protection of nobles but to all subjects of the crown equally. He famously asserted: "Magna Carta is such a fellow, that he will have no sovereign."
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Anti-corruption and fair trade (also in 1225 Charter)Clauses 28 to 32 say that no royal officer may take any commodity such as corn, wood or transport without payment or consent or force a knight to pay for something the knight could do himself and that the king must return any lands confiscated from a felon within a year and a day.
•Clause 25 sets out a list of standard measures and Clauses 41 and 42 guarantee the safety and right of entry and exit of foreign merchants.•Clause 45 says that the king should only appoint royal officers where they are suitable for the post.•Clause 46 provides for the guardianship of monasteries.
Magna Carta Year
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Clause 24 states that crown officials (such as sheriffs) may not try a crime in place of a judge. Clause 34 forbids repossession without a writ precipe. Clauses 36 to 38 state that writs for loss of life or limb are to be free, that someone may use reasonable force to secure their own land and that no one can be tried on their own testimony alone.
Magna Carta Year 1215
Edward Coke
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
In the Middle Ages, guilds worked at assisting sick workers and their families. In 1556 the German scholar, Agricola, advanced the science of industrial hygiene even further when, in his book De Re Metallica, he described the diseases of miners and prescribed preventive measures. The book included suggestions for mine ventilation and worker protection, discussed mining accidents, and described diseases associated with mining occupations such as silicosis.
History…
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
History
Mysticisms vrs Reality
Late 1600’s it was believed that demons lived in the minesCould be controlled with fasting and prayer!
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Industrial hygiene gained further respectability in 1700 when Bernardo Ramazzini, known as the "father of industrial medicine," published in Italy the first comprehensive book on industrial medicine, De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (The Diseases of Workmen).
Same time frame as the Inquisition of Galileo (His works were banned at this time!)
History…
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Industrial hygiene received another major boost in 1743 when Ulrich Ellenborg published a pamphlet on occupational diseases and injuries among gold miners. Ellenborg also wrote about the toxicity of carbon monoxide, mercury, lead, and nitric acid.
History…
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
In the early 20th century in the U. S., Dr. Alice Hamilton, led efforts to improve industrial hygiene. She observed industrial conditions first hand and startled mine owners, factory managers, and state officials with evidence that there was a correlation between worker illness and their exposure to toxins. She also presented definitive proposals for eliminating unhealthful working conditions.
Reference: Exploring the Dangerous Trades
History…
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Child Labor Law
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
In 1916 Congress made its first effort to control child labour by passing the Keating-Owen Act. The legislation forbade the transportation among states of products of factories, shops or canneries employing children under 14 years of age, of mines employing children under 16 years of age, and the products of any of these employing children under 16 who worked at night or more than eight hours a day. In 1918 the Supreme Court ruled that the Keating-Owen Act was unconstitutional.
Laws that Changed
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
History
1966 Safety and Health - A manager’s prerogative
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Values…
•$208,000
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Federal Regulations•December 9, 1970 OSHA
–Each employer shall furnish to each employee a place of employment which is free of recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious harm to their employees
–Each employer shall comply with the occupational safety and heath standards under the Act.
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
How do IH's Recognize and Control Hazards?Industrial hygienists recognize that engineering, work practice, and administrative controls are the primary means of reducing employee exposure to occupational hazards. Engineering controls minimize employee exposure by either reducing or removing the hazard at the source or isolating the worker from the hazards.
Engineering controls include eliminating toxic chemicals.
Work practice controls alter the manner in which a task is performed. (1) following proper procedures that minimize exposures (2) inspecting and maintaining process and control equipment on a regular basis; (3) implementing good house-keeping procedures; (4) providing good supervision and (5) mandating that eating, drinking, smoking, chewing tobacco or gum, and applying cosmetics in regulated areas be prohibited.
Administrative controls include controlling employees' exposure by scheduling production and workers' tasks, or both, in ways that minimize exposure levels. For example, the employer might schedule operations with the highest exposure potential during periods when the fewest employees are present.
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
The U.S. Congress has passed three landmark pieces of legislation relating to safeguarding workers' health:
(1) the Metal and Nonmetallic Mines Safety Act of 1966, (2) the Federal Coal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1969, and (3) the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (Act).
Today, nearly every employer is required to implement the elements of an industrial hygiene and safety, occupational health, or hazard communication program and to be responsive to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Act and its regulations.
History…
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Industrial Hygiene
What is it?
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Definition
• “The science and art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of factors and stresses (arising in or from the workplaces), which may cause sickness, impaired health and well being or significant discomfort, and inefficiency among workers or among the citizens of a community” - ACGIH
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
• The science devoted to recognition (or identification), evaluation and control of hazards arising in or from the workplace, which could impair the health and well being of people at work, while also taking into account the possible impacts on the general environment - BIOH
“Detection and Assessment of Occupational Hazards”
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Industrial Hygienist
• The person having a college or university degree or degrees in engineering, chemistry, physics, health physics, nursing, medicine, or related field, by virtue of special studies, training, experience, and/or certification has acquired competence in IH.
