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Chapter Introduction

Section 1: Migration to the Americas

Section 2: Cities and Empires

Section 3: North American Peoples

Visual Summary

Chapter Intro

Migration to the Americas

Essential Question How did agriculture change the lives of early people?

Chapter Intro

Cities and Empires

Essential Question How did the early civilizations of Mexico and Central America develop socially, politically, and economically?

Chapter Intro

North American Peoples

Essential Question How was the way of life of the Native Americans of North America related to their environment?

Chapter Time Line

Chapter Preview-End

Section 1-Essential Question

How did agriculture change the lives of early people?

Section 1-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• archaeology

• artifact

• nomad

• migration

• maize

• carbon dating

• culture

Academic Vocabulary

• source

• estimate

Reading Guide

Section 1-Key Terms

Key People and Events

• Ice Age

Reading Guide (cont.)

Section 1-Polling Question

Which do you believe came first, agriculture or culture?

A. Agriculture

B. Culture

Section 1

The Journey From Asia

The first Americans were hunters and gatherers who came from Asia and spread throughout the Americas.

Section 1

• Archaeologists, experts in archaeology, believe that many early peoples reached the Americas by crossing a strip of land known as Beringia, which was exposed during the last Ice Age.

• As the centuries passed, many people migrated across Beringia and spread out across the Americas.

The Journey From Asia (cont.)

Prehistoric Migrations to the Americas

Section 1

• The earliest Americans were nomads who were skilled at hunting large animals such as the wooly mammoth.

• Eventually these mammals began to die out, and early Americans had to find other sources of food.

The Journey From Asia (cont.)

Section 1

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During which period of time was the land bridge known as Beringia exposed?

A. Ice Age

B. Renaissance

C. Viking Age

D. Victorian Era

Section 1

Settling Down

Agriculture changed the way of life for early Americans.

Section 1

• Agriculture began in the Americas about 9,000 years ago as people living in what is now Mexico learned to plant and raise maize.

• Using a method called carbon dating to study artifacts, scientists know that permanent settlements arose about 5,000 years ago.

Settling Down (cont.)

Section 1

• Over time, the groups of people living in settlements developed their own cultures.

Settling Down (cont.)

Section 1

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Which of the following was NOT a crop grown by early Americans?

A. Maize

B. Oranges

C. Pumpkins

D. Beans

Section 1-End

How did the early civilizations of Mexico and Central America develop socially, politically, and economically?

Section 2-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• civilization

• theocracy

• hieroglyphics

• Quechua

• quipu

• terrace

Academic Vocabulary

• complex

• link

Reading Guide

Section 2-Key Terms

• Olmec

• Maya

• Aztec

• Inca

Which of the following do you think is most important in the successful development of a civilization?

A. A system of writing

B. Advancements in agriculture

C. Advancements in architecture

D. A powerful military A B C D

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Section 2

The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec

The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec civilizations of Mexico and Central America flourished long before the arrival of Europeans.

Section 2

• Long before the Europeans arrived in the early 1500s, several civilizations arose in what is now Mexico and Central America.

• These civilizations developed complex systems for the following:

The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec (cont.)

– Writing

– Counting

– Tracking time Maya Mathematics

Section 2

• The three largest and most advanced of the early civilizations were the:

– Olmec

– Maya

– Aztec

Civilizations of Mexico and Central America

Section 2

• Facts about the Olmec:

– Farmers produced enough food to sustain cities containing thousands of people.

– Workers sculpted large stone monuments and built stone pavements and drainage systems.

Section 2

• Facts about the Maya:

– Each city had at least one stone pyramid.

– Their civilization was a theocracy.

– They developed hieroglyphics.

– Traders traveled on a network of roads carved out of the jungle.

Section 2

• Facts about the Aztec:

– They built Tenochtitlán, one of the greatest cities in the Americas.

– They were a military empire.

– They organized their society around religion.

Section 2

Which of the following civilization was still flourishing when the Europeans arrived?

