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The Parts of Speech
• Nouns• Pronouns• Verbs• Adjectives• Adverbs• Prepositions• Conjunctions• Interjections
What is a Noun?
• A word used to name a person, animal, place, thing and abstract idea.
• Types of nouns:- common nouns - proper nouns- concrete nouns - abstract nouns- countable nouns - non-countable nouns
(mass nouns)- collective nouns - compound nouns
• Common nouns– Refer to a person, place, or thing in general
sense– E.g. people, city, river…
• Proper nouns– Write with a capital letter– Represent the name of a specific person, place,
or thing– E.g. Christopher, Kuala Lumpur, Mississippi
River…
• Concrete nouns– Refer to anything (or anyone) that you
can perceive through your physical senses
– E.g. book, chair, clerk
• Abstract nouns– Refer to anything that you cannot
perceive through your physical senses– E.g. childhood, happiness, love…
• Countable nouns– Can be in singular or plural forms– Refer to anything (or anyone) that you
can count– E.g. table, tables, baby, babies…
• Non-Countable nouns (Mass nouns)– Does not have a plural form– Refer to something you could not count– E.g. oxygen, water…
• Collective nouns– Refer to a group of things, animals, or
persons– Usually think the group as a unit – E.g. class, committee, swarm…
• Compound nouns– A noun made up of 2 or more words– E.g. shoelace, keyboard, flashlight…
Possessive nouns
• A noun changes its forms to show that it owns or is closely related to something else.
• Nouns > Possessive nouns– Add apostrophe [’] and the letter [s]
• Singular noun that does not end with ‘s’ Cassandra - Cassandra’s friend - friend’s
• Singular noun that ends with ‘s’ Chris - Chris’s / Chris’ bus - bus’s / bus’
• Plural noun that does not end with ‘s’ children - children’s sheep - sheep’s
• Plural noun that ends with ‘s’ dogs - dogs’ babies - babies’
Noun Plurals• Most nouns change their forms by adding ‘-s’
– E.g. dog - dogsbus - buses
• Nouns that end with -s, -ch, -sh, -x, or -z, add ‘-es’– E.g. witness - witnesses
church - churchesdish - dishesbox - boxesbuzz - buzzes
• Nouns that end with -y and the letter before -y is a vowel, add ‘-s’- e.g. boy - boys
key - keys
• Nouns that end with -y and the letter before -y is a consonant, change -y to -I and add ‘-es’- e.g. army - armies
baby - babies
• Nouns that end with -ff, add ‘-s’- e.g. tariff - tariffs
• Nouns that end with -f or -fe:- Some become plural by replacing -f to
-v and adding -s or -es• E.g. knife - knives wife - wives
half - halves leaf - leaves
- Some become plural by only adding -s• E.g. belief - beliefs proof - proofs
Noun Gender
• Masculine– E.g. Peter, actor, waiter…
• Feminine– E.g. Sarah, actress, waitress…
• Common– E.g. teacher, doctor,
engineer…
• Neuter– E.g. table, chair, book…
What is a Verb?
• Assert something about the subject of the sentence
• Express actions, events, or states of being
• Action verbs, Compound verbs, Auxiliary verbs, Linking verbs
• Action verbs: identify physical or mental activities– Dracula bites his victims on the neck
• Auxiliary verbs: is, are, was, were, will…
• Compound verbs: combination of auxiliary verb and action verb– The book Seema was looking for is under the sofa.
• Linking verbs: connects a subject to a subject complement which identifies or describes the subject.– The play is Waiting for Godot.
What is an Adverb?
• a word or phrase that modifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word-group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc.
• Usually identifiable by ‘ly’ suffix: unfortunately, quickly, beautifully…– Unfortunately, the bank closed at three today.– The students waited patiently through the long
hours.– He turned up unexpectedly.
Conjunctive Adverbs
• To join two clauses together.• Common conjunctive adverbs:
– hence, however, therefore, then, thus, nevertheless, consequently, finally…
• With the aid of semicolon [;]– He did not have all the ingredients the
recipe called for; therefore, he decided to make something else.
What is a Pronoun?• Can replace a noun or another pronoun.
• To make your sentences less cumbersome and less repetitive
• Personal pronoun, demonstrative pronoun, interrogative pronoun, indefinite pronoun, relative pronoun, reflexive pronoun, intensive pronoun
Personal Pronoun
• Personal Pronouns
– refer to a specific person or thing and changes its form to indicate person, number, gender and case
• Subjective Personal Pronouns
– The pronoun is acting as the subject of the sentence: I, you, she, he, it, we, they
– They returned to their homeland.
• Objective Personal Pronouns
– The pronoun is acting as the object: me, you, her, him, it, us, them
– Give the list to me.
