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SPORTS INJURY:MANAGEMENT AND
PREVENTION
Republic of the PhilippinesDepartment of Education
Region VI – Western VisayasDIVISION OF ANTIQUE
San Jose, Antique
ANGELMAR F. CORDOVA, RN
JOFRED M. MARTINEZ, MAN, RN
SPORTS INJURY:injuries that most commonly occur during sports or exercise
COMMON CAUSES:accidents, poor training practices, improper equipment, lack of conditioning, insufficient warm-up and stretching
COMMON INJURIESDISLOCATIO
NBRUISE
SPRAIN
FRACTURECONCUSSIO
N
injury to the brain
joint displaced
soft tissue injuryoverstretched
ligamentcracked or broken
bone
INJURY DIAGNOSISTALK
OBSERVETOUCH
ACTIVE MOVEMENTS
PASSIVE MOVEMENTS
SKILLS TEST
ACUTE INJURIES
Acute injuries occur when there is sudden stress on the body.Three main causes:1. Collisions with
opponents or obstacles.
2. Being struck by an object.
3. Falling from a height or at speed.
CHRONIC INJURIES
Chronic injuries are caused by continuous stress on a body part over a long time.
Caused by training too hard, not allowing time for recovery, poor footwear and bad technique.
Overuse injuries occur due to repeated powerful muscle movements.
P.R.I.C.E. MANAGEMENT
RESTICE
COMPRESSION
ELEVATION
PROTECTION
NO H.A.R.M.
HEATALCOHOLRUNNINGMASSAGE
HARD & SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
Hard tissue injuries
are bone injuries.
Soft tissue injuries involve damage to
skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments
or cartilage.
Tendons Vs Ligament
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
• An open injury means that the skin has been broken – blood usually escapes. • Open injuries include cuts, grazes, blisters and chafing.• A closed injury occurs beneath the skin – there is no external bleeding. • Closed injuries include bruising, pulls, strains and sprains.
OPEN INJURIES
Cuts require immediate attention to stop bleeding and
allow the blood to clot.
Grazes or abrasions where skin is
scraped off the body, need to be
cleaned carefully.
OPEN INJURIES
Blisters are caused by the
skin rubbing on other surfaces.
Chafing is caused by ill-fitting clothing or material.
CLOSED INJURIES
Bruises occur when small blood vessels are damaged by an
impact or sudden wrenching movement.
CLOSED INJURIES
Sprains occur when ligaments at joints get stretched and
torn.
Strained muscles result from muscles being suddenly and
forcefully overstretched.
CLOSED INJURIES
A dislocation occurs when a bone is pulled or twisted out
of place at a joint.
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
BLISTERSPRAIN WITH TORN
LIGAMENTSSPRAIN WITH STRECHED
LIGAMENTSSTRAINED MUSCLE
BRUISING
BAD CUT
DISLOCATION
1234567
MOST SEVERE
LEAST SEVERE
HARD TISSUE INJURIES
Hard tissue injuries are bone fractures – the bone either cracks or breaks. Fractures lead to: bruising and swelling pain due to nerve
damage the limb or area of the
body where the break is becomes immobile
if it is a bad fracture, the area will look obviously deformed.
UNCONSCIOUSNESSConcussion is a common cause of unconsciousness while playing sport.Common causes:1.Fainting 2.Head injury 3.Heart attack or
stroke4.Asphyxia 5.Shock
D.R.A.B.C. MANAGEMENT
RESPONSEAIRWAY
BREATHINGCIRCULATION
DANGER
CAUSES AND TREATMENTS
BLISTER
FRACTURE
CONCUSSION
SPRAIN
Impact breaks bone
Wrenching force tears ligaments
Rubbing on the skin
Brain injured by blow to the head
P.R.I.C.E.
D.R.A.B.C. and go to the hospital
immobilize limb and go to hospital
keep clean and do not burst
INJURY PREVENTION• Training,
competing at appropriate venues & surfaces, with adequate clothing, footwear and protective equipment.
• Correcting poor technique or biomechanical alignment abnormalities
COMPLETE EXERCISE PROGRAM
STAGE ACTIVITY TIME
WARM-UPslow walk,
calisthenics, jog in place
5-10 minutes
STRETCHING up to down 20-60 minutes
ACTIVE EXERCISE
cycling, running, dancing, etc. 5-10 minutes
WARM DOWN
slow walk, calisthenics, jog in place
5-10 minutes
STRETCHING down to up 5-10 minutes
ADDITIONAL TIPS• Drink enough water
based on activity and temperature levels
• Educate athletes on proper nutrition for performance
• Supervise equipment maintenance
• Encourage athletes to speak with an athletic trainer, coach or physician if they are having any pain.
ADDITIONAL TIPS
• Enforcing warm-up and cool down routines• Encouraging proper
strength training routines• Mandating pre-
competition physical exams
PREVENTION AND
TREATMENT OFHEAT-RELATED
ILLNESSES
Republic of the PhilippinesDepartment of Education
Region VI – Western VisayasDIVISION OF ANTIQUE
San Jose, Antique
ANGELMAR F. CORDOVA, RN
Increased activity • Increased Metabolic Rate & Increased Heat Production
Heat-related illnesses •More heat is created than the body can dissipate.
