SOUTHERN REGION METAR/TAF BRIEFING SPRING 1996

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SOUTHERN REGION

METAR/TAF

BRIEFING

SPRING 1996

An Introduction to theICAO Format

ICAO Weather

OBJECTIVE– Interpret and disseminate ICAO weather

products. MOTIVATION

– US will comply with ICAO procedures by July 1, 1996.

ICAO Weather

METAR –Aviation Routine Weather report

SPECI –Special Aviation Weather report

TAF –Terminal Forecast

TAF AMD –Amended Terminal Forecast

Routine Aviation Weather Report (METAR)

MIA SA 1856 AO2A CLR BLO 120 10+ 118/32/21/0807/997

METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT 10SM CLR 12/M04 A2997 RMK AO2 SLP118

MeteorologicalAerodrome

Report

ORDER OF ENTRY

SURFACE ANALYSIS

LOCID / RPT TYPE / OBS TYPE / TIME / AUTO / SKY COND / VSBY / SIG WX / RSTN TO VSBY /

SLP / TEMP / DEW PT / WIND / ALSTG/ RMKS

RPT TYPE / LOCID / TIME / AUTO / SFC WIND / VSBY / RVR / SIG WX / RSTN TO VSBY / SKY

COND / TEMP / DEW PT / ALSTG / RMKS

METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT 10SM CLR 32/21 A2997 RMK AO2

TYPE OF REPORT

LOCATION in FOUR LETTERS– KDEN, PAFA, PHNL, CYYC, MMMX

DATE/TIME group in UTC–Observation between H+50 & 00– International on the hour - 231900Z

AUTOMATED Weather Observations– Fully automated, no human intervention– AUTO removed when an observer is

present

METAR KMIA 231856Z COR 08007KT 10SM CLR 32/21 A2997 RMK AO2

CORRECTION–Canada - CCA,

SURFACE WIND– Direction in Three Digits– Speed in Two or Three Digits plus Gusts

00000KT VRB06KT 33012MPS 18032KPH 24015G25KT 200V270

VISIBILITY –20SM Statute Miles–M1/4SM AUTO only –7000 Meters –15KM Kilometers

METAR KJFK 231856Z AUTO 16007KT 1/4SM R21/1600FT +SN BKN045 M06/M10 A2982 RMK AO2

RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE– R21/ Runway, plus L, C, or R– 1600FT Visibility, M0600FT/P6000FT– R10L/1600V2000FT Variability– Canada 1600/D, 1600/U, 1600/N

METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT 5SM -SHRA BKN045 32/21 A2997 RMK AO2

SIGNIFICANT WEATHER– Present at the station or in the

vicinity

QUALIFIERIntensity

- Light

none Moderate

+ Heavy

QUALIFIERProximity

VC Vicinity– Within 5 to 10SM of station, except

precipitation is 0 to 10SM. – VCTS VCSH– VCFG VCPO– VCBLSN VCDS– VCBLDU VCSS

QUALIFIERDescriptor

MIFG BCFG PRFG

BLDU SHRA DRSN FZDZ

TSGR VCTS VCSH

QUALIFIERDescriptor

MI Shallow (mince)–MIFG

BC Patches (banc)–BCFG

PR Partial–PRFG

QUALIFIERDescriptor

SH Showers–SHRA, SHSN, SHPE, SHGR, SHGS

DR Low Drifting–DRSN, DRDU, DRSA

TS Thunderstorm–TS, TSRA, TSGR, TSRASNGR

QUALIFIERDescriptor

FZ Freezing–FZRA, FZDZ, FZFG

BL Blowing–BLSN, BLSA, BLPY, BLDU

WEATHER PHENOMENAPrecipitation

DZ Drizzle RA Rain SN Snow SG Snow Grains IC Ice Crystals

WEATHER PHENOMENAPrecipitation

PE Ice Pellets GR Hail (grele) (>1/4IN) GS Small Hail (gresil) or

Snow Pellets (<1/4IN) UP Unknown Precipitation

WEATHER PHENOMENAObstructions to Visibility

BR Mist (brume) (VIS 5/8 - 6) FG Fog (VIS <5/8) FU Smoke (fumee) VA Volcanic Ash

WEATHER PHENOMENARestrictions to Visibility

SA Sand HZ Haze PY Spray DU Dust

WEATHER PHENOMENAOther

SQ Squalls (Sudden increase at least 16 kts, at 22 kts or more lasting at least 1 min.)