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Scope of OH
• Anticipation
• Recognition
• Evaluation
• Control
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Anticipation
• What is Anticipation?– Design of process, equipment– Future legislation/regulations– Research
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Recognition
• Raw materials, by-product, products
• Process and operations
• Records of accidents and diseases
• Walk around – senses, talk to workers, etc
• Grab samples
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Evaluation
• Purpose – not losing focus.
• Sampling technique and strategy
• Instrumentation (Real time & non Rt)
• Standard, regulations etc
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Evaluation
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Control
• Principle of control measures
• Hierarchy of control measures
• ALARA
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Benefits of IH Program• Improve health and hygiene
• Reduce compensation
• Improve job satisfaction
• Reduce absenteeism
• Improve productivity
• Improve workers’ attitude towards management
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Objectives
• To create awareness among employers and workers on the importance of OH practices in industry to preserve and protect the health of workers from being affected by hazards in the working environment.
• To investigate the effect of specific hazard on the health of workers so that the short and long term measures can be taken to control the hazard
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Activities
• Occupational Hygiene Inspection
• Monitoring of occupational hazards
• Biological monitoring
• Enforcement
• Investigation of complaints / accidents
• Training
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Statistics
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Industrial Hygiene Monitoring
• Monitoring of occupational hazardsChemicalBiologicalPhysical Ergonomic/mechanicalPsychosocial
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Biological Monitoring
• Blood – Pb, Hg, Cd etc
• Lung Function Test
• HCP
•Textile workers
•mill workers
•Timber processing workers
•Audiometric testing
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Environmental Factors
• Chemical Hazards
• Physical Hazards– radiation, pressure– noise, vibration, temperature
• Ergonomic Hazards
• Biological Hazards
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Chemical Hazards
• The majority of OHS are chemical
• MSDS (required by OSHA)
• The right to know act
• Proper labeling
• Hazards when machining / melting etc.
• How exposure effects the body
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Solvents
• Very commonly used
• How do solvents enter the body?
• Effect from physical contact
• Acute effects versus chronic effects
• Air displacement issues
• Flammability and flash point
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Toxicity
• Toxicity is not synonymous with hazard.
• Toxicity is the ability of a material to do harm when it reaches a certain concentration.
• Hazard is the probability that this contamination will occur assessing hazard is covered in chapter 6
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Physical Hazards
• Noise– Psychological Effects– Interference with communication– Physiological effects
• Risk Criteria• Permissible levels
– (85 dBA requires a hearing protection plan)
• Temperature
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Ionizing Radiation
• What is ionizing radiation?
• How does it effect the body
• What are the sources of ionizing radiation?
• Internal versus external hazards
• Measuring radiation
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Non-Ionizing Radiation
• Definition
• Low frequency (microwaves, radio waves)
• Infrared (thermal radiation / blackbody)
• Visible light– Well lit but not over lit– 60 cycle flicker– Effects on the eyes and lasers energy output
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Extremes of pressure
• Effects on gas absorption in the blood
• Effects on thermal coefficient of the atmosphere
• Effects on partial pressure of atmosphere components
• Teeth / ears / eyes / bowels etc.
• Effects of low pressure
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Ergonomic Hazards
• Repetitive motion disorders
• Injury rate (guards and shields)
• Body stress – back– neck– eyes
• Workplace design
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Biological Hazards
• Bacterial
• Viral
• Engineered
• Bugs and snakes etc.
• Allergens
• The water fountain
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Routs of Entry
• Inhalation (area of lungs)
• Absorption
• Ingestion
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Airborne Contaminates
• Dusts (0.1 - 25 um)– smaller than 5um tend to be the problem
• Fumes (less than 1um)– made from condensed volatilized solids
• Smoke (<0.1 um)
• Aerosols
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Airborne Contaminates
• Mists– Suspended liquid droplets
• Gases
• Vapors– volatile forms of substances which are normally
in a solid or liquid form at this temperature
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Hazards of Airborne Contaminates
• Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)– Reviewed and updated annually
• TLV-TWA (Time Weighted Average)
• TLV-STEL (Short Term Exposure Limit)
• TLV-C (Ceiling)
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Break!
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Toxicology
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Dose Makes the Poison-Paracelsus
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Toxicology
• Anything is a poison –– The dose makes a poison
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Toxicology• Basic Terms:
• Lethal Dose (LD)
• Lethal Concentration (LC)
• Effective Dose (ED)
• Concentration
• Route of Entry
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Everything is a poison?
All are toxic to some quantifiable degree Sugar has an LD50 of 30,000 mg/kg
The foresters favorite – ethanol has an LD50 of only 13,700 mg/kg
Even water has a recognized LD50 of slightly greater than 80,000 mg/kg
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Toxicology
• Lethal Dose (LD50) - The dose necessary to kill 50% of the population
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Toxicology
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Toxicology
• Variance between People?
• Gender differences?
• Background?
Yes, because of metabolism
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Toxicology
• The route can make all the difference
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Routes of Entry
• Inhalation (area of lungs)
• Absorption (intact skin)– Eyes
• Ingestion/Injection
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Exposure – Skin?