• Possessive Personal Pronouns
– The pronoun is acting as a marker of possession and defines who owns a particular object or person: mine, yours, hers, his, its, ours, theirs
– The smallest gift is mine.
• Demonstrative Pronouns– Identifies a noun or pronoun: this, that, these, those
– Subject or object
• That is the tree I want.
• Three customers wanted these.
• Interrogative Pronouns– Used to ask questions: who, whom, which, what
[compounds formed with the suffix “ever”: whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever
• Who wrote the novel?
• Relative Pronouns– Link one phrase or clause to another phrase or clause: who,
that, which…
• You may invite whomever you like to the party.
• Indefinite Pronouns– Referring to an identifiable but not specified person or thing.
– Conveys ideas of all, any, none, or some; any, anybody, everything, someone…
– Everything was thrown on the floor.
• Reflexive Pronouns– To refer back to the subject of the clause or sentence:
myself, yourself, themselves…• We ended up painting the apartment ourselves.
• Intensive Pronouns– To emphasize its antecedent: myself, yourself,
themselves…• I myself believe that aliens should abduct my brother.
ADJECTIVES
• An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun
• It describes a quality or state of an object, usually relating to taste, colour, size, shape or judgments.– E.g. pretty, ugly, good, bad…
Categories of Adjectives
• Possessive Adjectives– Refer to the owners– My, your, her, his, their, its, our
• Those are their bags.• Our house is on the hill.
• Demonstrative Adjectives– Point out which person or thing is being described– This, these, that, those
• That studio is close.• These cows need some care.
• Quantitative / Indefinite Adjectives– To show how much of the thing is being
described– Many, few, several, some…
• She wants some salt.• They lost all their property.
• Descriptive Adjectives– To show the kind or quality of persons or
things– Thin, dirty, short, wet…
• That tall building is for sale.• She bought a beautiful painting.
• Interrogative Adjectives– Used with nouns to ask questions.– Which, what, whose
• What method did you use?• Which car did he buy?
CONJUCTIONS• Used to link words, phrases, clauses or
sentences.
• Coordinating conjunctions– To link 2 individual unit of the same category (2
words, 2 phrases, 2 clauses)– And, but, or, yet…
• Jude and Susie saved the boy. (nouns)• My sister did not call or write to my parents. (verbs)• The game was good but slow. (adjectives)• Twenty-three plants were planted, but only twenty are
alive. (clauses)
• Subordinating Conjunctions– To join and show the relationship between
dependent clauses and independent clauses.
– After, although, because, before, since, until…
• Unless you save some money, you will not be able to buy a car.
• If my father comes before ten, he will take us to the library.
• Correlative Conjunctions– Appear in pairs– Link equivalent sentence elements– Either…or, neither…nor, so…as, not
only…but also, whether…or,…• The customer wanted either a soft drink or a hot
drink.• The landslide destroyed not only the bungalow
but also the fruit trees.
PREPOSITIONS
• To show relationship between a noun or pronoun that follows it, and another word in the same sentence.
• To show the position of a subject or where it is located.
• Simple prepositions– In, on, till, with, at, for, from, up, out…
• Compound prepositions– Among, inside, outside, across,
without, around, below…
• Phrasal prepositions– Instead of, in comparison to, in favour
of, with references to…
Functions of Prepositions
• Time– To indicate the time or duration of the
activities• We have to wait until the meeting is over.
• Place or position– To indicate the place of the activities
• The competitors are from Brunei.
• Direction– To indicate the direction of the verb
• She is going down the hill.
• Manner– To indicate the manner or the verb
• I sang the song with courage.
• Similarity– To indicate similarity between a comparison
• He talks like a professor.
• Agent– To act as an agent
• The movie was directed by Samson.
• Measure– To show the amount or rate
• She is shorter than you by 4cm.
• Accompaniment– To show accompaniment
• Can you go with him?
• Reason– To show cause or reason
• He was late because of the rain.
• Possession– To show possession
• Their players are with yellow shorts.
DETERMINERS
• Words that ‘determine’ nouns• Articles
– a / an ( indefinite articles)• a: consonants• an: vowels
– the (definite articles)• I want a book.• I want the book.
• Demonstratives– Refer to something that is known and specific– Point out the thing that a noun refers to.– This, that, these, those
• This is our house.• Those boys come here every Friday.
• Possessives– Used before nouns to indicate ownership– My, your, his, her, its, our, their
• This is my car.
• WH-determiners– To indicate that noun phrase is the focus of
questions– Which (persons & things)
• Which is your bicycle?• Which boy are you referring to?
– Whose (possessive form of who & which)• I don’t care whose fault it was.
– What (things only)• What is your ambition?
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