SS/+SS Sandstorm DS/+DS Duststorm

WEATHER PHENOMENAOther

PO Dust / Sand Whirls FC Funnel Cloud +FC Tornado or Waterspout

WEATHER PHENOMENAExamples

MIFG Shallow Fog BLSA Blowing Sand VCTS Thunderstorm in the

Vicinity FZDZ Freezing Drizzle -RASN Light Rain & Snow

+FC +TSRASNGR BLSN

SKY CONDITION–Automated report - CLR BLO 120

METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT 10SM BKN035 32/21 A2997 RMK AO2

SKY CONDITION– Cloud bases in 3 digits, 001, 011, 110– Sky cover in OKTAs (eighths)– No ceiling designator, first BKN or OVC

layer aloft is the ceiling

SKY CONDITION

SKC or CLR Clear FEW015 Few >0 - <2/8 SCT029 Scattered 3/8 - 4/8 BKN045 Broken 5/8 - 7/8 OVC110 Overcast 8/8

SKY CONDITION

BKN060TCU Towering Cumulus OVC090CB Cumulonimbus

VV004 Vertical Visibility–Indefinite ceiling 400

SKY CONDITIONPartial Obscurations

FEW000 >0 to 2/8 sky obscured– Few clouds less than five zero

SCT000 3/8 to 4/8 sky obscured– Scattered clouds less than five zero

BKN000 5/8 to 7/8 sky obscured– Broken clouds less than five zero

SKY CONDITIONPartial Obscurations

4SM BR BKN000 (RMK BR BKN000)– Visibility four, mist (fog), sky partially

obscured five to seven eighths of the sky obscured by clouds

1/2SM SN FG BKN000 BKN007– Visibility one-half, snow, fog, sky

partially obscured five to seven eights of the sky obscured by clouds, ceiling seven hundred broken

METAR KATL 231856Z AUTO 16007KT 10SM CLR 12/M04 A2982 RMK AO2

TEMPERATURE / DEW POINT– in Celsius M for Minus– 3 Degree spread for saturation– If temperature missing, group is omitted– If dew point missing, only temp shown

METAR KATL 231856Z AUTO 16007KT 10SM CLR 12/M04 A2982 RMK AO2

ALTIMETER SETTING– A2982 Inches of Mercury– Q1013 hectoPascals (Millibars)

METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 29007KT 10SM CLR 32/21 A2997 RMK AO2 WSHFT 1834 $

