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South African State Action Plan: 2016 AC T I O N P L A N T O L I M I T A N D R E D U C E C A R B O N D I O X I D E E M I S S I O N S F RO M I N T E R N AT I O N A L AV I AT I O N
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Airlines Association of Southern Africa (AASA)
Air Traffic and Navigation Services (ATNS)
Airports Company South Africa (ACSA)
Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA)
Department of Transport (DOT)
National Treasury (NT)
South African Airways (SAA)
South African Civil Aviation Authority (SACAA)
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page ii
ABBREVIATIONS
ACI Airports Council International
ACSA Airports Company South Africa
ASQ Airport Service Quality
ATM Air Traffic Management
ATNS Air Traffic and Navigation Services
CCO Continuous Climb Operations
CDO Continuous Descent Operations
CNG Carbon Neutral Growth
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
DOT Department of Transport
GSE Ground Service Equipment
HEFA Hydro-processed Esters and Fatty Acids
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
LED Light-Emitting Diode
PBN Performance Based Navigation
RSA Republic of South Africa
RTK Revenue Tonne Kilometre
SAA South African Airways
SACAA South African Civil Aviation Authority
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
South Africa has a modern and well-developed transport infrastructure
and the largest air and rail networks on the African continent. The
country’s transport sector has been highlighted by the South African
government as a crucial part of the plan to further develop the tourism
industry in an effort to create employment opportunities. This will also
increase the country’s competitiveness in the continent and among
international markets. The Department of Transport is responsible for
regulation of transportation, that is, public transport, rail transportation,
civil aviation, shipping, freight and motor vehicles.
This is the first State Action Plan report submitted by the Republic of
South Africa (RSA) to limit and reduce CO2 emissions from
international civil aviation. The baseline estimations for CO2 emissions
are done from 2016 till 2050. Projections are also made based on the
Improved Air Traffic Management measures currently being
implemented.
‘Transport is the heartbeat of
South Africa’s economic
growth and social
development’
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page iv
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ I
ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................. II
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... III
CONTACT INFORMATION ................................................................................................... V
1. FOREWORD............................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Civil Aviation in South Africa .............................................................................................. 1
1.2. South Africa’s Approach to Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions ...................... 2
2. BASELINE .................................................................................................................. 3
2.1. Differentiating between international aviation and domestic emissions: ....... 3
2.2. Collection of data .................................................................................................................... 3
3. SELECTED MEASURES TO MITIGATE CO2 EMISSIONS .................................. 4
3.1. Improved Air Traffic Management (ATM) and infrastructure use ........................ 5
3.2. Complimentary measures ................................................................................................... 7
4. EXPECTED RESULTS .................................................................................................... 11
4.1. Fuel consumption ................................................................................................................ 11
4.2. CO2 Emissions ..................................................................................................................... 12
4.3. Fuel Savings .......................................................................................................................... 12
5. FUTURE PLANS AND ASSISTANCE NEEDED ............................................................... 14
APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................... 15
Appendix A: Baseline ........................................................................................................................... 16
Appendix B: Fuel Saved (FS) Calculations for 2012-2014 .......................................................... 17
Appendix C: PBN roadmap (Domestic and International)............................................................. 24
Appendix D: Portfolio of evidence .................................................................................................... 25
Appendix E: Expected Action Plan results ........................................................................................ 33
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 34
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page v
CONTACT INFORMATION
Name of Authority: Department of Transport
Point of contact: Mr. Levers Mabaso (Acting Chief Director: ASSE and S&R1)
Street Address: 159 Forum Building, Corner Struben and Bosman Streets,
Pretoria
Country: South Africa
Province: Gauteng
City: Pretoria
Telephone Number: +27 12 309 3385
E-mail address: MabasoL@dot.gov.za
Name of Authority: South African Civil Aviation Authority
Point of contact: Mr. Gawie Bestbier (Executive: Aviation Infrastructure)
Street Address: Building 16, Treur Close, Waterfall Office Park, Midrand
Country: South Africa
Province: Gauteng
City: Johannesburg
Telephone Number: +27 11 545 1097
Fax Number: +27 11 545 1466
E-mail address: BestbierG@caa.co.za
1 Aviation Safety, Security, Environment and Search & Rescue
Page | 1
1. FOREWORD
1.1. Civil Aviation in South Africa
The Department of Transport’s (DOT) civil aviation branch facilitates the development of
an economically viable air transport industry that is safe, secure, efficient,
environmentally friendly and compliant with international standards through regulation
and investigation. It also oversees the following civil aviation public entities:
1.1.1 South African Civil Aviation Authority (SACAA)
The South African Civil Aviation authority (SACAA) is an agency of the DoT that
was established on 01 October 1998, and is governed by the Civil Aviation Act,
2009 (Act No. 13 of 2009), which came into effect on 31 March 2010. The
authority is mandated with controlling, promoting, regulating, supporting,
developing, enforcing and continuously improving levels of safety and security
throughout the civil aviation industry. The above is to be achieved by complying
with the ICAO SARPs, whilst considering the local context.
The roles and responsibilities of the SACAA revolve around the following four
areas of oversight:
Aviation Security
Aviation Infrastructure
Aviation Safety Operations
Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation
The Aviation Environmental Protection section is housed under the Aviation
Infrastructure area.
1.1.2 Airports Company South Africa (ACSA)
Founded in 1993, the Airports Company South Africa (ACSA) is a public
company under the Airports Company Act, 1993 (Act No. 44 of 1993). The
company currently manages a network of nine airports in South Africa, including
the three main international gateways of O.R. Tambo International, Cape Town
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 2
International and King Shaka International Airports. The nine airports are
registered on the largest worldwide Airport Service Quality (ASQ) programme,
under the auspices of Airports Council International (ACI), which represents 98
percent of the world’s airports.
In 2013, the nine airports facilitated nearly 39.5 million passengers. Although
ACSA is majority owned by the South African Government, through the DOT, the
Company is legally and financially autonomous and operates as a commercial
entity.
