Solar Energy – Technologies and Applications

Tallinn 23 – 24 March 2011

BSR QUICK – Solar Energy – Technologies and Applications Slide: 1

� The aim of the seminar

Overview of possibilities of solar energy use for small and

medium-sized enterprises through the implementation of solar

thermal systems and solar power systems

� Focus areas

- Why should solar energy be used?

- Solar energy supply

- Possibilities of using solar energy

- Examples of technologies and applications

- Costs/funding and benefits

- Customer service

Slide: 2BSR QUICK – Solar Energy – Technologies and Applications

� Contents - Overview

First day (09:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m.)

- Why should solar energy be used? - Implementation possibilities of solar energy- Construction and functions of solar thermal systems- Planning and design- Installation, commissioning and maintenance- Costs and benefits, economic efficiency

Slide: 3

BSR QUICK – Solar Energy – Technologies and Applications

� Contents - Overview

Second day (9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m.)

- Large solar thermal systems - Photovoltaic market situation- Structure and functions of solar power systems - Costs and benefits- Economic efficiency- Customer service

Third day (9:00 a.m.- 1:30 p.m.) - optional- Excursion to a solar installation

Slide: 4

- Rising energy prices

- Scarce resources of fossil energy

- Risk of energy: nuclear power (radiation, waste)

- Competitiveness

- Compliance with stricter regulations, legislation

- Active against global warming, climate change

- Company image

Why should solar energy be used?

Threatened area in the case of Greenland ice melting (Increase by 6-7m; all glaciers +Antarctic: by 60-70m)

Rising global carbon dioxide emissions

Durchschnittliche Energiepreissteigerung ca. 7% per anno

tecson, u.a

about 7.5% / a($150 in August 2008)

about 4.5% / a($45 February 2009)

Energy costs today - Energy costs tomorrow

Slide: 9

Energy costs increased by 4,7,10, or 15%

� Renewable energies: potentials

� Solar energy useSolar energy supply– astronomically and meteorologically conditioned variations

Solar Energy Supply

� Solar energy

Solar energy supplyin Europe: Geographical distribution of annual totals (kWh/m2 per annum)

Solar Energy Supply

� Solar energy

Solar energy supplyin Estonia: Geographical distribution of annual totals(kWh/m2 per annum)

Slide: 13

1,000 kWh/m2

correspond to about100 liter heating oil

Solar Energy Supply

� Solar energy supply in Estonia(global radiation)

Tallinn 960 kWh/m2 per annum

Tartu 969 kWh/m2 per annum

Vilsandi 1.026 kWh/m2 per annum

Solar Energy Supply

� Solar energy use

- Solar thermal systems (solar thermal installations)Conversion of sunlight into heat (hot water, heating)

-Solar power systems (photovoltaic installations)Conversion of sunlight into electricity (own consumption and / or

Power supply)

Possibilities of Using Solar Energy

Solar Heating – Structure and Function

� Collector designs

Solar Heating - Components

� Flat collectors

� Vaccuum tube collectors

� Tank

(Wagner & Co., Cölbe)

Solar Heating - Assembly

Solar Heating – Example of Small Installations

Solar Heating – Example of Medium-Sized Installations

• Flat or tube collector?

Flat collector:

+ good value for money

+ recommended in the case of favourable framework conditions

Tube collector:

+ 30% less space required

+ flat roof: horizontal mounting possible

+ unfavourable orientation (rotation possible)

+ high temperatures

Slide: 26

Solar Heating

Solar Heating - Controlling

Solar Heating - Balance

� Solar Thermal Systems - Planning and interpretation

Interpretation:

60 liter (60㼻C)of hot waterper m² of collector surfaceTank:60 liter per m² of collector surface

Solar Heat - Dimensioning

Solar hot water preparation:

- Collector surface:

about 1-1.5 m² per person 1)

- Storage capacity:

about 80 liter per person

1) 1m2 for vacuum tube collectors, 1,5m2 for flat collectors

Solar heating support:

- Collector surfaceabout 2-3 m² per person 1)

- Storage capacity:about 50 liter of storage capacity per m² of collector surface 2)

1) 2m2 for vacuum tube collectors

3m2 for flat collectors2) 60 L for flat collectors

80 L for vaccum tube collectors

� Large solar thermal systems

- Residential buildings- Nursing homes- Hospitals- Accommodation facilities (hotels, guest houses)- Camps- Laundries- Car washes- Breweries- Sport facilities- ... Systems with high hot water consumption throughout the year (at least in the summer season)

Solar Heating - Applications

Solar Heating – Example of Large Systems

Solar Heating – Large Systems

• Tank discharge principle in the post-heating storagewith an additional pre-heating storage

21.03.11 BSR QUICK – Erneuerbare Energien und Energieeffizienz

� Costs and benefits

Specific investment costs depending on the installation size about 500 - 1.500 € / square meter of collector surface

(Estonia: about 1,500 / per square meter of collector surface)

Specific solar circle yield 350 - 450 kWh/m2Jahr

Energy savings in the total heat demanddepending on installation size and concept

about 10 - 40 %

In solar houses up to 100 %

Solar Heating – Costs and Benefits

� Structure and function

Slide: 39

Solar Power

Solar Power – Basics

� Structure and function of a solar cell

䞉 Charge separationRecombination

Unused photon

energy

Reflection and

shadowing through

front contacts

Comparison with thin layer crystalline cells

Solar Power – Installation Engineering

Solar Power – Off-Grid Systems

Solar Power – Grid-connected Installations

PV generator:

in series and parallel-

connected PV-modules

with a mounting frame

(1) Generator junction box

(with protective

equipment)