REMARKS

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS TORNADIC ACTIVITY

– TORNADO, FUNNEL CLOUD, WATERSPOUT

TYPE OF AUTOMATED STATION– AO1, AO2

PEAK WIND– PK WND 20032/25

REMARKS WIND SHIFT

– WSHFT 15 TOWER OR SURFACE VISIBILITY

– TWR VIS 2– SFC VIS 2 1/2

VARIABLE PREVAILING VISIBILITY– VIS 3/4V1 1/2

SECTOR VISIBILITY– VIS N 2

REMARKS

VISIBILITY AT 2ND SITE– VIS 3/4 RY11

LIGHTNING– FRQ LTGCC NE, CONS LTGCG SW

REMARKS DSNT

– Distant, 10 to 30 miles from station OCNL

– Occasional FRQ

– Frequent CONS

– Continuous OHD

– Overhead

REMARKS

BEGINNING AND ENDING – TSB20E44, RAE50, SNB1254E41

THUNDERSTORM LOCATION– TS OHD MOV N, TS DSNT S MOV N

HAILSTONE SIZE– GR 1 3/4

VIRGA– VIRGA SW

REMARKS VARIABLE CEILING HEIGHT

– CIG 013V017 OBSCURATIONS

– FG FEW000, VA SCT000, FU BKN020 VARIABLE SKY CONDITION

– SCT V BKN, BKN025 V OVC SIGNIFICANT CLOUDS

– CB W MOV E, TCU OHD, ACSL W

REMARKS

CEILING AT 2ND SITE– CIG 020 RY11

PRESSURE RISING/FALLING RAPIDLY– PRESRR, PRESFR

SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE– SLP145, SLPNO

REMARKS AIRCRAFT MISHAP

– (ACFT MSHP) NO SPECIAL AVAILABLE

– NOSPECI SNOW INCREASING RAPIDLY

– SNICR 3/17

REMARKSExamples

TS NE MOV E

DARK NW

BR SCT000

FU BKN020

REMARKSExamples

TORNADO

SCT V BKN

BKN014 V OVC

Example

METAR KATL 221451Z 00000KT 25SM OVC030 05/03 A3018 RMK SLP145

Example

METAR KATL 221456Z AUTO 33009KT 5SM -RA BR BKN012 OVC023 08/07 A3009 RMK AO2

Example

METAR KBOS 221456Z AUTO 08024KT 3/8SM +SN FG BLSN VV003 M10/ A3011 RMK AO2

Example

METAR KORD 221352Z VRB04KT 1SM R3/5200FT FZFG BKN000 BKN009 M05/M05 A3018 RMK

AO2 FZFG BKN000 VIS 3/4V1 1/4

Some More Examples

METAR VHHH 241500Z 00000KT 4000 -DZ SCT005 15/15 Q1027

METAR NZAA 241500Z 14005KT 25KM SCT034 11/08 Q1017.5

METAR VVTS 241500Z 16003MPS 8000 -SHRA SCT015 SCT017 29/25 Q1008

SpecialAerodrome

Report

SPECI KTYS 221236Z 32009KT 5SM RA BR SCT015 OVC027 20/18 A2979 RMK AO2 MTNS OBSCD ALQDS

SPECIAL OBSERVATIONS–between H+00 and H+50–Aircraft Mishap (not transmitted)–Significant Weather Change

A Few More Examples

SPECI KBNA 221536Z AUTO 01013KT 10SM -RA BKN014 OVC025 06/03 A3004 RMK AO2 SLP164

SPECI KMEM 221513Z AUTO 00000KT 10SM BKN018 BKN024 OVC033 10/06 A3013 RMK AO2 CIG 017V019

SPECI KMCN 221609Z AUTO 02005KT 7SM -RA OVC016 08/07 A3009 RMK AO2

AerodromeForecast

TAF The expected meteorological

conditions significant to aviation at an airport during the specified time.

Airport defined as the area within a 5sm radius of the center of the airport layout plan (ALP).

ORDER OF ENTRY

LOCID / ISSUE TIME / VALID TIME / WIND / VSBY / SIG WX / SKY COND / WS

LOCI / VALID TIME / FROPA / SKY COND / VSBY / WX + OBVIS / WIND / RMKS

TAFTAF

KATL 091720Z 091818 22020KT 3SM

-SHRA BKN020TCU BECMG 2023 30015G25KT 3SM SHRA OVC015 PROB40 2022 1/2SM TSRA OVC008CB

FM2300 27008KT 5SM -SHRA BKN020 OVC040 TEMPO 0407 00000KT 1SM SHRA

FM1000 22010KT 5SM -SHRA OVC020 BECMG 1315 P6SM NSW SKC=

TAF 091720Z DATE/TIME GROUP

– When forecast was produced 091818 VALID DATE/TIME

– 24-hour forecast at 00Z, 06Z, 12Z, 18Z– All forecast elements, no

PROB40/PROB30 in first 6 hours FM 2000 TIME DIVIDER

– From 2000Z, a rapid change, <1 hr– All forecast elements

TAF BECMG 1315 CHG INDICATOR

– Becoming between 1300 and 1500Z– Gradual change - 2 hours

TEMPO 0407 CHG INDICATOR– Temporarily between 0400 and 0700Z– Occurs only within time group– Each occurence less than 1 hour– Sum of occurences less than 1/2 time