HEAT RELATED ILLNESSES
HEAT RELATED ILLNESSES
HEAT STRESSCharacterised as:• Increased heart rate• Increased blood pressure• Dizziness• Restlessness• Fatigue• Emotional lability•Mild changes in mentation
HEAT RELATED ILLNESSES
HEAT CRAMPSThe most common type of heat-related illnessesManifested by:• Muscle spasms• Weakness• Fatigue• Nausea and vomiting• Tachycardic but with a frequently normal blood pressure• Euthermic
MODERATE FORMS OF HEAT RELATED
ILLNESSES
MODERATE FORMS OF HEAT RELATED
ILLNESSES
• Dehydration (water loss)• Diarrhea & antidiarrhea
medications• Exposure to high
temperatures at night • Fatigue (it takes work to
lose heat)• Improper work procedures• Lack of acclimatization• Loss of sleep• Obesity• Age (over 40 years of age)
• Medications that inhibit sweating, such as antihistamines, cold remedies, diuretics, tranquilizers, etc.
• Previous occurrence of heat stroke
• Poor physical conditioning• Recent immunization (they can
give you a fever)• Recent drug or alcohol use
(within 24 Hours)• Skin trauma (heat rash or
sunburn)• Wrong type of clothing – tight
clothes restrict circulation and keep air from flowing over the skin
FACTORS AFFECTING HEAT RELATED
ILLNESSES
General Measures - rest, cooling, and hydrationThe treatment of minor heat-related illnesses involves:• fluid replacement with any commercially available sport
beverages or a solution of 0.1% saline solution prepared by adding two 10-grain salt tablets to 1 L of water
• ice massage and continued static stretching for heat cramps
The treatment of heat exhaustion and heat stroke include:• Discontinuation of activity• Immediately place the athlete in a cool shaded area• Maximise external cooling• Rehydration using intravenous fluids (dextrose and saline)• Vital signs and clinical status monitoring including
consciousness and urinary output• Aim therapeutic intervention at specific pathologic sequelae
TREATMENT GUIDELINES
EDUCATION• Understand that the heat produced during exercise
cannot be readily dissipated from the body in a hot and/or humid environment.• Exercise intensity should be moderated in a hot and/or
humid environment.• Warm up in the shade to avoid raising body temperature
too high and too soon • Rest in the shade in between competition events.• Practice sessions under such conditions should be
limited to very moderate workouts or be cancelled altogether.
CLOTHING.• Wear minimal and loose-fitting clothing in order to
promote heat loss.
PREVENTION GUIDELINES
HYDRATION• Maintain proper hydration during practice and competition:• Weigh in without clothes before and after exercise. The athlete must
drink 2 cups of fluids for every pound of body weight lost during exercise.
• Athlete must drink a rehydration beverage containing sodium to quickly replenish lost body fluids. 6 to 8 percent glucose or sucrose should be present in the beverage.
• 2 ½ cups of fluid should be taken two hours before practice or competition.
• 1-½ cups of fluid should be taken 15 minutes before the event.• The general goal during any physical activity is to drink 20-40 ounces
per hour of a cool, palatable, non-carbonated beverage. Athlete should drink at least 1 cup of fluid every 15-20 minutes during training and competition.
• Fluids should not be restricted before or during an event.• Beverages containing caffeine and alcohol should be avoided because
they increase urine production and add to dehydration.• Drink at least 2 cups (16 ounces) per 1 pound of body weight lost during
activity. An additional 8 ounces (24 ounces total per pound) may be necessary in order to compensate for urine losses as the athlete is rehydrating.
PREVENTION GUIDELINES
FITNESS• Physical training and heat acclimation provide a
more sensitive heat dissipation response to increased core body temperature by expanding blood volume.• The pre-season regimen for competitive events
held under hot and/or humid conditions should be preceded by one-to-two weeks of conditioning.• People at risk should avoid extremes of heat or
activitySPECIAL CONSIDERATION: • CHILDREN’S RESPONSES TO EXERCISE IN THE HEAT.
PREVENTION GUIDELINES
Characteristic:• Metabolic heat of locomotion• Sweating rate per m2 skin• Sweating rate per gland• Sweating threshold• Population density of HASG
(heat-activated sweat glands)• Cardiac output/L O2 uptake• Blood flow to skin• Sweat NaCl content• Sweat lactate and H+• Exercise tolerance time• Acclimatisation to heat• Core temperature rise with
dehydration
Typical for children vs. adults:
• Higher• Lower• Much lower• Higher• Higher
• Lower• Higher• Lower• Higher• Shorter• Slower• Faster
PREVENTION GUIDELINES
• When compared with adolescents and adults, children produce more heat relative to body mass during activities such as walking and running, they have a low sweating capacity, and their core body temperature rises at a higher rate during dehydration.• The above-mentioned differences do not
interfere with the children’s ability to sustain exercise unless climatic heat stress is extreme.• Certain childhood diseases may enhance
the risk for a heat-related illness.
PREVENTION GUIDELINES
• Children do not drink enough when offered fluids during exercise in the heat. In order to prevent or reduce “voluntary dehydration” in children, they should be encouraged to drink above and beyond thirst at frequent intervals, e.g., every 20 minutes as recommended by Dr. Bar-Or and associates. • A child 10 years old or younger should drink
until he or she does not feel thirsty and should then drink an additional half a glass (100-125 mL).• Older children and adolescents should drink a
full glass extra.• Allow children to leave the playing field
periodically in order to drink as the rules may permit.
PREVENTION GUIDELINES
Thank You"Remember this. Hold on to
this. This is the only perfection there is, the perfection of helping others. This is the only thing we can do that has any lasting meaning. This is why we're here."
Andre Agassi, award-winning professional
tennis player (1986-2006)
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