1.1.3 Air Traffic and Navigation Services (ATNS) Company
Air Traffic and Navigation Services (ATNS) provides air traffic, navigation,
training and associated services within South Africa and a large part of the
Southern Indian and Atlantic Oceans. This comprises approximately 10% of the
world's airspace. The company operates from nine ACSA and 12 other
aerodromes. Its services extend beyond air traffic control services. It also looks
into the provision of vitally important aeronautical information used for all flight
planning purposes as well as search and rescue coordination activities, and the
maintenance of a reliable navigation infrastructure.
1.2. South Africa’s Approach to Reducing Carbon Dioxide
Emissions
The overall strategic approach for the RSA’s climate change response is guided by the
National Development Plan (NDP) (Vision 2030). The NDP proposes the movement
towards a low carbon economy. Different sectors of society have roles to play to fulfil
Vision 2030. The DOT’s objective to support the transition to a low carbon economy is to
‘increase the contribution of transport to environmental protection’.
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 3
2. BASELINE
2.1. Differentiating between international aviation and
domestic emissions:
Historic data was obtained from ICAO, thus the methodology used for differentiating
between international aviation and domestic emissions is the ICAO methodology (State
of Registration).
2.2. Collection of data
The estimation of baseline fuel consumption and CO2 emissions for international aviation
within RSA was done with assistance from ICAO statistics. The baseline was projected
from 2016 until 2050 (Appendix A). Figure 1 shows that in the absence of any
measures- ‘do nothing approach’- there will be a gradual increase in the CO2 emissions.
In order to contribute towards the global ICAO goal of Carbon Neutral Growth (CNG)
2020, measures were selected by the State. These are detailed in Section 3.
0
2 000 000 000
4 000 000 000
6 000 000 000
8 000 000 000
10 000 000 000
12 000 000 000
2018 2020 2035 2050
Year
Baseline
RTK
International fuel (litres)
International CO2 emissions (kg)
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 4
3. SELECTED MEASURES TO MITIGATE CO2 EMISSIONS
ICAO’s Basket of measures to reduce CO2 emissions from international aviation includes the
following:
Aircraft-related technology development;
Alternative fuels;
Improved Air Traffic Management (ATM) and infrastructure use;
Market-based measures;
Airport improvements; and
Regulatory measures.
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
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For this 1st Edition of the Action Plan, RSA will only focus on the improved ATM measures (Section
3.1) because this is at an advanced stage of implementation due to the country’s PBN
Implementation Plan. Nevertheless, the State has embarked on other measures, still in the infancy
stage, which will be reported in the update to this Action Plan, (i.e. 2nd Edition). These are described
in Section 3.2.
3.1. Improved Air Traffic Management (ATM) and
infrastructure use
The Air Traffic and Navigation Services (ATNS) Company is the home of expert Air
Traffic Control and Management solutions for South Africa as well as 10% of the global
airspace. RSA has embarked on a project to align the South African fixed route structure
to support Performance-based Navigation (PBN) implementation. The project is aimed at
reducing track miles for aircraft operating in the en-route environment, which reduces
fuel burn, emissions and works towards environmental sustainability. The project plan
has been finalized and work packages have been determined.
The important ICAO initiative of Aviation System Block Upgrades (ASBU) in facilitating a
seamless global air navigation system has been collectively embraced by the RSA. In
support of the ASBU initiative, RSA, through the aviation industry-sanctioned ATM
roadmap (led by ATNS), has rolled out several ongoing initiatives to facilitate compliance
with Block 0 as detailed in the ASBU framework.
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
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Key initiatives are currently being applied to address the performance improvement
areas (PIAs) for 2013 and beyond, into Block 1. These include traffic forecasting and
capacity declaration through collaborative initiatives such as the USTDA airside capacity
study; facilitation of the flexible use of airspace; and air traffic flow management. A
further initiative in line with the ASBU Block 0 upgrade is the implementation of PBN.
Envisaged milestones in achieving the PBN initiative include revised terminal area
procedures for several airports such as Lanseria, George, East London and Port
Elizabeth. These revisions are aimed at enhancing the flexibility and efficiency of both
departure and descent profiles for airspace users, thus addressing several PIAs,
including the environmental- (greener airports) and efficiency- (flexible flights) related
parameters associated with air travel.
Through these initiatives RSA, in collaboration with its stakeholders, aims to be
recognized as the benchmark in ASBU implementation on the African continent, along
with other globally recognized leaders in the field of air navigation service provision. PBN
will be implemented at international airports with instrument runways, in accordance with
the SA PBN Roadmap.
3.1.1 PBN Measure
PBN implementation started in 2008 and is anticipated to be completed by 2025.
TABLE 1 ATNS PBN MEASURES
Measure Implementation
date
Date when
benefits start
Continuous Descend Operations (CDO) 2012 2012
PBN STAR (Arrivals) 2012 2012
Continuous Climb Operations (CCO) 2012 2012
PBN SID (Standard Instrument Departure) 2012 2012
Airport-Collaborative Decision Making (A-CDM) 2012 2012
Wake – RECAT (Arrivals) 2014 2014
Advanced – RNP (A – RNP) 2015 2016
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 7
3.1.2 Calculation of expected results
Additional information used and supporting documents are in Appendices B-D. The
benefits from this measure were used to project the fuel consumption and CO2
emissions. These benefits are detailed in Section 4.
3.1.3 Point of contact for this measure (Improved air traffic management and
infrastructure use)
Name of Authority: Air Traffic and Navigation Services (ATNS)
Point of contact: Ms. Johana Marobane (Manager: CS & E2)
Country: South Africa
Province: Gauteng
City: Johannesburg
Telephone Number: +27 11 607 1173
E-mail address: JohannaM@atns.co.za
3.2. Complimentary measures
3.2.1 Alternative fuels
The national carrier, South African Airways (SAA), is a prominent carrier in Africa,
serving 74 destinations. It works within RSA and across the African continent in
partnership with SA Express, SA Airlink and its low cost carrier, Mango. It is also a
member of the largest international airline network, Star Alliance, and has nine
intercontinental routes from its Johannesburg hub.