TAF PROB30 2024/PROB40 2123

– Probability of 30-39% between 2000 and 2400Z of precip or TS/Probability of 40-49% between 2100 and 2300Z

P6SM– Visibility Plus 6SM, 9999 in Meters

NSW– No Significant Weather

TAF TAF

KSRQ NIL UNTIL 14Z–No forecast until a given time

KGNV NIL AMD AFT 04Z–No amendments after a given time

FORECAST CONDITIONS–Wind–Visibility–Weather–Sky Condition–Optional Data

WIND–00000KT 3KT or less–VRB04 Too light to forecast–VRB25G45KT Forecast TS

VISIBILITY–P6SM No obstructions to

visibility except VA WEATHER

–VCFG Vis <3sm–VCSH No qualifiers

WEATHER–NSW not used in

predominate groups (1st period and FR)

–NSW no precip or obstruction to visibility

–NSW does not exclude wx advisories or cloud layers

SKY CONDITIONS–CB Only cloud type in TAF

OPTIONAL WS010/18040KT–Low Level Wind Shear - Surface to

2000 feet AGL–Non-convective–WS010 Wind shear bases at 1000

ExampleTAF

KATL 091720Z 091818 08014KT 5SM BR OVC008 TEMPO 1819 2SM TSRA OVC005CB BECMG 1920 OVC010 TEMPO 1922 2SM -SHRA BR OVC006 BECMG 2123 08019KT P6SM NSW

FM 0300 06005KT 3SM BR BKN000 OVC008 TEMPO 0307 1SM BR VV006 BECMG 0607 03015KT 5SM BR OVC015=

Another Example

TAF AMD

KSDF 091819Z 091918 17009KT P6SM SCT100 TEMPO 0005 OVC040CB PROB40 0005 3SM TSRA BR

FM 0400 18010KT P6SM SCT015 OVC040 TEMPO 0510 3SM TSRA BR OVC015CB

FM 0900 15011KT 3SM -SHRA BR SCT008 OVC012 TEMPO 1017 2SM TSRA BR OVC008CB=

Just Another ExampleTAF

KMSY 101120Z 101212 18012KT 5SM SHRA SCT007CB BKN025 TEMPO 1822 18017G35KT 1SM +TSRA BR BKN007CB

FM 2100 17012KT P6SM SCT015 BKN030 TEMPO 2223 2SM TSRA

FM 2300 18007KT OVC025 PROB40 0007 4SM -TSRA

FM 0600 19006KT 5SM BR BKN015 PROB040 0710 -TSRA BECMG 0910 00000KT 3SM BR=

Still Another ExampleTAF

KMEM 150523Z 150606 18012KT 5SM SHRA SCT007 BKN025 TEMPO 1115 18017G35KT 1SM +TSRA BR BKN007CB

FM 1500 17012KT P6SM SCT015 BKN030 TEMPO 1923 2SM TSRA

FM 2300 18007KT OVC025 PROB30 0004 4SM -TSRA

FM 0400 19006KT 5SM BR BKN015

NIL AMD AFT 03Z

Any Questions?

OK, then I have a few!

RESPONSE ITEM

An aviation routine weather report is called a _________________.

a. METAR

b. TAF

c. SPECI

RESPONSE ITEM

An aviation routine weather report is called a _________________.

a. METAR

b. TAF

c. SPECI

RESPONSE ITEM

METAR KTYS 1452 00000KT 10SM SCT015 BKN032 OVC040 06/03 A3003 RMK MTNS OBSCD

The ceiling at TYS is ________ ft.A. 1500B. 3200C. 4000

RESPONSE ITEM

METAR KTYS 1452 00000KT 10SM SCT015 BKN032 OVC040 06/03 A3003 RMK MTNS OBSCD

The ceiling at TYS is ________ ft.A. 1500B. 3200C. 4000

RESPONSE ITEM

METAR KDEN 1849Z 32018G22 10SM BKN020 09/05 A2956 RMK AO2 BKN V SCT

The temperature at Denver is about ________ degrees F.

