Spirochetes&Niesseria

SPIROCHETES ANDSPIROCHETES AND NEISSERIANEISSERIA

Faculty: Dr. Alvin Fox

www.freelivedoctor.com

• Spirochete • Axial filament• Treponema pallidum• Syphilis• Chancre• Primary lesion• Darkfield microscopy• Secondary Lesion• Tertiary Lesion • Anti-cardiolipin antibodies

• Borrelia burgdorferi• Lyme disease• Relapsing fever (other borrelia)• Leptospira (leptospirosis)• Neisseria• Thayer Martin agar• Oxidase test• N. gonorrhoeae• Gonorrhea• N. meningitidis• Meningitis

Key WordsKey Words

SPIROCHETESSPIROCHETESTreponema, Borrelia Treponema, Borrelia andand

LeptospiraLeptospira

SpirochetesSpirochetes

• Gram negativeGram negative• long, thin, helical, motilelong, thin, helical, motile

• axial filaments axial filaments – locomotionlocomotion– between peptidoglycan layer/outer membrane between peptidoglycan layer/outer membrane

* runs parallelruns parallel

Histology: Histology: Treponema pallidumTreponema pallidum - testis infected rabbit- testis infected rabbit

Treponema pallidumTreponema pallidum

• transmission transmission – genital/genital genital/genital – in uteroin utero or during birth or during birth

SyphilisSyphilis

• chronicchronic

• slowly progressiveslowly progressive

• primary lesion - chancre primary lesion - chancre – 10 to 60 days10 to 60 days– area of area of ulceration/inflammationulceration/inflammation– many organismsmany organisms

• Secondary (2-10 weeks later)Secondary (2-10 weeks later)– systemic spread systemic spread – flu-like symptomsflu-like symptoms– skin, particularlyskin, particularly– many organismsmany organisms

mouth muosawww.freelivedoctor.com

• TertiaryTertiary – several years laterseveral years later– rarerare– skin, skin, – central nervous system central nervous system – delayed hypersensitivity delayed hypersensitivity – few organismsfew organisms

* control by immune responsecontrol by immune response

Microbiological diagnosisMicrobiological diagnosis

• not culturablenot culturable• dark field microscopydark field microscopy

– actively motile organisms actively motile organisms – brightly lit against dark backdropbrightly lit against dark backdrop– light shines at an angle light shines at an angle – reflected from thin organismsreflected from thin organisms– enters objective enters objective

• conventional light microsrcopyconventional light microsrcopy– light shines throughlight shines through– NOT visualizedNOT visualized

• fluorescence microscopy– antibody staining

Secondary and Tertiary SyphilisSecondary and Tertiary Syphilis- serologyserology

• screening methodscreening method• antibodies to cardiolipin antibodies to cardiolipin

• specific diagnosisspecific diagnosis• antibodies to treponemal antigenantibodies to treponemal antigen

AutoimmintyAutoimminty

• cardiolipin cardiolipin – self antigenself antigen

• no vaccine no vaccine

• antibiotics (e.g. penicillin) antibiotics (e.g. penicillin) – effectiveeffective

Other treponemal diseasesOther treponemal diseases

• bejel, yaws and pintabejel, yaws and pinta– extremely rare in US extremely rare in US

Borrelia burgdorferiBorrelia burgdorferi and Lyme and Lyme diseasedisease

Ixodes scapularis, tick vector for Lyme disease. Also known as Ixodes dammini. CDC

Lyme Disease Lyme Disease erythematous rasherythematous rash

A tick bite leads to transmission of A tick bite leads to transmission of B. burgdorferiB. burgdorferi

Lyme disease - symptomsLyme disease - symptoms• bacteremia bacteremia

– acuteacute

• arthritisarthritis• cardiaccardiac• neurologicneurologic

– chronic chronic * weeks, months laterweeks, months later

TherapyTherapy

• early antibiotic therapyearly antibiotic therapy– curable curable * penicillin penicillin * tetracyclinetetracycline

• late antibiotic administrationlate antibiotic administration– ineffectiveineffective

DiagnosisDiagnosis• serum antibodies to serum antibodies to B. burgdorferiB. burgdorferi.