SAA has a progressive environmental strategy with the overall and firm objective of SAA
being recognized amongst the environmentally sustainable airlines in the world. Table 2
shows the measure that SAA is implementing which will be reported in the next Action
Plan review.
2 Corporate Sustainability and Environment
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
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TABLE 2 SAA ALTERNATIVE FUELS PROJECT
Alternative fuels
Description of measures Use of alternative fuels
SAA has partnered with experts in the field of aviation biofuel in order to reach the goal
of producing 500 million litres of biofuel per annum by the end of 2023 using a multitude
of feedstocks. This project forms a part of the broader South African Airways Group
environmental strategy and has been incorporated into the long term plan of the
Company and has been ratified by the South African Parliament. The cornerstone of the
project is the oleaginous, energy-rich and nicotine-free tobacco crop variety called
Solaris Solaris crop. Solaris is a hybridized tobacco plant that has been selected for
excessive seed pod and flower production, no nicotine content and small leaves
especially when compared to conventional tobacco plants.
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 9
Currently this crop is produced in the Northern areas of South Africa in the Limpopo
Province. The production has been purposefully spread amongst different kinds of
growers from commercial farmers to small hold land owners and farmers with the
intention of directly benefitting the local population and alleviating the local
unemployment rate of 68%.
The area is well known for previous tobacco production over a number of decades so an
innate knowledge of the tobacco plant and how to grow it exists in the area which has
seen a steady decline in tobacco production from 35000 ha to about 4000 ha. An
essential element of the project is the sustainability of the feedstock. SAA has become a
member of the Roundtable for Sustainable Biomaterials and sits as a delegate in one of
the RSB chambers. The RSB provided critical sustainability guidance and conducted
independent audits of the growing process. The crop was certified as sustainable and
was produced on a sustainable basis.
The certified feedstock then underwent harvesting and drying to get the seed pods
detached from the plants which continue growing and provide up to a further 2 harvests
in the growing season. These seeds are separated from the pods and crushed
mechanically to extract a vegetable oil equivalent which is suitable for hydro treating
using the HEFA3 which is one of the ICAO approved pathways for the production of
sustainable alternative fuels. The jet fuel is developed and patented by Sunchem
Holding, an Italian company.
Africa’s greenest flight
The first African sustainable biofuel flight was done by SAA on 15 July 2016. SAA and
Mango flights on Boeing 737-800s operated between Johannesburg and Cape Town
and made history as the first sustainable biofuel flights to have taken place on the
African continent.
3 Hydro processed Esters and Fatty Acids
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 10
3.2.2 Airport improvements
The Airports Company South Africa (ACSA) owns and operates six major International
Airports and three Domestic Airports in the country. It has implemented several
measures to limit or reduce its CO2 emissions. These measures include airfield
improvements, reduced energy demand, the conversion of Ground Service Equipment
(GSE) to cleaner fuels and improved transportation to and from the airport.
Table 3 shows the measures that ACSA is implementing which will be reported in the
next Action Plan review.
TABLE 3 ACSA CO2 REDUCTION PROJECTS
Reduced electricity demand and preferred cleaner energy sources
Description of measures Use of cleaner alternative sources of power
generation
Reduce electrical demand
Conversion of GSE to cleaner fuels or electricity
E- Tugs 2025 & E-Taxi 2030
The airfield improvement project includes the installation of Light Emitting Diode (LED)
bulbs. The conversion of GSE to cleaner fuels project includes the use of
battery/electrical operated ground vehicles. The improved public transport to and from
the airport includes a rail link to the airport, known as the Gautrain. ACSA also intends to
participate in the Airports Council International’s (ACI) Airport Carbon Accreditation
program in 2016. Reduced energy demand projects include the installation of building
management systems which reduce electrical demand, and the installation of cleaner
alternative sources of power generation such as the installation of photovoltaic panels
which will generate a portion of the airports’ electrical demand. Projects for the
installation of photovoltaic panels have already been completed at three ACSA airports
(George Airport, Kimberley Airport and Upington International Airport).
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 11
4. EXPECTED RESULTS
The expected results calculations have been done using estimations and the rules of thumb that
ICAO has developed and can be found in Doc 9988 – Guidance on the Development of the State
Action Plans on CO2 Emissions Reduction Activities. The years 2018; 2020; 2035 and 2050 were
selected as the future years for this analysis.
TABLE 4 EXPECTED RESULTS AFTER IMPLEMENTING THE ATM MEASURE
4.1. Fuel consumption
Fuel consumption is expected to increase but if improved ATM measures are
implemented, the amount of annual fuel required slightly decreases.
FIGURE 2 FUEL CONSUMPTION
0
500 000 000
1 000 000 000
1 500 000 000
2 000 000 000
2 500 000 000
3 000 000 000
3 500 000 000
4 000 000 000
4 500 000 000
5 000 000 000
2018 2020 2035 2050
Fuel (l
)
Fuel Consumption
International fuel (Baseline)
Improved ATM (fuel)
Baseline Expected Results
Year RTK Fuel (l) CO2 Emissions
(kg) RTK Fuel (l)
CO2 emissions(kg)
2018 2,620,995,178 1,275,835,573 3,225,312,329 2,620,995,178 1,138,128,133 2,877,188,000
2020 2,834,868,384 1,379,943,756 3,488,497,815 2,834,868,384 1,232,997,661 3,117,018,000
2035 5,105,437,805 2,485,200,745 6,282,587,484 5,105,437,805 2,246,054,882 5,678,027,000
2050 9,194,605,058 4,475,706,142 11,314,585,126 9,194,605,058 4,086,510,745 10,330,699,000
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 12
4.2. CO2 Emissions
There is a minor reduction in the amount of CO2 emissions that will be produced from
international aviation. This can be attributed to the implementation of only one measure
out of the seven recommended by ICAO.
FIGURE 3 CO2 EMISSIONS
4.3. Fuel Savings
Implementing the ATM measure will contribute to the reduction in the amount of fuel
saved per annum. Fuel savings result in lower CO2 emissions as less fuel will be burnt to
power the aircraft.