A. 41B. 48C. 57

RESPONSE ITEM

METAR KDEN 1849Z 32018G22 10SM BKN020 09/05 A2956 RMK AO2 BKN V SCT

The temperature at Denver is about _________ degrees F.

A. 41B. 48C. 57

RESPONSE ITEM

SPECI KMCN 2034Z 13009KT 5SM -RA BR SCT009 BKN015 OVC070 A2972 RMK RB15

What type of report is this?A. Aviation routine weather report.B. Aerodrome forecast.C. Special aviation weather report.

RESPONSE ITEM

What type of report is this?A. Aviation routine weather report.B. Aerodrome forecast.C. Special aviation weather report.

RESPONSE ITEM

The restriction to visibility at MACON is ______________.

A. mistB. brief rainC. light rain

RESPONSE ITEM

The restriction to visibility at MACON is ______________.

A. mistB. brief rainC. light rain

RESPONSE ITEM

The contraction for “smog” is _________.

B. FG SK

C. FG FU

RESPONSE ITEM

The contraction for “smog” is _________.

B. FG SK

C. FG FU

QUESTION

SPECI KGPT 1212Z 22012G20 1/4SM +TSRAGR OVC003CB A2969 RMK TS OVHD MOV NE

What weather phenomena is occurring?

ANSWER

SPECI KGPT 1212Z 22012G20 1/4SM +TSRAGR OVC003CB A2969 RMK TS OVHD MOV NE

What weather phenomena is occurring?

Thunderstorm, heavy rain, hail.

RESPONSE ITEM

The contraction for Ice Pellets is _______.

RESPONSE ITEM

The contraction for Ice Pellets is _______.

QUESTIONTAFKATL 241115Z 1212 14007KT 1SM BR

SCT030 FM 1815 150015KT 5/8SM BR TEMPO

1922 1/4SM FG BKN002

What is forecast at Atlanta after 2300Z?

ANSWERTAFKATL 241115Z 241212 14007KT 1SM

BR SCT030 FM 1815 150015KT 5/8SM BR TEMPO

1922 1/4SM FG BKN002 Wind 150 at 15, visibility 5/8 fog,

occasionally between 1900 and 2200 1/4 fog,ceiling 200 BKN.

QUESTION

KGNV 221723Z 221818 11008KT P6SM SCT023 SCT300

FM 2200 12006KT 4SM BR BKN023 OVC100 TEMPO 0312 15008G18KT P6SM SCT022 BKN100

What is forecast at Gainsville between 18-20Z?

ANSWERTAF

KGNV 221723Z 221818 11008KT P6SM SCT023 SCT300

FM 2200 12006KT 4SM BR BKN023 OVC100 TEMPO 0312 15008G18KT P6SM SCT022 BKN100

Wind 110 at 8, visibility greater than 6, 2300 SCT 30000 sct.

QUESTION1/2SM FC -TSRAGR BLDU

What in the world is that?

ANSWER1/2SM FC -TSRAGR BLDU

Visibility 1/2 Funnel Cloud Thunderstorm Light Rain Hail Blowing Dust

Summary

METAR –Aviation Routine Weather report

SPECI –Special Aviation Weather report

TAF –Aerodrome Forecast

TAF AMD –Amended Aerodrome Forecast

ICAO Weather

OBJECTIVE– Interpret and disseminate ICAO weather

products. MOTIVATION

– US will comply with ICAO procedures by July 1, 1996.

One more Response Item

Oh, no!

RESPONSE ITEM

The first slide in this presentation showed ___________________.

1. a star

2. an airplane

3. SOUTHERN REGION

4. all of the above

SOUTHERN REGION

Thank you very much !

Your comments are welcome.

The End

SOUTHERN REGION METAR/TAF BRIEFING SPRING 1996

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