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Chapter Introduction

Section 1: Nixon’s Foreign Policy

Section 2: Nixon and Watergate

Section 3: The Carter Presidency

Visual Summary

Chapter Intro

Nixon’s Foreign Policy

Essential Question What were President Nixon’s main goals in foreign policy, and how did he work to achieve them?

Chapter Intro

Nixon and Watergate

Essential Question What were President Nixon’s major domestic challenges in the 1970s?

Chapter Intro

The Carter Presidency

Essential Question What major foreign affairs issues did President Carter face during his presidency, and how did he deal with them?

Chapter Time Line

Chapter Time Line

Chapter Preview-End

Section 1-Essential Question

What were President Nixon’s main goals in foreign policy, and how did he work to achieve them?

Section 1-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• détente

• balance of power

• embargo

Academic Vocabulary

• relax

• technology

Reading Guide

Section 1-Key Terms

Key People and Events

• Henry Kissinger

• Zhou Enlai

• Leonid Brezhnev

• Golda Meir

• Anwar el-Sadat

Reading Guide (cont.)

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1-Polling Question

Rate your agreement with the following statement: People of very different backgrounds can live together peacefully.

A. Strongly agree

B. Somewhat agree

C. Somewhat disagree

D. Strongly disagree 0% 0%0%0%

Section 1

Easing the Cold War

President Nixon sought to ease Cold War tensions by improving relations with the Soviet Union and China.

Section 1

• President Nixon hoped to build a more stable, peaceful world by reaching out to the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China.

• To help him in this task, Nixon appointed Henry Kissinger as his national security adviser.

• Kissinger and Nixon believed that foreign policies should be based on national interests rather than political beliefs.

Easing the Cold War (cont.)

Section 1

• Nixon followed a policy of détente—attempts at relaxing international tensions—but realized détente would work only if a balance of power existed.

• In February 1972, Nixon and China’s premier Zhou Enlai agreed to allow greater scientific and cultural exchange and to resume trade.

• Nixon followed his trip to China with a visit to Moscow in May 1972.

Easing the Cold War (cont.)

Section 1

• The Soviets—led by Leonid Brezhnev—wanted to prevent a Chinese-American alliance and hoped to buy United States technology.

• While in Moscow, Nixon signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, which restricted the number of certain types of nuclear missiles.

Easing the Cold War (cont.)

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

0% 0%0%0%

Secret talks between American and Chinese officials were known as which type of diplomacy?

A. Soccer

B. Football

C. Ping-Pong

D. Baseball

Section 1

The Middle East

Nixon’s foreign policy included easing Arab-Israeli tensions in the Middle East.

Section 1

• President Nixon’s foreign policy aimed to maintain world stability without being drawn into regional disputes.

• Tensions between Israel and the Arab states erupted in war.

The Middle East (cont.)

– In 1967 the “Six-Day War” broke out.

– The Yom Kippur War erupted in 1973.

Section 1

• Angered by the U.S. support of Israel, Arab oil-producing states placed an embargo on oil to the United States and other “non-friendly” nations.

• Kissinger engaged in shuttle diplomacy—traveling back and forth among Middle Eastern Capitals—trying to resolve the oil crisis and forging lasting peace.

The Middle East (cont.)

Section 1

• Early in 1974, Golda Meir and Anwar el-Sadat agreed to separate Israeli and Egyptian forces in the Sinai Peninsula.

The Middle East (cont.)

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

0% 0%0%0%

What was the outcome of the 1967 Six-Day War?

A. More Palestinian refugees

B. Long lines at U.S. gas pumps

C. Improved U.S. relations with Egypt

D. Egyptian control of the Sinai Peninsula

Section 1

Latin America

The Nixon administration continued the effort to halt the spread of communism in Latin America.

Section 1

• In 1970 the country of Chile elected Salvador Allende, a Marxist, as president.

• The United States, angered by Allende’s takeover of American companies, decided to undermine the Allende government.

• In 1973, with the backing of the Central Intelligence Agency, a group of Chilean military leaders under General Augusto Pinochet overthrew the government and killed Allende.

Latin America (cont.)

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

0% 0%0%0%

What government agency backed the revolution in Chile?

A. The Central Intelligence Agency

B. The Secret Service

C. The Federal Bureau of Investigation

D. The U.S. military

Section 1-End

Section 2-Essential Question

What were President Nixon’s major domestic challenges in the 1970s?