TABLE 5 EXPECTED FUEL SAVINGS
Year
Baseline Fuel (l)
Expected Results Fuel (l)
Fuel Savings p.a (l)
2018 1,275,835,573 1,138,128,133 137,707,440
2020 1,379,943,756 1,232,997,661 146,946,095
2035 2,485,200,745 2,246,054,882 239,145,863
2050 4,475,706,142 4,086,510,745 389,195,396
0
2 000 000 000
4 000 000 000
6 000 000 000
8 000 000 000
10 000 000 000
12 000 000 000
2018 2020 2035 2050
CO2 Emissions (kg)
Improved ATM (CO2 emissions) CO2 Emissions (Baseline)
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 13
FIGURE 4 FUEL SAVINGS PER ANNUM
100 000 000
150 000 000
200 000 000
250 000 000
300 000 000
350 000 000
400 000 000
450 000 000
20
16
20
19
20
22
20
25
20
28
20
31
20
34
20
37
20
40
20
43
20
46
Fuel (l
)
Year
Annual Fuel Savings (litres)
Annual Fuel savings(litres)
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 14
5. FUTURE PLANS AND ASSISTANCE NEEDED
RSA is currently implementing one of the seven measures highlighted by ICAO. However CO2
emissions are slowly being reduced as shown in Figure 3. Therefore, for the country to reduce more
CO2 emissions, some of the other measures need to be fully implemented. The following assistance
will be needed to enable the implementation of other measures:
5.1 Research and innovation
The RSA intends to implement some of the seven measures recommended by ICAO.
Assistance is required on various research areas that can have a role in ensuring CNG 2020.
5.2 Education
Training on collection, monitoring, reporting and verification of data is required.
5.3 Finance
The process of taking the Alternative fuels measure from a conceptually small scale project to a
large industrially viable stage will require massive scaling up to produce enough sustainable
feedstock. A refinery will need to be established to process the oil that is produced.
5.4 Technical support
For the Alternative fuels project, knowledge of agronomical and mechanical best practices is
needed to optimise the supply chain.
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
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APPENDICES
The following appendices display the supporting documentation on the ATM measure; assumptions,
methods and processes used.
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 16
Appendix A: Baseline
ESTIMATED BASELINE OF FUEL CONSUMPTION AND CO2 EMISSIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL AVIATION IN RSA
Baseline
Year RTK International fuel (litres) International CO2 emissions (tonnes)
2016 2,423,257,376 1,179,581,706 2,981,983
2017 2,520,187,671 1,226,764,974 3,101,262
2018 2,620,995,178 1,275,835,573 3,225,312
2019 2,725,834,985 1,326,868,996 3,354,325
2020 2,834,868,384 1,379,943,756 3,488,498
2021 2,948,263,119 1,435,141,506 3,628,038
2022 3,066,193,644 1,492,547,166 3,773,159
2023 3,188,841,390 1,552,249,053 3,924,086
2024 3,316,395,046 1,614,339,015 4,081,049
2025 3,449,050,847 1,678,912,576 4,244,291
2026 3,587,012,881 1,746,069,079 4,414,063
2027 3,730,493,397 1,815,911,842 4,590,625
2028 3,879,713,132 1,888,548,316 4,774,250
2029 4,034,901,658 1,964,090,248 4,965,220
2030 4,196,297,724 2,042,653,858 5,163,829
2031 4,364,149,633 2,124,360,012 5,370,382
2032 4,538,715,618 2,209,334,413 5,585,197
2033 4,720,264,243 2,297,707,789 5,808,605
2034 4,909,074,813 2,389,616,101 6,040,950
2035 5,105,437,805 2,485,200,745 6,282,587
2036 5,309,655,318 2,584,608,775 6,533,891
2037 5,522,041,530 2,687,993,126 6,795,247
2038 5,742,923,191 2,795,512,851 7,067,056
2039 5,972,640,119 2,907,333,365 7,349,739
2040 6,211,545,724 3,023,626,700 7,643,728
2041 6,460,007,553 3,144,571,768 7,949,477
2042 6,718,407,855 3,270,354,638 8,267,457
2043 6,987,144,169 3,401,168,824 8,598,155
2044 7,266,629,936 3,537,215,577 8,942,081
2045 7,557,295,133 3,678,704,200 9,299,764
2046 7,859,586,939 3,825,852,368 9,671,755
2047 8,173,970,416 3,978,886,463 10,058,625
2048 8,500,929,233 4,138,041,921 10,460,970
2049 8,840,966,402 4,303,563,598 10,879,409
2050 9,194,605,058 4,475,706,142 11,314,585
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 17
Appendix B: Fuel Saved (FS) Calculations for 2012-2014
Table 1 - 2012
Measures to
improve fuel
efficient
departure and
approach
procedures
Formula Airports Assumptions Calculation
CDO FS = 60 Kg
(0.06 tonnes) of
fuel * Number of
CDOs
FAOR - 34495
FACT - 3198
FALE - 1214
FAPE - 28
FALA - 4718
FABL – 108
Total = 43761
Expert judgement
estimates that CDO at
these airports is
performed 100% in off
peak hours which
account for
approximately 38% or
16629 traffic
movements.
(9 out of 24 hrs OFF-
PEAK = 38%)
0.06 X 16629
= 997.75 tonnes of
fuel saved
PBN STAR FS = 20 Kg to
50 Kg of fuel
(.02 to .05
tonnes) *
Number of
arrivals on PBN
STARs
FAOR – 34495
FACT - 3198
FALE - 1214
Total = 38907
Expert judgement is that
90% or 35016 of these
arrivals fly the PBN
STAR.(10% excluded
due to weather and
aircraft equipage)
0.02 X 35016 =
700.32 tonnes of
fuel saved (low-end
of range)
0.05 X 35016 =
1750.8 tonnes of
fuel saved (high
end of range)
CCO FS = 90-150 Kg
(0.09-0.15
tonnes) of fuel *
Number of
CCOs
FAOR - 34267
FACT - 3214
FALE - 1189
FAPE - 18
FALA - 4672
FABL – 101
Total = 43461
Expert judgement
estimates that CCO is
performed by 80% of the
departures, a total of
34768 departure
movements annually.
