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SOLAR CELLSSOLAR CELLS
ESW ESW SustainableSustainable
Technology of the Month!Technology of the Month!
Presented by: Brad GethingPresented by: Brad Gething
DISCLAIMERDISCLAIMER
I am not an expert in photovoltaics I am not an expert in photovoltaics
This presentation is not a comprehensive This presentation is not a comprehensive review of the state of the art.review of the state of the art.
Not all of the information presented Not all of the information presented originates from peer reviewed sources. originates from peer reviewed sources.
BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND1839 - 1839 - Photovoltaic effect was discovered by the French physicist Alexandre Photovoltaic effect was discovered by the French physicist Alexandre Edmond Becquerel.Edmond Becquerel.1918 - 1918 - Polish scientist Jan Czochralski discovered a method for Polish scientist Jan Czochralski discovered a method for monocrystalline silicon production. The first silicon monocrystalline solar monocrystalline silicon production. The first silicon monocrystalline solar cell was constructed in cell was constructed in 19411941. . 1955 - 1955 - Western Electric put for sale commercial licenses for solar cells Western Electric put for sale commercial licenses for solar cells production (mainly for space exploration). Hoffman Electronics-production (mainly for space exploration). Hoffman Electronics-Semiconductor Division introduced a commercial photovoltaic product with 2 Semiconductor Division introduced a commercial photovoltaic product with 2 % efficiency for $25 per cell with 14 mW peak power. Cost - $1,785 per W. % efficiency for $25 per cell with 14 mW peak power. Cost - $1,785 per W. 1973 –1973 – U. Delaware produced a photovoltaic-thermal hybrid system Solar U. Delaware produced a photovoltaic-thermal hybrid system Solar one, one of the first photovoltaic systems for domestic application. Cost - one, one of the first photovoltaic systems for domestic application. Cost - $30 per W $30 per W 1984 -1984 - 1 MW photovoltaic power plant began to operate in Sacramento, 1 MW photovoltaic power plant began to operate in Sacramento, California. ARCO Solar introduced the first amorphous modules. California. ARCO Solar introduced the first amorphous modules. 1992 - 1992 - A silicon solar cell with 20 % efficiency was patented. A silicon solar cell with 20 % efficiency was patented. 2002 - 2002 - Cumulative worldwide installed PV capacity expected to reach 2000 Cumulative worldwide installed PV capacity expected to reach 2000 MW MW
AVERAGE SOLAR IRRADIANCEAVERAGE SOLAR IRRADIANCE 1991-1993 1991-1993
W/mW/m22
World Energy DemandWorld Energy Demand
GW-hrGW-hr
20032003 2030 (est.)2030 (est.)
1.2331.233EE88 2.1162.116EE88
US Energy DemandUS Energy Demand
GW-hrGW-hr
20032003 2030 (est.)2030 (est.)
2.9372.937EE77 3.8443.844EE77
CONTEXTCONTEXT
CONTEXTCONTEXTLocation, Location, DesertDesert
Desert Size Desert Size
kmkm22
Irradiation Irradiation
W/mW/m22
Area Area Required Required
kmkm22
Energy Energy OutputOutput
GW-hrGW-hr
Africa, Sahara Africa, Sahara 9,064,960 9,064,960 260 260 144,231144,231 2.0552.055EE77
Australia, Great Australia, Great Sandy Sandy
388,500 388,500 265 265 141,509141,509
China, China,
Takla Makan Takla Makan
271,950 271,950 210 210 178,571178,571
Middle-East, Middle-East, Arabian Arabian
2,589,910 2,589,910 270 270 138,889138,889
South America, South America, Atacama Atacama
139,860 139,860 275 275 136,364136,364
U.S.A.,U.S.A.,
Great Basin Great Basin
492,100 492,100 220 220 170,455170,455
ECONOMICSECONOMICS
A 3 kW PV residential retrofit system in the US A 3 kW PV residential retrofit system in the US costs ~$25,000costs ~$25,000Amortized over a 20 year mortgage, the cost of Amortized over a 20 year mortgage, the cost of PV electricity is ~25 cents per kWh in most U.S. PV electricity is ~25 cents per kWh in most U.S. locationslocationsThe average cost of utility/grid electricity is 8.2 The average cost of utility/grid electricity is 8.2 cents per kWh in the U.S. and between 0.10 and cents per kWh in the U.S. and between 0.10 and 0.15 €per kWh in Europe.0.15 €per kWh in Europe.Studies suggest an added hidden societal cost Studies suggest an added hidden societal cost behind all fossil-fueled power plant ranging from behind all fossil-fueled power plant ranging from 7 to 20 cents per kWh.7 to 20 cents per kWh.