• laboratory strainslaboratory strains– grow extremely slowly grow extremely slowly – tissue culture media tissue culture media – not bacteriological medianot bacteriological media

• patient body fluids/tissue samplepatient body fluids/tissue sample– almost never growthalmost never growth

• acuteacute– responds to antibioticresponds to antibiotic–antibodies not detectableantibodies not detectable

• late diagnosislate diagnosis– not curablenot curable– antibodies detectableantibodies detectable

A physicians dilemmaA physicians dilemma

Lyme DiseaseLyme Disease - -etiologyetiology

• reactive arthritis similar to reactive arthritis similar to – Reiter's syndromeReiter's syndrome– rheumatic feverrheumatic fever

• resembles rheumatoid arthritis.resembles rheumatoid arthritis.

Relapsing feverRelapsing fever

• <100/ per year in US <100/ per year in US • transmissiontransmission

–tick-tick-B. hermsiiB. hermsii* rodent, primary hostrodent, primary host

– lice-lice-B. recurrentisB. recurrentis * human, primary hosthuman, primary host

““Relapsing” fever Relapsing” fever • immune response develops immune response develops

– disease relapsesdisease relapses

• new antigens expressed new antigens expressed – no immunity no immunity – disease reappearsdisease reappears

DiagnosisDiagnosis

• no culture no culture

• no serological testno serological test

• detected - blood smeardetected - blood smear

LeptospirosisLeptospirosis

• <100 cases per year in US<100 cases per year in US

• symptomssymptoms–flu-like flu-like –severe systemic diseasesevere systemic disease

* kidneykidney* brain brain * eyeeye

LeptospirosisLeptospirosis

• infected urine infected urine – rodentsrodents– farm animalsfarm animals

• water water

• through broken skin.through broken skin.

TransmissionTransmission

Laboratory DiagnosisLaboratory Diagnosis

• serologyserology

• most readily culturable of spirochetes most readily culturable of spirochetes – culture still extremely difficult culture still extremely difficult

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

NEISSERIANEISSERIA

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• Gram negative Gram negative • diplococci (pairs of cocci)diplococci (pairs of cocci)• oxidase positiveoxidase positive

• cultureculture• Thayer Martin. Thayer Martin.

– selective selective – chocolate agarchocolate agar

* heated blood (brown)heated blood (brown)

NeisseriaNeisseria

• found only in manfound only in man• gonorrheagonorrhea• second most common venereal diseasesecond most common venereal disease

N. gonorrhoeae N. gonorrhoeae the “Gonococcus"the “Gonococcus"

37www.freelivedoctor.com

SmearSmear

• polymorphonuclear cellpolymorphonuclear cell

• Gram negative cocciGram negative cocci – many in cellsmany in cells

• gonoccocal arthritisgonoccocal arthritis– “ “septic” arthritisseptic” arthritis

• dermatitis dermatitis

Dissemination -gonococciDissemination -gonococci

• lactamase-resistant cephalosporinlactamase-resistant cephalosporin– e.g. ceftriaxonee.g. ceftriaxone

• resistant strains resistant strains – common common – produce produce lactamases lactamases– destroy penicillindestroy penicillin

Antibiotic therapyAntibiotic therapy

• adhesion to genital epitheliumadhesion to genital epithelium– outer membrane outer membrane – pilipili

*Antigenicity Antigenicity highly variable among strainshighly variable among strains

• no vaccine no vaccine

• IgA proteaseIgA protease– also also N. meningitidisN. meningitidis

PathogensisPathogensis

• Tissue injury Tissue injury – lipopolysaccharide lipopolysaccharide – peptidoglycan peptidoglycan

N. gonorrhoeaeN. gonorrhoeae

N. meningitidisN. meningitidis (the “Meningococcus")

• resides in man only resides in man only

• usually sporadic cases usually sporadic cases – mostly young childrenmostly young children