0.09 X 34768 =
3129.19 tonnes of
fuel saved (low-end
of range)
0.15 X 34768 =
5215.32 tonnes of
fuel saved (high
end of range)
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 18
PBN SID FS = 0 Kg to 30 Kg
of fuel (0 to .03
tonnes) * number of
departure
movements on
PBN SIDs
FAOR – 34267
FACT - 3214
FALE - 1189
Total = 38670
FAPE – 2015
FABL - 2016
Expert judgement is that
90% or 34803 of these
departures fly the PBN
SID.(10% excluded due
to weather and aircraft
equipage)
0.00 X 34803 = 0
tonnes of fuel
saved (low-end of
range)
0.03 X 34803 =
1044.09 tonnes of
fuel saved (high
end of range)
A-CDM FS = Time
savings(1 to 3 min)
* number of
movements
3 co-ordinated
airports (CAMU)
FAOR – 68762
FACT - 6412
FALE - 2403
Total = 77577
On average, aircraft at
the airport burn 12 kg
(0.012 tonnes) per
minute during taxi. The
benefit of A-CDM (non-
US version) is achieved
during the total taxi
phase (taxi-in and taxi-
out).
1 X 0.012 X 77577 =
930.92 tonnes of
fuel saved (low-end
of range)
3 X 0.012 X 77577
= 2792.77 tonnes of
fuel saved (high
end of range)
Wake –
RECAT
(Arrivals)
FS = Time (fuel)
savings (7-12 kg) *
number of arrival
movements * 0.35
No Airports There is an assumption
that 35% of arrival traffic
will fly in ‘peak hours’
when the benefit from
RECAT is received .The
benefit of RECAT is
estimated to be between
7-12kg fuel saving per
flight.
7kg * 0 * 0.35 = 0
tonnes fuel saved
(low end of range)
12kg * 0 * 0.35 = 0
tonnes fuel saved
(high end of range)
A_RNP FS = Σ[(Total
movements * 0.1 *
fuel savings for
small aircraft (11-
40kg)) + (total
movements * 0.8 *
fuel savings for
medium aircraft
(62-121kg)) + total
movements * 0.1 *
fuel savings for
heavy aircraft (95-
187kg))] * 0.5
No Airports It is assumed that 50%
of arrivals to this airport
will fly the Radius to Fix
approach. The
breakdown of traffic at
this airport is estimated
to be 10%: 80%: 10% in
relation to small:
medium: heavy aircraft.
((0 * 0.1 * 11kg) + (0
* 0.8 * 62kg) + (0 *
0.1 * 95kg )) * 0.5 =
0 tonnes fuel
saved (low end of
range)
((0 * 0.1 * 40kg) + (0
* 0.8 * 121kg) + (0 *
0.1 * 187kg )) * 0.5 =
0 tonnes fuel
saved (high end of
range)
Total fuel savings in tonnes 6395.57
CO2 emission’s saved
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 19
Table 2 – 2013
Measures to
improve fuel
efficient
departure and
approach
procedures:
Formula Airports Assumptions
Calculation
CDO FS = 60 Kg
(0.06 tonnes)
of fuel *
Number of
CDOs
FAOR - 36187
FACT - 3325
FALE - 1483
FAPE - 41
FALA - 4144
FABL – 102
Total = 45282
Expert judgement
estimates that CDO at
these airports is
performed 100% in off
peak hours which
account for
approximately 38% or
17207 traffic
movements.
(9 out of 24 hrs OFF-
PEAK = 38%)
0.06 X 17207
= 1032.42 tonnes
fuel saved
PBN STAR FS = 20 Kg to
50 Kg of fuel
(.02 to .05
tonnes) *
Number of
arrivals on
PBN STARs
FAOR – 36187
FACT – 3325
FALE - 1483
Total = 40995
Expert judgement is
that 90% or 36895 of
these arrivals fly the
PBN STAR.(10%
excluded due to
weather and aircraft
equipage)
0.02 X 36895 =
737.9 tonnes of
fuel saved (low-
end of range)
0.05 X 36895 =
1844.75 tonnes
of fuel saved
(high end of
range)
CCO FS = 90-150
Kg (0.09-0.15
tonnes) of
fuel * Number
of CCOs
FAOR - 36154
FACT - 3327
FALE - 1456
FAPE - 38
FALA - 4203
FABL – 53
Total = 45231
Expert judgement
estimates that CCO
is performed by 80%
of the departures, a
total of 36185
departure
movements annually.
0.09 X 36185 =
3256.65 tonnes
of fuel saved
(low-end of
range)
0.15 X 36185 =
5427.75 tonnes
of fuel saved
(high end of
range)
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 20
PBN SID FS = 0 Kg to 30
Kg of fuel (0
to .03 tonnes) *
number of
departure
movements on
PBN SIDs
FAOR – 36154
FACT - 3327
FALE - 1456
Total = 40937
Expert judgement is
that 90% or 36843
of these departures
fly the PBN SID.(10%
excluded due to
weather and aircraft
equipage)
0.00 X 36843 = 0
tonnes of fuel
saved (low-end of
range)
0.03 X 36843 =
1105.29 tonnes
of fuel saved
(high end of
range)
A-CDM FS = Time
savings(1 to 3
min) * number
of movements
5 co-ordinated
airports (CAMU)
FAOR – 72341
FACT - 6652
FALE – 2939
FAPE - 79
FABL - 155
Total = 82166
On average, aircraft
at the airport burn 12
kg (0.012 tonnes) per
minute during taxi.
The benefit of A-
CDM (non-US
version) is achieved
during the total taxi
phase (taxi-in and
taxi-out).
