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Solar System
Planets, moons, dwarf planets and comets
Moons
Mercury Venus Earth Mars
0 0 1 2Gas giants have many (usually small) moons
Solar System
Planets, moons, dwarf planets and comets
Comets are ice, rock, and dust in eccentric orbits. They make a tail when they get closer to the Sun.
Body Diameter (Mm) Distance (AU)
Mercury 4.9 .39
Venus 12 .72
Earth 13 1
Mars 6.8 1.5
Jupiter 140 5.2
Saturn 120 9.5
Uranus 51 19
Neptune 50 30
Pluto 2.2 39
Diameter Distance(Mm) (AU)
Mercury 4.9 .39
Venus 12 .72
Earth 13 1
Mars 6.8 1.5
Jupiter 140 5.2
Saturn 120 9.5
Uranus 51 19
Neptune 50 30
Pluto 2.2 39
0
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160M
ercu
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Venu
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Earth
Mar
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Jupit
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Satu
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Ura
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Nep
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o
Diameter Distance(Mm) (AU)
Mercury 4.9 .39
Venus 12 .72
Earth 13 1
Mars 6.8 1.5
Jupiter 140 5.2
Saturn 120 9.5
Uranus 51 19
Neptune 50 30
Pluto 2.2 39
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Stars
• www.astrocappella.com/sun.shtml
• Nuclear fusion of hydrogen to helium releases the energy of a star.
Denebola• Denebola is a star. Its surface temperature is 8900k and it is 17 times as luminous as the Sun
…there are kinds of stars?
• Size: ~1/4 solar mass to 50 solar masses
• Temperature: ~3000-30,000 oC
• Age: brand new to ~10 billion years old.
…there are kinds of stars?
• Size: ~1/4 solar mass to 50 solar masses
• Temperature: ~3000-30,000 oC
• Age: brand new to ~10 billion years old.
The Sun is an average star
…there are kinds of stars?
• A dimmer star, up close, can look brighter than a bright star far enough away.
• A hotter star is brighter than a cooler star (color indicates temperature)
• A larger star is brighter than a smaller star
Color Class Temperature
• Blue O,B,A (over 7500oC)
• White F (6000-7500oC)
• Yellow G (5000-6000oC)
• Orange K (3500-5000oC)
• Red M (less than 3500oC)
Oh, be a fine girl, kiss me!
Color Class Temperature
• Blue O,B,A (over 7500oC)
• White FF (6000-7500oC)
• Yellow G (5000-6000oC)
• Orange K (3500-5000oC)
• Red M (less than 3500oC)
Oh, be a finefine girl, kiss me!
Type ColorSurface
TempSolar
MassLum. Ex.
O Blue >25,000 K 60 1,400,000 Lacertra
BBlue
11,000 -25,000K
18 20,000Rigel
Spica
ABlue
7,500 - 11,000 K
3.2 80Sirius, Vega
FBlue / White
6,000 - 7,500 K
1.7 6Canopus, Procyon
GWhite /Yellow
5,000 - 6,000 K
1.1 1.2Sun,
Capella
KOrange / Red
3,500 - 5,000 K
0.8 0.4Arcturus, Aldebaran
MRed < 3,500 K
0.30.04 Betelgeuse
Antares
Special stars
• Brown dwarfs—barely big enough to start fusion reactions
• Variable stars—change brightness
Constellations• Groups of visible stars in a recognizable
pattern.Andromeda, the princess
Antlia, the pump
Aquarius, the water bearer
Aquila, the eagle
Aries, the ram
Auriga, the chariot driver
Bootes, the herdsman
Caelum, the chisel
Camelopardalis, the giraffe
Cancer, the crab
Canes Venatici, the hunting dogs
Canis Major, the big dog
Canis Minor, the little dog
Capricorn, the goat
Cassiopeia, the queen
Cepheus, the king
Cetus, the whale
Columba, the dove
Coma Berenices, Berenice's hair
Corona Australis, the southern crown
Corona Borealis, the northern crown
Corvus, the crow
Crater, the cup
Cygnus, the swan
Delphinus, the dolphin
Draco, the dragon
Equuleus, the little horse
Fornax, the furnace
Gemini, the twins
Hercules, the hero
Horologium, the clock
Hydra, the water snake
Lacerta, the lizard
Leo Minor, the little lion
Leo, the lion
Libra, the scales
Lupus, the wolf
Lynx, the lynx
Lyra, the harp
Microscopium, the microscope
Monoceros, the unicorn
Ophiuchus, the sepent holder
Orion, the hunter
Pegasus, the flying horse
Perseus, the Medusa killer
Pisces Austrinus, the southern fish
Pisces, the fish
Puppis, the ship's stern
Pyxis, the ship's compass
Sagitta, the arrow
Sagittarius, the archer
Scorpius, the scorpion
Sculptor, the sculptor
Scutum, the shield
Serpens, the snake
Sextans, the sextant
Taurus, the bull
Telescopium, the telescope
Triangulum, the triangle
Ursa Major, the big bear
Ursa Minor, the little bear
Virgo, the virgin
Vulpecula, the little fox
Other stuff--Nebulas
• Light and dark—a cloud of dust and gas
• A dark nebula blocks the light of stars behind it.
• A light nebula is lit by stars in front of it.
Telescopes
• From “tele-” (far) and “scope” (seeing)
• Any part of the electromagnetic spectrum can be examined.
• Some telescopes must be in orbit (they cannot “see” through the atmosphere)
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