A. Olmec

B. Maya

C. Aztec

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Section 2

The Inca

The Inca in South America developed a well-organized empire with a structured society.

Section 2

• Facts about the Inca:

– The Inca state was built on war and the Inca army was powerful.

– The Inca Empire had a population of more than 9 million, and built at least 10,000 miles of roads in order to keep the empire linked.

The Inca (cont.)

The Inca Empire

Section 2

– Quechua was the official language.

– They cut terraces into steep slopes in order to farm mountainous lands.

The Inca (cont.)

Section 2

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How did the Inca record information?

A. Using hieroglyphics

B. Using quipu

C. Using an abacus

D. Using the alphabet

Section 2-End

How was the way of life of the Native Americans of North America related to their environment?

Section 3-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• pueblo

• federation

• clan

Academic Vocabulary

• channel

• structure

Reading Guide

Section 3-Key Terms

• Mound Builders

• Iroquois

Do you feel that you could adapt easier to a cold climate or a warm climate?

A. Cold

B. Warm

Section 3

Early Native Americans

The Hohokam, the Anasazi, and the Mound Builders were among the most advanced of early North American civilizations.

Section 3

• Facts about the Hohokam:

– Their way of life depended on irrigation channels they dug to carry river water into their fields.

– They left behind pottery, carved stone, and shells etched with acid.

Early Native Americans (cont.)

Section 3

• Facts about the Anasazi:

– They built pueblos–huge structures made of stone and earth.

– They also built dwellings in the walls of steep cliffs.

Section 3

• Facts about the Mound Builders:

– Some of the mounds contained burial chambers, while some were topped with temples.

– The Adena and the Hopewell were two cultures that built mounds.

– The largest settlement of the Mound Builders was Cahokia.

Selected Sites of the Mound Builders

Section 3

The Mound Builders appeared to be related to which two cultures?

A. Anasazi and Hopewell

B. Maya and Aztec

C. Inuit and Iroquois

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Section 3

Other Native North Americans

The early inhabitants of North America developed ways of life that were well suited to their environments.

Section 3

• The people who settled in the northern-most part of North America built igloos in the winter, and were hunters and fishers.

• Peoples of the West depended on the forest and the sea.

• Most of the peoples of the Southeast and Southwest farmed, but the Apache and Navajo were hunters and gatherers.

Other Native North Americans (cont.)

Native American Cultures

Section 3

• Peoples of the Plains were nomadic.

• Peoples of the East formed complex societies.

Other Native North Americans (cont.)

– The Iroquois and Cherokee had formal law codes and formed federations.

– The different members of the Iroquois League were organized according to clans.

Section 3

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People from which area used horses to hunt and fight?

A. Southwest

B. Plains

C. East

D. Southeast

Section 3-End

VS-End

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Figure 7

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Vocab1

archaeology

the study of ancient peoples

Vocab2

artifact

an item left behind by early people that represents their culture

Vocab3

person who moves from place to place in search of food or grazing land

Vocab4

migration

a movement of a large number of people into a new homeland

Vocab5

an early form of corn grown by Native Americans

Vocab6

carbon dating

a scientific method used to determine the age of an artifact

Vocab7

culture

a way of life of a group of people who share similar beliefs and customs

Vocab8

source

a supply

Vocab9

estimate

approximate number

Vocab10

civilization

a highly developed culture, usually with organized religions and laws

Vocab11

theocracy

a form of government in which the society is ruled by religious leaders

Vocab12

hieroglyphics

an ancient form of writing using symbols and pictures to represent words, sounds, and concepts

Vocab13

Quechua

language spoken by the Inca

Vocab14

calculating device developed by the Inca

Vocab15

terrace

a raised piece of land with the top leveled off to promote farming

Vocab16

complex

complicated; highly detailed

Vocab17

join or connect

Vocab18

pueblo

home or community of homes built by Native Americans

Vocab19

federation

a type of government that links different groups together

Vocab20

a group united by a common interest or characteristic

Vocab21

channel

a trench or groove to allow the passage of water

Vocab22

structure

something that is constructed or built

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