Section 2-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• revenue sharing

• affirmative action

• tight money policy

• deficit

• executive privilege

• impeach

• amnesty

Academic Vocabulary

• energy • controversy

Reading Guide

Section 2-Key Terms

Key People and Events

• New Federalism

• Watergate

• Sam Ervin

• Gerald R. Ford

Reading Guide (cont.)

A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 2-Polling Question

In general, how honest do you feel most politicians are?

A. Always honest

B. Moderately honest

C. Never honest

0% 0%0%

Section 2

Nixon’s Domestic Program

The Nixon administration sought to reduce the role of the federal government in American life.

Section 2

• Nixon thought the federal courts should be tougher on criminals and appointed Supreme Court justices he hoped would support his views.

• Wanting to reduce federal involvement in people’s lives and to cut federal spending, Nixon introduced a program called the New Federalism.

Nixon’s Domestic Program (cont.)

– Revenue sharing with state and local governments became law in 1972.

Section 2

• On civil rights issues, Nixon took a conservative position aimed at appealing to white voters.

– However, he also tried to integrate schools and promote affirmative action.

Nixon’s Domestic Program (cont.)

Section 2

• While attempting to change the direction of government, President Nixon had to deal with serious economic problems such as unemployment and inflation.

– First, Nixon cut federal spending and called for a tight money policy.

– Next, he temporarily froze wages and prices and issued guidelines for any future increases.

Nixon’s Domestic Program (cont.)

Section 2

– Last, he increased federal spending to stimulate the economy, which created a budget deficit.

Nixon’s Domestic Program (cont.)

A. A

B. B

Section 2

Did Nixon vow to reduce or increase the government’s role in people’s lives?

A. Reduce

B. Increase

0%0%

Section 2

Reelection and Watergate

During his second term, President Nixon was involved in a political scandal that forced him to resign.

Section 2

• As the 1972 election neared, Nixon had doubts about his chances for reelection.

• In their efforts to win the election, the president and his advisers sometimes crossed the boundaries of the law.

• The Democrats’ lack of unity, combined with an upsurge in the economy and the prospect of peace in Vietnam, led to a landslide victory for Nixon.

Reelection and Watergate (cont.)

Section 2

• During Nixon’s second term, severe economic problems confronted the nation.

– The president imposed measures to save oil and urged Americans to conserve energy.

Reelection and Watergate (cont.)

• In June 1972, Nixon’s reelection committee had five men break into the Democratic Party’s office at the Watergate apartment-office complex in Washington, D.C.

The Path of Watergate

Section 2

• Starting in May 1973, the Senate hearings on Watergate, chaired by Senator Sam Ervin, revealed the inner workings of the Nixon White House.

• President Nixon claimed executive privilege and refused to hand over secret tapes that recorded his conversations while in office.

• The Supreme Court ruled that the president had to turn over all of the tapes, and Nixon complied.

Reelection and Watergate (cont.)

Section 2

• Several days later, the House Judiciary Committee voted to impeach Nixon, and on August 9, 1974, Nixon resigned his office in disgrace.

• In the middle of the turmoil, Vice President Spiro Agnew was charged with taking bribes while governor of Maryland.

• Gerald R. Ford became the new vice president and the new president soon afterward.

Reelection and Watergate (cont.)

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

0% 0%0%0%

Against whom did Nixon run in the 1972 election?

A. Hubert Humphrey

B. Edmund Muskie

C. George McGovern

D. Gerald Ford

Section 2

A Time for Healing

President Ford set out to unite the nation after the Watergate scandal.

Section 2

• Gerald Ford’s pardon of Nixon and his offer of amnesty to men who illegally avoided military service during the Vietnam War stirred controversy.

• Ford and Kissinger extended the policy of détente with the Soviet Union and worked to improve relations with China.

A Time for Healing (cont.)

Section 2

• To attempt to solve the country’s economic troubles, Ford launched voluntary wage and price controls, tried to cut government spending, and passed a tax cut.

– Despite his efforts, Ford could not solve the nation’s economic woes.

A Time for Healing (cont.)

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

0% 0%0%0%

Ford promised amnesty to men who illegally avoided which war?

A. World War I

B. World War II

C. The Korean War

D. The Vietnam war

Section 2-End

Section 3-Essential Question

What major foreign affairs issues did President Carter face during his presidency, and how did he deal with them?

