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Solar Frontier CIS modules
CONFIDENTIAL | Introduction Solar Frontier
10 good Reasons for using CIS Modules
1. Solar Frontier Group Showa Shell and Saudi Aramco as Shareholders 2. Long Track Record 34 years of R&D and experience 3. Modules are non-toxic Modules contain neither lead/cadmium 4. Application near the Sea Resistance against Ammonia/Salt corrosion 5. No module grounding No inverter restrictions 6. High shadow resistance Great performance also when partially shadowed 7. Best low light behaviour Best energy exploitation of all wavelengths 8. Temperature stability Great performance also in very hot conditions 9. Light Soaking Effect Extra performance of 5-10% after installation 10. Superior appearance Homogenious black modules
1 © Solar Frontier Europe GmbH
CONFIDENTIAL | Introduction Solar Frontier
1. Solar Frontier Group
Showa Shell Sekiyu K.K.
Solar Frontier Americas Inc.
Showa Shell Sekiyu Downstream oil refining & marketing company
Basic Data FY 2009 (US$)*
Tokyo Stock Exchange Class 1
Turnover $28 B
Total Assets $41 B
Solar Frontier Europe GmbH
Saudi Aramco
Royal Dutch Shell
Other Investors
100% 100%
100% Subsidiary
15% 35% 50%
Showa Shell Sekiyu Downstream oil refining & marketing company
Basic Data FY 2010 (USD)
Tokyo Stock Exchange Class 1 Turnover $28 billion Total Assets $41 billion
*FOREX USD-JPY exchange rate - December 2010
2 © Solar Frontier Europe GmbH
CONFIDENTIAL | Introduction Solar Frontier
2. Long Track Record of Showa Shell
crystalline-Si amorphous-Si CIS 2005
Commitment to CIS
production
1993
Start CIS research funded
by NEDO
2004
Shell Solar Japan
established
2006
Showa Shell Solar
established
2007
Commercial production in
Miyazaki Plant 1
2009
Production at 2nd plant begins;
Atsugi R&D
Center opens
2011
Launching world’s largest
PV plant 1GW Scale
1978
1981
Technical partnership
with Arco Solar
1983
Started c-Si
production
1986
Launched Showa Arco Solar JV with
Arco Solar
1990
Showa Arco Solar renamed Showa Solar
Energy
Showa Shell starts PV R&D
1987
Co-founded JPEA
Shell Solar acquired
Siemens Solar
2010
New Global Name Solar Frontier
1974
Oil crisis sparks joint solar project with Japanese
government
2003
3 © Solar Frontier Europe GmbH
R&D
CONFIDENTIAL | Introduction Solar Frontier
RoHS directive is being fulfilled
Restriction of (the use of) hazardous substances
This directive prohibits, effective July 1, 2006, electrical and electronic equipment put on the market in the European Union from containing specified chemical substances exceeding the specified value.
Although not yet required in the PV market, Solar Frontier is one of the very few PV module manufaturers compliant with RoHS.
4
3. Modules are non-toxic
© Solar Frontier Europe GmbH
Perfectly convenient for Rooftop installations, where house owners are sensitive about toxic materials (e.g. schools)
CONFIDENTIAL | Introduction Solar Frontier 5
4. Application near the Sea possible – TUV!!
© Solar Frontier Europe GmbH
CONFIDENTIAL | Introduction Solar Frontier
Max. power of the PV-generator: up to 121 kW without necessity of using a
trafo-inverter
Limit for max. leakage current allowed: 300 mA (in D).
AC leakage current is caused by the capacitance of the PV array when using trafo-less inverter:
0,37 mA/module, resp. 2,467 mA/kW.
Sun energy
AC- consumer
Trafo-less inverter
Capacitance
Earth
AC leak current
Advantages: Larger choice of Inverters Higher inverter efficiency Less weight, less costs
6
5. No module grounding necessary
© Solar Frontier Europe GmbH
CONFIDENTIAL | Introduction Solar Frontier
Under partially shaded conditions, the unique patterning of CIS modules keeps the drop of output to a minimum
0
20
40
60
80
0 20 40 60 80 100
Pm
(W
)
Shade Area(%)
CIS
c-Si
Shadow
The module’s output drops significantly under partial shadow
There is a partial loss of output but the overall
effect is minimum
c-Si CIS
Shadow
7
6. High Shadow Resistance
© Solar Frontier Europe GmbH
CONFIDENTIAL | Introduction Solar Frontier
Source: 23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Valencia, Spain, 1–5 September 2008
The Spectral Response (SR or QE) is governed by the ability of the photons to be absorbed in the Depletion Region of the detector.
8
7. Best low light behaviour
© Solar Frontier Europe GmbH
CIS uses all Wavelengths of the incoming light
C-si uses only the medium range of Wavelenghts
CONFIDENTIAL | Introduction Solar Frontier
Temperature-Coefficient FS-CIS
Temperature Coefficient
ISC 0.00 (A/℃) 0.01 (%/℃)
VOC -0.34 (V/℃) -0.31(%/℃)
Pmax -0.45 (W/℃) -0.30 (%/℃)
Temperature -Coefficient c-Si (example)
Temperature Coefficient
ISC 0.034 (%/℃)
VOC -0.34(%/℃)
Pmax -0.48 (%/℃)
This means:
Less power reduction in case of high module temperatures
Example: 65 oC module temp.: SF-CIS module: -12% c-Si-module: -19.2% > Delta: 7,2%
9
8. Temperature stability
© Solar Frontier Europe GmbH
CONFIDENTIAL | Introduction Solar Frontier
CIGS Buffer EC
EV
electron hole
defect
Ele
ctro
nic
energ
y
*Precise physical and chemical mechanism of the light soaking effect has not been identified yet. However, following illustration shows the most likely mechanism for the effect suggested by Dr. Lany and Dr. Zunger , Journal of Applied Physcis, 100, 113725 (2006).
CIGS Buffer EC
EV
electron hole
defect
Ele
ctro
nic
energ
y
Light
Light soaking effect Model
Electrons are trapped at defect
Light is absorbed in the cell
Barrier height of buffer layer decreases
Electrons become easy to flow
Series resistance decrease
Improvement of power by 5-10%!
Before LS After LS
RAC10-0071_02
Unrestricted
9. Light Soaking Effect Model (Animation)
© Solar Frontier Europe GmbH 10
CONFIDENTIAL | Introduction Solar Frontier
10. Aesthetics of CIS
Solar Frontier CIS modules have superior aesthetics to polysilicon panels and look better especially in residential applications
11 © Solar Frontier Europe GmbH
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