ECONOMICSECONOMICS
Although the production of electrical grade Although the production of electrical grade Si has increased, acquisition of raw Si has Si has increased, acquisition of raw Si has not.not.
DEMAND > SUPPLYDEMAND > SUPPLY
KEY POINT KEY POINT
Costs can be reduced by:Costs can be reduced by: Alternative materialsAlternative materials
Reduced material costReduced material cost
Reduced processing costReduced processing cost
Increased efficienciesIncreased efficiencies Alternative uses of SiAlternative uses of Si
Amorphous Si (non-crystalline)Amorphous Si (non-crystalline)
Si layered with glassSi layered with glass
ALTERNATIVESALTERNATIVES
MaterialsMaterials Cadmium TellurideCadmium Telluride PolymersPolymers Dye-sensitized solar cellsDye-sensitized solar cells
ProcessingProcessing Thin filmsThin films Ribbon PrintingRibbon Printing Nano-crystalline materialsNano-crystalline materials
EFFICIENCIESEFFICIENCIES
Amorphous silicon (Tandem)Amorphous silicon (Tandem) 6 - 7% 6 - 7%
Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) thin filmCadmium Telluride (CdTe) thin film 8 - 10% 8 - 10%
Multi (or Poly) crystalline siliconMulti (or Poly) crystalline silicon 12 -15%12 -15%
Mono-crystalline silicon (SiN)Mono-crystalline silicon (SiN) 13 -16%13 -16%
Saturn Mono-crystalline siliconSaturn Mono-crystalline silicon 15 -18%15 -18%
WANT TO LEARN MORE?WANT TO LEARN MORE?
PSU CoursesPSU Courses EDSGN 497A: Sustainable Design and EngineeringEDSGN 497A: Sustainable Design and Engineering ENGR 097S: Solar RacersENGR 097S: Solar Racers
Center for Sustainability (www.engr.psu.edu/cfs)Center for Sustainability (www.engr.psu.edu/cfs) Solar DecathlonSolar Decathlon
www.solar.psu.eduwww.solar.psu.edu Powerlion- portable PV stationPowerlion- portable PV station New 1750 W PV arrayNew 1750 W PV array
Penn State Energy Institute – Sustainable Energy Penn State Energy Institute – Sustainable Energy ResearchResearchFacultyFaculty
Dr. Andy Lau – ASE Dr. Andy Lau – ASE Dr. Christopher Wronski – EEDr. Christopher Wronski – EE Dr. John Asbury - ChemistryDr. John Asbury - Chemistry
REFERENCESREFERENCES
http://www.pvresources.com/en/history.phphttp://www.pvresources.com/en/history.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaicshttp://science.howstuffworks.com/solar-cell.htm““Everything You Wanted to Know About Solar Everything You Wanted to Know About Solar
PhotovoltaicsBut Were Afraid to Ask”, BP Solar PhotovoltaicsBut Were Afraid to Ask”, BP Solar PublicationPublication
International Energy Outlook 2006International Energy Outlook 2006, , Energy Information Energy Information AdministrationAdministration
Annual Energy Outlook 2007 Annual Energy Outlook 2007 , , Energy Information Energy Information AdministrationAdministration
Flin, David. “Thin films for fat profits”, Flin, David. “Thin films for fat profits”, Modern Power Modern Power SystemsSystems, 26(2), 2006. , 26(2), 2006.
LET’S CHAT!LET’S CHAT!QUESTIONS??QUESTIONS??COMMENTS??COMMENTS??
““I'd put my money on the I'd put my money on the sun and sun and solarsolar energy. energy. What a source of power! What a source of power! I hope we don't have to I hope we don't have to wait till oil and coal run wait till oil and coal run out before we tackle out before we tackle that.” that.”
--Thomas Edison--Thomas Edison
“If to do were as easy as to know what is good to do, then
paupers would be princes and a poor man’s hovel, a rich man’s
estate.”
– William Shakespeare
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