• outbreaks outbreaks – adults adults – crowded conditions crowded conditions

*e.g. army barrackse.g. army barracks

N. meningitidisN. meningitidis

upper respiratory tractupper respiratory tract infection infection – adhesion pili adhesion pili

bloodstreambloodstream

brainbrain

NeisseriaNeisseria meningitidismeningitidis

• second most common meningitis second most common meningitis – pneumococcus, most common pneumococcus, most common

• fatal if untreated fatal if untreated

• responds well to antibiotic therapyresponds well to antibiotic therapy– penicillin penicillin

Meningococcal meninigitisMeningococcal meninigitis

Laboratory DiagnosisLaboratory Diagnosis

• spinal fluid spinal fluid – Gram negative diplococci Gram negative diplococci

within polymorphonuclear cellswithin polymorphonuclear cells– meningococcal antigens meningococcal antigens

• CultureCulture– Thayer Martin agar Thayer Martin agar

• capsulecapsule– inhibit phagocytosisinhibit phagocytosis

• anti-capsular antibodiesanti-capsular antibodies– stop infectionstop infection

•antigenic variationantigenic variation– sero-groupssero-groups

• vaccine vaccine –multiple sero-groups multiple sero-groups

CapsuleCapsule www.freelivedoctor.com

Spirochetes&Niesseria

Documents

The spirochetes - University of Babylon · Web viewBy:Dr. Kareema Amine Al-Khafajii ,Assistant Professor, Babylon University ,College Of Medicine, Department Of Microbiology . Spirochetes

Spirochete antigens persist near cartilage after murine ... · spirochetes had diminished dramatically in the dermis and tendons (Figure 1, B and D). Remaining spirochetes in the

LYME DISEASE AND RELAPSING FEVER SPIROCHETES

Detection of Oral Anaerobic Spirochetes in Dental Plaque By

Spirochetes Dr. Jyotsna Agarwal Dept. Microbiology KGMU

TREPONEMA,BORRELIA,LEPTOSPIR A Spirochetes. They are gram negative bacteria Long, thin, helical, and motile

Borrelia Spirochetes imaged from Human blood – Case studies

Complement Evasion in Borrelia spirochetes: Mechanisms and

28 Spirochetes Rickettsia

Physiology andEvolution ofSpirochetes · spirochetes indigenous to healthy humans or animals haveneverbeencultivated. Thesein-clude various spirochetes that are inhabitants ofthe

Proliferative pododermatitis with spirochetes

A SILVER STARCH FOR THE DEMONSTRATION OF SPIROCHETES

C Pathogen-Related Spirochetes Identified within …with acutenecrotizing ulcerative gingivitis hadboth pathogen-relatedspirochetes in dental plaqueandserum immunoglobulinGtopathogen-restrictedantigensonT.pallidumsubspecies,

Antibiotics - Final FRCA Teachingfinalfrcateaching.uk/antibiotics.pdf · Gram Negative Cocci •Neisseria Bacilli •Enterobacteria •Pseudomonas •Campylobacter Spirochetes •Leptospirosis

1 Miscellaneous Bacterial Agents of Disease. 2 Spirochetes Gram negative human pathogens Treponema Leptospira Borrella

Spirochetes Thin-walled Spiral rods Flexible Motile Having an axial filament under the outer memberane

Composite, Spirochete · living spirochetes arereported: large-sized cells withvariable diameter (length to 100,um, widthbetween0.4and3.0 pm), composite structure (smaller spirochetes

Figure 17.1 Deferribacter Cytophaga Flavobacteria Spirochetes

Identification of Spirochetes Associated with Contagious ... · Spirochetes of the genus Treponema were cultured from 7 of 10 cases of digital dermatitis in sheep. Two cultures comprised

Lectures mycoplasma,ureaplasma spirochetes-borrelia, leptospira,treponema chlamydia, rickettsia Mycobacterium att