1 X 0.012 X
82166 = 985.99
tonnes of fuel
saved (low-end of
range)
3 X 0.012 X
82166 = 2957.97
tonnes of fuel
saved (high end
of range)
Wake –
RECAT
(Arrivals)
FS = Time (fuel)
savings (7-12
kg) * number of
arrival
movements *
0.35
No Airports There is an
assumption that 35%
of arrival traffic will fly
in ‘peak hours’ when
the benefit from
RECAT is
received .The benefit
of RECAT is
estimated to be
between 7-12kg fuel
saving per flight.
7kg * 0 * 0.35 = 0
tonnes fuel
saved (low end of
range)
12kg * 0 * 0.35 =
0 tonnes fuel
saved (high end
of range)
A_RNP
FS = Σ[(Total
movements * 0.1
* fuel savings for
small aircraft
(11-40kg)) +
(total movements
* 0.8 * fuel
savings for
medium aircraft
(62-121kg)) +
No Airports
(FALA
Projected for
2016)
It is assumed that
50% of arrivals to this
airport will fly the
Radius to Fix
approach. The
breakdown of traffic
at this airport is
estimated to be 10%:
80%: 10% in relation
to small: medium:
((0 * 0.1 * 11kg) +
(0 * 0.8 * 62kg) +
(0 * 0.1 * 95kg )) *
0.5 = 0 tonnes
fuel saved (low
end of range)
((0 * 0.1 * 40kg) +
(0 * 0.8 * 121kg)
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 21
total movements
* 0.1 * fuel
savings for
heavy aircraft
(95-187kg))] *
0.5
heavy aircraft. + (0 * 0.1 *
187kg )) * 0.5 = 0
tonnes fuel
saved (high end
of range)
Total fuel saved in tonnes 9 190.57
CO2 emission’s saved
Table 3 - 2014
Measures to
improve fuel
efficient
departure and
approach
procedures:
Formula Airports Assumptions
Calculation
CDO FS = 60 Kg
(0.06 tonnes) of
fuel * Number of
CDOs
FAOR - 37285
FACT - 3176
FALE - 1488
FAPE - 30
FALA - 3606
FABL – 48
Total = 45633
Expert judgement
estimates that CDO at
these airports is
performed 100% in off
peak hours which
account for
approximately 38% or
17341 traffic
movements.
(9 out of 24 hrs OFF-
PEAK = 38%)
0.06 X 17341
= 1040.46 tonnes
fuel saved
PBN STAR FS = 20 Kg to
50 Kg of fuel
(.02 to .05
tonnes) *
Number of
arrivals on PBN
STARs
FAOR – 37285
FACT – 3176
FALE - 1488
Total = 41949
Expert judgement is
that 90% or 37754 of
these arrivals fly the
PBN STAR.(10%
excluded due to
weather and aircraft
equipage)
0.02 X 37754 =
755.08 tonnes of
fuel saved (low-
end of range)
0.05 X 37754 =
1887.7 tonnes of
fuel saved (high
end of range)
CCO FS = 90-150 Kg
(0.09-0.15
FAOR - 37287 Expert judgement
estimates that CCO is
0.09 X 36548 =
3289.32 tonnes
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 22
tonnes) of fuel *
Number of
CCOs
FACT - 3203
FALE - 1427
FAPE - 30
FALA - 3694
FABL – 44
Total = 45685
performed by 80% of
the departures, a total
of 36548 departure
movements annually.
of fuel saved
(low-end of
range)
0.15 X 36548 =
5482.2 tonnes of
fuel saved (high
end of range)
PBN SID FS = 0 Kg to 30
Kg of fuel (0
to .03 tonnes) *
number of
departure
movements on
PBN SIDs
FAOR – 37287
FACT - 3203
FALE - 1427
Total = 41917
Expert judgement is
that 90% or 37725 of
these departures fly the
PBN SID.(10%
excluded due to
weather and aircraft
equipage)
0.00 X 37725 = 0
tonnes of fuel
saved (low-end
of range)
0.03 X 37725 =
1131.75 tonnes
of fuel saved
(high end of
range)
A-CDM FS = Time
savings(1 to 3
min) * number
of movements
6 co-ordinated
airports (CAMU)
FAOR – 74572
FACT - 6379
FALE – 2915
FAPE - 60
FABL – 92
FALA - 7300
Total = 91318
On average, aircraft at
the airport burn 12 kg
(0.012 tonnes) per
minute during taxi. The
benefit of A-CDM (non-
US version) is achieved
during the total taxi
phase (taxi-in and taxi-
out).
1 X 0.012 X
91318 = 1095.81
tonnes of fuel
saved (low-end
of range)
3 X 0.012 X
91318 = 3287.44
tonnes of fuel
saved (high end
of range)
Wake –
RECAT
(Arrivals)
FS = Time (fuel)
savings (7-12
kg) * number of
arrival
movements *
0.35
FAOR – 37285
Total = 37285
There is an assumption
that 35% of arrival
traffic will fly in ‘peak
hours’ when the benefit
from RECAT is
received .The benefit of
RECAT is estimated to
be between 7-12kg fuel
saving per flight.
(Final Approach
spacing reduced from
7kg X 37285 X
0.35 = 91348.25
tonnes fuel
saved (low end
of range)
12kg X 37285 X
0.35 = 156597
tonnes fuel
saved (high end
of range)
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 23
5NM to 3NM)
A_RNP FS = Σ[(Total
movements *
0.1 * fuel
savings for
small aircraft
(11-40kg)) +
(total
movements *
0.8 * fuel
savings for
medium aircraft
(62-121kg)) +
total movements
* 0.1 * fuel
savings for
heavy aircraft
(95-187kg))] *
0.5
No Airports It is assumed that 50%
of arrivals to this airport
will fly the Radius to Fix
approach. The
breakdown of traffic at
this airport is estimated
to be 10%: 80%: 10%
in relation to small:
medium: heavy aircraft.
