Soil pollution and its impact on soil life - Mar… · Mark Hodson, Soil pollution and its impact...

Soil pollution and its impact on soil lifeMark Hodson

Mark Hodson, Soil pollution and its impact on soil life 2

Structure• Sources of soil pollution• How wide spread is the problem?• When is a pollutant a problem• Scale / level of impact• Effects• Quantifying effects• Opportunities• Challenges

Sources of pollution

Image from: http://www.michellehenry.fr/pollution.htm

How wide spread is the problem?

325 000 potentially contaminated sitesc. 300 000 hac. 2% of land area33 500 contaminated sites identified to date21 000 treatedEA 2009 figures

360 000 potentially contaminated sitesGerman Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety 2002 figures

40 000 potentially contaminated sitesDanish Ministry of the Environment 2009 figures

60 000 potentially contaminated sitesDutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (now part of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment) 2009 figuresCost estimated at 100 billion Dutch guilders in 1997 (c. 500 M € today)

When is a pollutant a problem?

Image from: Semple et al. (2004) Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (12)

Mark Hodson, Soil pollution and its impact on soil life

When is a pollutant a problem

Cr(VI) vs Cr(III), Cr metal

Scale / level of impact• Molecules

MetallothioneinsImage from: Professor Frank Shaw, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/cfsiii/www/

Scale / level of impact• Molecules

Heat shock proteinsImage from: http://www.usnon.com/expression-of-heat-shock-protein-70-in-human-skin-cells.htm

Scale / level of impact• Molecules• Cells

Image from: http://www.kathimitchell.com/cells.html

Image from: Hopkin (1989) Ecophysiology of metals in terrestrial invertebrates. Granule in hepatopancreas of a snail

Image from: Cotter-Howells et al (2005) Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 7731-7740

Scale / level of impact• Molecules• Cells• Organs

Image from: http://decenthospital.com/organs.html

Surface precipitatesImage: Sonja Selenska-Pobell/Mohamed Larbi Merroun); http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9821-bacteria-skin-helps-assemble-metal-nanoclusters.html

Hepatopancreas (liver + pancreas)Image: http://rioiriri.blogspot.co.uk/2008/02/bio-geekery-giant-isopods.html

ChloragogImage: http://kids.britannica.com/elementary/art-67299/Earthworms-belong-to-a-group-of-worms-known-as-segmented

Midgut (Cd), Cuticle (Zn)Image: http://www.cgm-gardenlife.co.uk/pages/Centipedes-Milipedes-Earwigs-and-Woodlice.html

Midgut epitheliumImage: http://www.utexas.edu/tmm/sponsored_sites/biospeleology/photos.htm

Scale / level of impact• Molecules• Cells• Organs• Animals

Image from: Field studies councilhttp://www.field-studies-council.org/breathingplaces/minibeasts.htm

Effect on soil organisms• Metabolic cost

Effect on soil organisms• Metabolic cost• Survival

Effect on soil organisms• Metabolic cost• Survival• Evolution

Reference

Stream

Cottage Image: Jane Andre

Scale / level of impact• Molecules• Cells• Organs• Animals• Ecosystems

Image from: Portland State Universityhttp://ecoplexity.org/soil_model

Effect on soil organisms• Metabolic cost• Survival• Population structure

Effect on soil organisms• Metabolic cost• Survival• Population structure• Community / ecosystem

Quantifying the effects• Diversity indices

Simpson’s diversity index (0 = no diversity, 1 = infinite diversity)

n = number of a particular speciesN = total number

1 – (-----)∑ n (n – 1)

N (N – 1)

Quantifying the effects

The “omic” revolutions

Image from: http://www.chemeng.ucla.edu/research/research-areas/biomolecular-engineering-and-systems-biology

Mixtures

Image from: Jonker et al. (2004) Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 23 1529 - 1537

Summary• Pollutants are generated by all sorts of human

activities• Soil pollution is a wide spread problem• Pollutants have to be “bioavailable” to cause harm• Impacts occurs from the molecular to ecosystem

scale• Quantification is by controlled testing and

comparisons• “Omics” technologies are not yet mature• Mixtures are difficult

Soil pollution and its impact on soil life - Mar… · Mark Hodson, Soil pollution and its impact...

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