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Airborne Contaminates
• Dusts (0.1 - 25 um)– smaller than 5um tend to be the problem
• Fumes (less than 1um)– made from condensed volatilized solids
• Smoke (<0.1 um)
• Aerosols
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Russian Coal Workers
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Airborne Contaminates
• Mists– Suspended liquid droplets
• Gases
• Vapors– volatile forms of substances which are normally in
a solid or liquid form at this temperature
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
LIMITS and Terms
• Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)– Reviewed and updated annually
• TLV-TWA (Time Weighted Average)
• TLV-STEL (Short Term Exposure Limit)
• TLV-C (Ceiling)
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Dose Response Curvesre
spon
se
Dose
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Non-Threshold
Dose
Res
pons
e
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Threshold
Dose
Res
pons
e
No observed Response
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Comparison of Dose
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Comparing
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Toxicology
Acute - Immediate Effect from ExposureChronic – Long term effect from exposure
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
LD50
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Effective Dose
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
No Observed Adverse Effect
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Dose Response
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Metabolism
• Bioactivation
• Detoxification
• Metabolites
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Tox Models
• One Compartment Model –
BODY VOLUME Elimination
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Toxicology
Additive: 2+3=5 (2 OPs - cholinesterase inhibition)
Synergistic: 2+2=20 (CCl4 + EtOH)
Potentiation: 0+2=10 (isopropanol + CCl4)
Antagonism: 4+6=8; 4+0=1
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Distribution
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Differences…
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Toxicology
• Buildup -
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Which is more toxic?
A
B
Response
Dose
Class Activity
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Break!
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Toxicology 2
Details…
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Toxicology
Beneficial Effects Curve
Toxic EffectsCurve
TD 50ED50
100
Eff
ects
%
Dose0.1 1.0 10 100 1000
Safety margin
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Concerns with Tox Data
• Sample Size
• Control Groups
• Characteristics of the groups
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Nature of Data
• 3 to 4 animals - Accuracy?– Length of study– 0.01% response – humans to animals?– Organs to man
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Nature…
• Control Groups– Group not exposed to chemical– Permit proper interpretation– Confounding variables
• Smoking, age, drinking
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Nature…
• Characteristics– Fischer Rats - high spontaneous tumor rate– Closely controlled– Exact chemical– Dose concentration– Length of exposure– Compare to human exposure – accidents, suicides,
case reports
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Environmental and Occupational Disease
• False Positives
• False Negatives
• Errors in Extrapolation
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Environment vrs Occupational
• Appearance of Disease
• Population with common exposure
• Clusters
• Unusual or uncommon disease patterns
• Symptoms or disease occurring in workers
• Appearance or disappearances of disease
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Environment Vrs Occupational
• Examples– Agricultural workers with nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea, lacrimation- pesticide– Painter with weakness, headache, abdominal pain
– volatile solvents– Employee at plastics manufacture – TDI– Truck mechanic with headaches, flushing of the
face – CO or Trichloroethane
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Class Practical
• A group of 25 individuals suddenly show leukemia in Albuquerque…
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Practical
• You’re assumption?
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Practical:
• Further research reveals:
• Each of them worked at Kirtland for a period of time 10 years ago.
• Conclusions?
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Disposition of Chemicals
• Does exposure to chemicals result in Toxicity?
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Disposition
• Absorption
• Distribution
• Biotransformation
• Elimination
• See Figure 2.3, page 25
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Disposition
• Where does the chemical stay?
• Figure 2.4, page 26.
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Skin Notation
• What Chemicals Have Skin notations?
• What does it mean?
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
General Rule-
• If substances are attracted to fats rather than water,
• Readily absorbed through the skin
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Step 2 Transport
• Bond to Blood
• Dissolved
• Reaching the Target Organ – the effect
• Waiting in storage
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Biotransformation
• Metabolism:– Oxidation– Reduction– Hydrolysis
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Elimination of Chemicals
• Major Routes• Biliary (liver and Renal)• Feces• Exhaled
– Milk, Sweat, saliva, hair, nails
So what do we monitor? BEIs.
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Targets:• Lungs• Respiratory• Circulatory• Brain• Kidneys• Liver• Immune System • Nervous System• Reproductive
– Teratogenesis
• Embryogenesis
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
• Chemical Exposure
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Clusters
• Increase in apparent disease
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Clusters
• Cluster events are groupings of a particular disorder or a class of disorders that appear unusually frequent in a place.
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Clusters:
•High Power Lines and Cancer•Cell phones and cancer•Public Perception
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Toxicological Testing
• Method – test organisms
• Keeping Up - 80,000 chemicals
• Transmitting the data
• What is done? Who decides?– CDC and Cr+6
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Translating to TLVs
• Methods
• Further discussion in the section on TLVs
• Application
• Time – 2 years on TLV list, years in study
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Activity: You’re the Committee
• 3 Groups of 3
• Find the TLV.
• Handout
• Determine a TLV.
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Industrial Hygiene
• Industrial Hygiene
• From Many Disciplines– Toxicology– Physiology– Physics
• Long History
• AREC
SSO Industrial Hygiene 101
Questions?
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