SPSS in a nutshell - digital.lib.hkbu.edu.hk · SPSS in a nutshell: what do my numbers tell?...

SPSS in a nutshell: what do my numbers tell?

Timothy Yeung DMSS, Library 14 Nov 2018

1. SPSS & Terminology

SPSS

Statistical Package for the Social SciencesThe latest version is SPSS 25Alternatives: SAS, Stata, R, MATLAB…Easy to learn, user- friendly, less programing

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Levels of Measurement GenderMarital status

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Nominal

Scale*

Ordinal

Undisputable order?

Equal intervals?

No

No

Yes

Yes

SES

Level of study

Height

Salaries

* Including both interval and ratio

p-value

GGiven that the null hypothesis is true, how is the probability of observing your sample results?

Rejecting the null hypothesis ifp < 0.05 *p < 0.01 **p < 0.001 ***

Chi-SquareH0: two variables are independent

T-test and ANOVAH0: no difference in means

CorrelationH0: zero population correlation coefficient

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WWhy effect size?p is sensitive to sample size p reveals only an existence of effect

Effect SizeChi-Square: Cramer’s VT-test: Cohen's dANOVA: ²

Correlation: r

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2. SPSS in Practice

The dataset https:/ /goo.gl/2qWS1R

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IDGender 0 Male 1 Female

Major 1 EC Edu 2 Primary Edu 3 History 4 Physics 5 Chemistry

Salary (k)Happiness((6 point Likert scale)

HP1: You wake up energetic.HP2: You feel relaxed at home.HP3: ……HP4: ……

CCentral TendencyMeanMedianMode

Descriptive StatisticsSpread

QuartilesVarianceStandard deviation

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Analyze Descriptive Statistics Frequencies / Descriptives

GraphBar chart

Pie chart

Histogram

Create new Variables

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Re-Categorization and CalculationMajor: 5 groups into 3 groups

Education, History, ScienceHappiness: total score of 4 questions

SUM.4(HP1,HP2,HP3, …)Transform Compute Variable / Recode into Different Variables

Choose the correct statistical test

https:/ /stats.idre.ucla.edu/other/mult-pkg/whatstat/

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IV DV Analysis1 Nominal 1 Nominal Chi- Square Independence Test

1 Nominal/Ordinal (2 levels) 1 Scale Independent- Samples T- test

1 Nominal/Ordinal (>= 2 levels) 1 Scale ANOVA

1 Scale 1 Scale Pearson Correlation

“ RResearch Question 1

Is there any relationship between gender and field of study?

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IV DV Analysis1 Nominal 1 Nominal Chi-Square Independence Test1 Nominal/Ordinal (2 levels) 1 Scale Independent-Samples T- test1 Nominal/Ordinal (>= 2 levels) 1 Scale ANOVA1 Scale 1 Scale Pearson Correlation

Which test?

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Gender and Major_G3

l 1

_

Chi-Square Independence Test

14 Analyze Descriptive Statistics Crosstabs

Chi-Square (cont.)

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A significant association is noted between gender and field of study ( (2) = 54.627, p < .001, V = .354). While male preferred to study Science, their female counterpart chose to study Education.

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>0.1 = small>0.3 = medium>0.5 = large

“ RResearch Question 2

Is there gender difference regarding happiness?

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IV DV Analysis1 Nominal 1 Nominal Chi-Square Independence Test1 Nominal/Ordinal (2 levels) 1 Scale Independent-Samples T- test1 Nominal/Ordinal (>= 2 levels) 1 Scale ANOVA1 Scale 1 Scale Pearson Correlation

Which test?

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Gender and Happiness

l1 Scale

DVDVVDDV1 Nom

ppp

Independent-Samples T test

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Analyze Compare Means Independent-Samples T test

T test (cont.)

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Assumption of equal variances holdsCohen’s d = 0.553 (Mean difference/ ((SD1

2 + SD22)/2))

The result suggests that male participants (M = 14.15, SD = 3.282) reported a significantly higher level of happiness than the female participants (M = 12.25, SD = 3.569), t(429) = 5.632, p < .001, d = .553

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(S(S(S(S(SS(S(S(S(S(SD12 + SD

ts ((((((((((MMMMMMMMMMM = 14ppinesesssssssssssssssssssss t

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>0.2 = small>0.5 = medium>0.8 = large

anc

“ RResearch Question 3

Do respondents with different field of study report different level of happiness?

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IV DV Analysis1 Nominal 1 Nominal Chi-Square Independence Test1 Nominal/Ordinal (2 levels) 1 Scale Independent-Samples T- test1 Nominal/Ordinal (>= 2 levels) 1 Scale ANOVA1 Scale 1 Scale Pearson Correlation

IV

OrdinOrdin

Which test?

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Major_G3 and Happiness DVDVVDDV

NomScaleScale

ANOVA

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Analyze Compare Means One- Way ANOVA

ANOVA (cont.)

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Assumption of equal variances holds² = 0.042 (SSbetween groups / SStotal)

ANOVA shows a main effect of field of study on level of happiness, F(2, 430) = 9.376, p < .001, ² = .042. Post- hoc analyses suggest respondents majoring in Science indicate a highest level of HP than the History major and Education major counterpart.

NOVA (cont.)

mption of equaalllll vavavvavavavavavavvavariances holds.042 (SSSSSS(( betwbetbetbebebebebebebebe eenSSSSSSSS groups / SSSS totalSS )

VAA shshshshshshshshshshshoooowo s a main effect of field of study on level of happiness, F(2FF , 43001 ² 042 P t h l t d t j i i S i

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0) 9 30i F 2FF 430i 0F 2FF 430F 2FF

Assuuummmmmm² 0

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tsummAsAsAsAsAsAsAssusususususususususususuummmmmmptitititittittittitttiooononononononononnono

>0.01 = small>0.06 = medium>0.14 = large

“ RResearch Question 4

Is there relationship between happiness and level of income?

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IV DV Analysis1 Nominal 1 Nominal Chi-Square Independence Test1 Nominal/Ordinal (2 levels) 1 Scale Independent-Samples T- test1 Nominal/Ordinal (>= 2 levels) 1 Scale ANOVA1 Scale 1 Scale Pearson Correlation

minalminal/Orminal/Orle

Which test?

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Salary and Happiness

1 N1 Sc

s) 1 Sc1 Sc

p

Pearson Correlation

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Analyze Correlate Bivariate

Correlation (cont.)

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Pearson correlation was run to determine the relationship between level of income and level of happiness. A significantly strong and positive correlation was noted, r(417) = .525, p < .001

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> 0.1 = small> 0.3 = medium> 0.5 = large

Important!!!

Always check if your data fulfill all assumptions of analyses

Don’t get caught up in statistics

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3. Resources

Library

SPSS 25 are installed in L2 Academic Commons and L4 MLCData Analysis Room: http:/ / library.hkbu.edu.hk/ forms/dar.html

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Useful Websites

https:/ /www.spss- tutorials.com/basics/https:/ /statistics.laerd.com/https:/ /stats.idre.ucla.edu/http:/ /www.statisticshowto.com/

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THANKS! Any questions?

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