((0 * 0.1 * 11kg)
+ (0 * 0.8 * 62kg)
+ (0 * 0.1 *
95kg )) * 0.5 = 0
tonnes fuel
saved (low end
of range)
((0 * 0.1 * 40kg)
+ (0 * 0.8 *
121kg) + (0 * 0.1
* 187kg )) * 0.5 =
0 tonnes fuel
saved (high end
of range)
Total tonnes of fuel saved 133 477.74
CO2 emission’s saved
Future initiative to enable modelling and forecasting
ACDM implementation in FAUP – 2018
Approval and implementation of A – RNP in Lanseria by 2016
Wake Re-cat implementation for FACT in 2018 and FALE in 2019
PBN SID/ STAR implementation at FAPE in 2017 and FABL in 2017
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 24
Appendix C: PBN roadmap (Domestic and International)
In an effort to reduce air operation costs and contributing towards having a greener environment, States
are urged to implement Performance Based Navigation (PBN). RSA has an approved PBN Roadmap
which has been submitted to ICAO. ATNS, as National PBN Coordinator, is directly responsible for the
implementation of national Project targets affecting the regulated business (ACSA airports) as well as
the coordination and facilitation of Project targets at all other affected aerodromes in terms of the
National PBN Roadmap. ATNS is also providing an Air Traffic Service at non-ACSA airports on a
contractual basis and therefore have some influence on the implementation of PBN procedures at
those airports.
Near Term Implementation Targets – (PBN Roadmap)
a) RNP APCH (with Baro-VNAV) in 30% of instrument runways by 2010 and 50% by 2012 and
priority given to airports with operational benefits.
b) RNAV 1 SID/STAR for 30% of international airports by 2010 and 50% by 2012 and priority
given to airports with RNP Approach.
c) Review existing conventional and RNAV routes to transition to PBN RNAV 5 or where
operationally required RNAV 2/1 by 2012
During the 2013/14 financial year ATNS has recorded 50% implementation of RNAV 1 / 2 SID/STAR at
international airports which satisfies the 50% targets as stipulated in the RSA PBN Roadmap. ATNS
also achieved 55.5% implementation of RNP APCH procedures for all ACSA instrument runways. This
exceeds the national target of 50%.
Mid Term Implementation Targets – (PBN Roadmap)
a) RNP APCH ( with Baro-VNAV) or APV in 100% of instrument runways, by 2016
b) RNAV 1 or RNP 1 SID/STAR for 100% of international airports by 2016
c) RNAV 1 or RNP 1 SID/STAR for 70% of busy domestic airports where there are operational
benefits
d) Implementation of additional RNAV/RNP Routes as required
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 25
Appendix D: Por tfolio of evidence
Performance
Indicators
Portfolio of evidence
Review
existing
conventional
and RNAV
routes.
Route name and reference
UG465 AIP SUPPLEMENT S099/13
UQ3 AIP SUPPLEMENT S101/13
UT122 AIP SUPPLEMENT S101/13
T122 AIP SUPPLEMENT S101/13
UQ33 AIP SUPPLEMENT S008/14
UQ17 AIP SUPPLEMENT S008/14
Q17 AIP SUPPLEMENT S008/14
UQ34 AIP SUPPLEMENT S008/14
Q34 AIP SUPPLEMENT S008/14
UQ35 AIP SUPPLEMENT S008/14
UL375 AIP SUPPLEMENT S008/14
UQ2 AIP SUPPLEMENT S008/14
Q2 AIP SUPPLEMENT S008/14
UZ33 AIP SUPPLEMENT S008/14
Z33 AIP SUPPLEMENT S008/14
UQ46 AIP SUPPLEMENT S008/14
Q46 AIP SUPPLEMENT S008/14
UQ47 AIP SUPPLEMENT S008/14
Q47 AIP SUPPLEMENT S008/14
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 26
UZ11 AIP SUPPLEMENT S008/14
UZ7 AIP SUPPLEMENT S008/14
UQ1 AIP SUPPLEMENT S008/14
UZ27 AIP SUPPLEMENT S008/14
G745 AIP SUPPLEMENT S005/14
UQ21 AIP SUPPLEMENT S009/14
UQ4 AIP SUPPLEMENT S009/14
Q4 AIP SUPPLEMENT S009/14
UQ21 AIP SUPPLEMENT S023/14
UQ4 AIP SUPPLEMENT S023/14
Q4 AIP SUPPLEMENT S023/14
UQ6 AIP SUPPLEMENT S024/14
Q6 AIP SUPPLEMENT S024/14
UZ10 AIP SUPPLEMENT S024/14
Z10 AIP SUPPLEMENT S024/14
UZ36 AIP SUPPLEMENT S024/14
Z36 AIP SUPPLEMENT S024/14
UQ28 AIP SUPPLEMENT S024/14
Q28 AIP SUPPLEMENT S024/14
UT433 AIP SUPPLEMENT S025/14
UQ13 AIP SUPPLEMENT S025/14
Q13 AIP SUPPLEMENT S025/14
UT446 AIP SUPPLEMENT S025/14
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 27
T446 AIP SUPPLEMENT S025/14
UT125 AIP SUPPLEMENT S025/14
T125 AIP SUPPLEMENT S025/14
UQ7 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Q7 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UQ8 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Q8 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UQ9 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Q9 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UQ10 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Q10 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UQ12 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Q12 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UQ14 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Q14 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UQ52 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Q52 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UQ23 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Q23 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UQ29 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Q29 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UQ30 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Q30 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 28
UQ31 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Q31 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UQ43 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Q43 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UQ49 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Q49 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UZ3 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Z3 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UZ4 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Z4 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UZ5 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Z5 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UZ13 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Z13 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UZ26 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Z26 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UZ28 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Z28 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UN185 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UN186 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UN188 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UZ30 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Z30 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 29
UZ37 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Z37 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UQ55 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Q55 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UQ56 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Q56 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UQ58 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Q58 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UZ20 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Z20 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UZ34 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Z34 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UQ51 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Q51 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UZ31 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Z31 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UZ6 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Z6 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UQ19 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Q19 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
UZ36 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
Z36 AIP SUPPLEMENT S012/15
A402 AIP SUPPLEMENT S016/15
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 30
UA402 AIP SUPPLEMENT S016/15
W66 AIP SUPPLEMENT S016/15
UW66 AIP SUPPLEMENT S016/15
W81 AIP SUPPLEMENT S016/15
UW81 AIP SUPPLEMENT S016/15
Performance
Indicators
RNP APCH (Baro-VNAV where operational benefits can be gained) in
100% of instrument runways
9 ACSA Airports
1. OR Tambo
1 X RNP APCH RWY 03R
1 X RNP APCH RWY 21L
2. Cape Town
1 X RNP AR W RWY 01
1 X RNP AR W RWY 19
1 X RNP AR X RWY 01
1 X RNP AR X RWY 19
1 X RNP AR Y RWY 01
1 X RNP AR Y RWY 19
1 X RNP AR Y RWY 34
1 X RNP AR Z RWY 34
3. Durban
1 X RNP APCH RWY 06
1 X RNP APCH RWY 24
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 31
4. Bloemfontein
1 X RNP APCH RWY 02
1 X RNP APCH RWY 20
5. George
1 X RNP APCH Baro-VNAV RWY 11
1 X RNP APCH Baro-VNAV RWY 29
6. Port Elizabeth
1 X RNP APCH Baro-VNAV RWY 08
1 X RNP APCH Baro-VNAV RWY 26
7. East London - 2016
1 X RNP APCH RWY 11
1 X RNP APCH RWY 29
8. Kimberly - 2016
1 X RNP APCH RWY 02
1 X RNP APCH RWY 20
9. Upington - 2016
1 X RNP APCH RWY 35
9 of the 9 ACSA airport have RNP APCH’s
This equates to 100%
Performance
Indicators
RNAV 1 SID/STAR for 100% of international airports.