(2) DC wiring

(3) DC main switch

(4) Inverter

(5) AC wiring

(6) Meter box with circuit

distribution, input and

output meter and service

Solar Power - Components

� Modular structure

Solar panel

Inverter

Solar Power - Components

Solar Power - Assembly

21.03.11 BSR QUICK – Erneuerbare Energien und Energieeffizienz

Solar Power - Examples

� Dimensioning

1 kWp brequires approximately 10m2 of space

1 kWp produces about 800 kWh/year

Requirements:

- lack of shade

- azimuth between Southeast and Southwest

Solar Power

� Costs

1 kWp costs about €2,500 – 3,500

1 kWp produces about 800 kWh/year

In the case of power consumption

coverage > 30%

In the case of power supply compensation (EEG)

Estonia: tax reliefs, loans, green certificates

Solar Power

� Development of costs

Solar powerinGermany

Slide: 55

Solar Power

� Example 1 CAMPING SITE

Good Examples: Solar Thermal

Places:

Collector surface:

Storage size:

1800 L

Measured savings:

Slide: 56Slide: 56BSR QUICK – Solar Energy – Technologies and Applications

� Example 2 HOTEL

In the course of a complete

renovation of the hotel solar thermal installation was installed to heat water. 51 m2 of

flat collectors heat the total of

4,500 liters of buffer store. Thus

the energy saving of 70% is

achieved annually. With

investment costs of 37,000 € and

funding of 14.700 €, the installation

amortized within 8 years .

� Example 3 MACHINES AND STEEL COMPANY

Wood chip heating: 100 kW

Solar installations for water heating

and heating support,

Collector surface: 80 m2

Average solar circle yield:

381 kWh / m2 per annum

Buffer storage: 5,900 l

Thus potential CO2-reduction:

9.436 kg / year

� Example 4 HOUSING ECONOMICS

'The Settlement Garden City of

Farmsen' was converted into a

'solar village'. By the end of 2009

approximately 1,100 homes

received support for renewable

heating and hot water. From

approximately 1,200 m² of collector

surface produces annually

approximately 500,000 kWh of

energy. Objective: the development

of solar energy by the year 2014,

approximately 2,000 square meters

of collector surface for 1,825 houses

(71.5% of housing stock).

� Example 5 Photovoltaics - INDUSTRY

Fronius deals since 1992 with

solar electronics, in particular

with the

Development and production

of photovoltaic inverters for

grid coupled and autonomous

power supply sources.

Currently the largest

photovoltaic solar power plant

in Austria was built on top of

the Fronius company building

in Sattledt / Austria: capacity

604 kWp

Good Examples: Solar Power

� Beispiel 6 Photovoltaics - WORKSHOPS

ROST Workshops offer

services in the area of printing,

advertising and fairs.

PV panels on the shed roof

- Installation size:

101 kWp

- Electricity production:

64000 kWh/year

� Example 7 Photovoltaik - AGRICULTURE

In total 109 kWp of photovoltaic installations were assembled on

the livestock buildings of the farm.

This installation produces about

92,000 kWh of solar power

annually. With investment costs of

about 200,000 € the investment

will be refinanced within 10 years

through the feed-in compensation

(EEG).

� Solar heating and solar power in Estonia

Slide: 63

Oil shale is the most important energy source in Estonia.The share of renewable energy in overall energy consumption in 2008 was 13.5% in Estonia. The organic and wind energy are the primary types here. Solar energy is used in Estonia to a small extent. The first solar projects (e.g. solar thermal systems for the hospital in Vändra, SOS Children's Village in Keila) are implemented for solar heat production. Under the electricity market law the solar power costs are reimbursed (Elektrituruseadus) since 1 July 2010 at the level of 5,37 Cent/kWh.

Solar Energy - Market

� EU – Guidelines and support programs

Regulations/decisions:

Renewable energies:Directive 2009/28/ECObjective: Increasing the total number of renewable energies till 2020 to 20%. Incl. National Action Plans (Estonia: from 18 % in 2005 to 25% in 2020 of final energy consumption share).

Solar Energy - Promotion

EU – Funding (direct/indirect)

Applying for a direct EU funding requires significant amount of time and bureaucracy! This applies to direct EU funding programs such as LIFE III, Intelligent energy for Europe, Marco Polo, Leonardo da Vinci. These projects are created on European added value (a consortium with other partners)

More advantageous are the programs in which national/regional EU funds are available indirectly from the Structural and Cohesion Fund. This framework is suitable for SME projects in particular from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). Example in Poland: the Sectoral Operational Programme for increasing the competitiveness of companies (7 billion for 2007-2013)

Solar Energy - Promotion

Solar Energy – Customer Service

� Various phases of consultations

1. Becoming acquainted – building bridges

2. Questions – identifying the needs3. Offering solutions – consolidating and negotiating4. Achieving results – completion

� Conclusion

Summary- Facts- Important websites

Feedback - Content?- Presentation?- Have the goals been achieved?- Use for own applications?- What is missing?- Improvement proposals

Slide: 67

Solar Energy – Technologies and Applications - BSR QUICK

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