Section 3-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• trade deficit

• human rights

• apartheid

• fundamentalist

Academic Vocabulary

• integrity

• exceed

Reading Guide

Section 3-Key Terms

Key People and Events

• Ronald Reagan

• Jimmy Carter

• Three Mile Island

• Camp David Accords

Reading Guide (cont.)

A. A

B. B

Section 3-Polling Question

Would you prefer a president who seems average and accessible, or one who seems official and distant?

A. Average and accessible

B. Official and distant

0%0%

Section 3

An Informal Presidency

President Carter faced a weakened economy and a growing energy crisis.

Section 3

• In the 1976 election President Ford faced a challenge for the Republican nomination from California governor Ronald Reagan.

• Jimmy Carter—the Democratic candidate—stressed his integrity, his religious faith, and his standing as an outsider.

An Informal Presidency (cont.)

– Carter won in a close election, gaining 50.1 percent of the popular vote.

Election of 1976

Section 3

• As American money paid for overseas oil, the nation faced a growing trade deficit—the value of foreign imports exceeded the value of American exports.

• In April 1977, Carter presented a National Energy Plan to resolve the energy crisis, but Congress would only pass a weakened version of the plan.

An Informal Presidency (cont.)

Economics & History

Section 3

• In March 1979, a major accident occurred at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant, and an antinuclear protest movement soon spread.

An Informal Presidency (cont.)

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

0% 0%0%0%

What kind of tone did Carter set as president?

A. Regal

B. Down-to-earth

C. Private

D. Eccentric

Section 3

Foreign Affairs

President Carter had some foreign policy successes but faced a growing crisis in the Middle Eastern country of Iran.

Section 3

• Carter based his foreign policy on human rights.

– For example, Carter condemned South Africa for its policy of apartheid.

Foreign Affairs (cont.)

Section 3

• Carter signed two treaties that turned the Panama Canal over to Panama by the year 2000, but ensured that the canal would remain a neutral waterway open to all shipping.

• In an attempt to bring peace to the Middle East, President Carter, Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin, and Egyptian president Anwar el-Sadat reached an agreement known as the Camp David Accords.

Foreign Affairs (cont.)

Section 3

• The president signed a second Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, but any hope of Senate approval ended in December 1979 when the Soviets invaded Afghanistan.

• In January 1979, Islamic fundamentalists forced Iran’s leader to flee Iran. The new leader, Ayatollah Khomeini, was hostile to the United States.

Foreign Affairs (cont.)

Section 3

• In November 1979, Iranian students stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage.

• Ronald Reagan swept to victory in the presidential election of 1980 with an electoral vote margin of 489 to 49.

Foreign Affairs (cont.)

Turbulence to Transformation: The Election of 1980

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

0% 0%0%0%

Why were the Ayatollah Khomeini and his supporters hostile to the United States?

A. Carter ordered sanctions against Iran.

B. U.S. policies were based on human rights.

C. American leaders supported the shah.

D. Carter condemned the practice of apartheid.

Section 3-End

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Vocab1

détente 

a policy which attempts to relax or ease tensions between nations

Vocab2

balance of power 

the distribution of power among nations so that no single nation can dominate or interfere with another

Vocab3

embargo 

an order prohibiting trade with another country

Vocab4

relax 

to ease

Vocab5

technology 

the use of science in commerce and industry

Vocab6

revenue sharing 

money raised from federal taxes and given to the states for use at the state and local levels

Vocab7

affirmative action 

an active effort to improve educational and employment opportunities for minority groups and women

Vocab8

tight money policy 

the practice of raising interest rates to slow personal spending

Vocab9

deficit 

the shortage that occurs when spending is greater than income

Vocab10

executive privilege 

President Nixon’s belief that all White House conversations should be kept secret to protect national security

Vocab11

impeach 

to formally charge a public official with misconduct in office

Vocab12

amnesty 

the granting of pardon to a large number of persons; protection from prosecution for an illegal act

Vocab13

energy 

source of usable power

Vocab14

controversy 

arguments between opposing viewpoints

Vocab15

trade deficit 

the situation when the value of a country’s foreign imports exceeds the value of its exports

Vocab16

human rights 

rights regarded as belonging to all persons, such as freedom from unlawful imprisonment, torture, and execution

Vocab17

apartheid 

racial separation and economic and political discrimination against nonwhites, a policy formerly practiced in the Republic of South Africa

Vocab18

fundamentalist 

a person who believes in the literal meaning of religious texts and follows strict obedience to religious laws

Vocab19

integrity 

moral character

Vocab20

exceed 

to be greater; to go beyond

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