6 International ACSA Airports
1. OR Tambo - FAOR
2. Cape Town - FACT
3. King Shaka – FALE
4. Bloemfontein – FABL
5. Port Elizabeth – FAPE
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 32
6. Upington - FAUP
6 of the 6 ACSA International airports have RNAV 1 SID/STAR
This equates to 100%
Performance
Indicators
RNAV 1 SID/STAR for 70% of busy domestic airports where there are
operational benefits
3 ACSA Domestic Airports
1. George – FAGG
2. Kimberly – FAKM
3. East London – FAEL – Planned for 2017
2 of the 3 ACSA Domestic Airports have RNAV 1 SID/STAR
This equates to 70%
Note:
1. With consideration of requirements for international airports to be serviced by RNAV 1/2
SID/STAR, ATNS has achieved 50% as is described in the RSA PBN Roadmap. Although
Upington is an international airport, the airspace configuration based on traffic demand, does
not currently support the implementation of SID and STAR. Based on immediate operational
benefits to be achieved at other international airports and current resource constraints, RSA will
likely delay the implementation of the RNAV 1/2 SID/STAR requirements at Upington
International Airport to 2017 and beyond (Long Term target).
2. With regards to the implementation of RNP APCH Procedures, ATNS has achieved 66%
implementation, which exceeds the 50% target described in the RSA PBN Roadmap.
3. It is important to note that the reporting based on percentages can be deceiving since one
runway will be serviced 100% by two procedures on either end of the runway. Additional
procedures will not increase the 100% level of implementation achieved already.
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 33
Appendix E: Expected Action Plan results
Expected action plan results
Year RTK International fuel (l) International CO2 emissions (t)
2016 2,423,257,376 1,050,532,076 2,655,745
2017 2,520,187,671 1,093,456,707 2,764,259
2018 2,620,995,178 1,138,128,133 2,877,188
2019 2,725,834,985 1,184,617,210 2,994,712
2020 2,834,868,384 1,232,997,661 3,117,018
2021 2,948,263,119 1,283,346,190 3,244,299
2022 3,066,193,644 1,335,742,605 3,376,757
2023 3,188,841,390 1,390,269,941 3,514,602
2024 3,316,395,046 1,447,014,593 3,658,053
2025 3,449,050,847 1,506,066,447 3,807,336
2026 3,587,012,881 1,567,519,028 3,962,688
2027 3,730,493,397 1,631,469,639 4,124,355
2028 3,879,713,132 1,698,019,520 4,292,593
2029 4,034,901,658 1,767,274,003 4,467,669
2030 4,196,297,724 1,839,342,677 4,649,858
2031 4,364,149,633 1,914,339,562 4,839,450
2032 4,538,715,618 1,992,383,288 5,036,745
2033 4,720,264,243 2,073,597,277 5,242,054
2034 4,909,074,813 2,158,109,942 5,455,702
2035 5,105,437,805 2,246,054,882 5,678,027
2036 5,309,655,318 2,337,571,099 5,909,380
2037 5,522,041,530 2,432,803,206 6,150,127
2038 5,742,923,191 2,531,901,664 6,400,647
2039 5,972,640,119 2,635,023,009 6,661,338
2040 6,211,545,724 2,742,330,102 6,932,610
2041 6,460,007,553 2,853,992,382 7,214,893
2042 6,718,407,855 2,970,186,133 7,508,631
2043 6,987,144,169 3,091,094,758 7,814,288
2044 7,266,629,936 3,216,909,067 8,132,346
2045 7,557,295,133 3,347,827,575 8,463,308
2046 7,859,586,939 3,484,056,814 8,807,696
2047 8,173,970,416 3,625,811,656 9,166,052
2048 8,500,929,233 3,773,315,646 9,538,942
2049 8,840,966,402 3,926,801,356 9,926,954
2050 9,194,605,058 4,086,510,745 10,330,699
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 34
REFERENCES
1. Africa’s Greenest Flight
http://www.flysaa.com/za/en/flyingSAA/News/Africas_Greenest_Flight_First_flight_to_operate_with
_biofuel_made_from_locally_grown_tobacco_plants.html
2. ICAO Doc 9988 – Guidance on the Development of the State Action Plans on CO2 Emissions
Reduction Activities
3. White Paper on National Civil Aviation Policy (NCAP), draft, July, 2016.
South African State Action Plan: 2016 1st Edition
Page 35
Department of Transport- South Africa
Tel: +27 12 309 3000
www.transport.gov.za
Recommended