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OGT REVIEWSocial Studies
Forms of Government
1. Monarchy All monarchs gain power through heredity Types
A. Absolute: monarchs have sole control over government▪ 1. People have few or no rightsB. Limited: power of monarch limited by constitution
and/or parliament.2. some monarchs are figureheads
C. Divine Right- Believe that monarch was put on throne by God
Forms of gov’t cont.
2. Dictator A. usually comes to power through
military force Has absolute power When a dictator is removed from
power there is no clear succession People have few or no rights Oligarchy- small group rules instead
of a single person
Forms of gov’t cont.
3. Democracy Government by the people
Types▪ 1. Direct: the people directly vote on all
matters▪ 2. Representative (indirect): the people elect
representatives to make decisions for them- Power is limited by the constitution and
regular elections
Forms of Gov’t cont.
4. Theocracy No separation of church and state
U.S. Constitution
Constitution known as the Supreme Law of the Land
Only way to change the Constitution is through the amendment process
The U.S. government can only limit or place restrictions your rights if: clear and present danger, public safety, national security, libel, and equal opportunity
U.S. Constitution
The three branches of Government (executive, legislative, judicial) operate on a system of checks and balances.
Amendments
1st freedom of press, religion, petition, assembly, and speech
13th abolish slavery 14th citizenship to everyone born in U.S. 15th right to vote to all adult males 16th government can collect income tax 17th Direct election of senators 19th women’s suffrage (voting) 24th outlaws literacy test & poll taxes for
voting 26th lowers voting age to 18
Supreme Court Cases
Plessey v. Ferguson- declared segregation legal
Brown v. Board of Education-segregation illegal
Bakke v. CA-allows for affirmative action
Economics
1. types of economics Command: all economic
decisions made by the government
Market: businesses privately owned
Mixed: combination of privately owned & government controlled businesses
2. Tradedefinition: buying, selling, & exchanging of goods within & between countries.
Economics cont.
Exports: products leaving a country
Imports: products entering a country
Trade Imbalance occurs when a country’s imports and exports are not equal (more imports than exports hurt a country’s economy)
Tariff is a tax placed on imports to protect domestic products
Embargo/blockade: a country refuses to trade with another country for political or economic reasons
Economics cont.
3. Taxes A government raises
money(revenues) by collecting taxes (16th amendment)
4. Congress created the Federal Reserve to manage the nation’s economy. The Federal Reserve sets monetary policy Set the interest rate: raise
rate to get people to save, lower rate to get
Geography
Region: an area with one or more common characteristics or feature- Geographic region (Rocky Mountains), Political Region (U.S.A.), Cultural regions (Middle East).
Geographic changes over time as a result of human activity. Human activities such as mining & logging will change the physical geography of an area. Advanced transportation allows for the settlement in remote areas. Technology also allows for the diffusion (transfer) of ideas from one place to another
Geography cont.
Throughout history people have migrated(moved) for political, social, economic, & environmental reasons.
Immigration: movement into a country
Emigration: movement out of a country
Globalization: the act, process, or policy of making something worldwide in scope or application
Indigenous: native to an area Interdependence: being mutually
dependent Topography: graphic representation
of the surface features of a place or region on a map
Skills & Methods
Source: a person or document that provides information
Both primary & secondary sources contain some level of biasness information
A credible or reliable source is one in which you can trust the author
Propaganda is used to persuade someone to your point of view
A thesis must be supported by evidence contained within the paper(source)
Skills & Methods cont.
When completing a research project you must collect data, refine your topic(according to the data collected), develop and support a thesis
Logical fallacies: statements or arguments based on a false or invalid inference
Unstated assumptions: supporting ideas that are not explicitly presented in the source
Stereotype: an oversimplified opinion or idea
Vocabulary
Analyze: critically look at something and come to a decision
Critique: make a judgment about something
Define: give the meaning to something
Demonstrate: show that something is true or false by using evidence or reasoning
Vocabulary cont.
Determine: come to a conclusion about something
Evaluate: make judgments about some idea using evidence
Explain: provide reasons for something in order to make it clear and understandable
Trace: provide a brief account of the main ideas following the progress or history of the subject
Hints for Writing Short & Extended Responses
Understand the question: read the question carefully.
Think through your answer. You may write a brief outline before writing your answer
State the main idea of your answer: topic sentence
Provide supporting evidence Conclude your answer: summarize
the main ideas in your answer
Enlightenment
17th century intellectual movement Worked to limit power of government & church Locke believed job of government was to protect
rights of the people or be overthrown Enlightenment thinkers:
Locke=Natural Rights Montesquieu=Separation of powers Voltaire=freedom of speech
Enlightenment cont.
Enlightenment ideas led to: American Revolution, U.S. Constitution &
Bill of Rights, French Revolution, Latin American wars for independence
Philosophe: French philosopher
Industrial Revolution
Improved technology in agriculture increased output Industrial revolution begins in Great Britain May move from rural areas to cities to find work Industrialization results in urbanization-growth of cities (poor
living conditions-slums) Working conditions in factories: dangerous, long hours, little
pay Women & children also work in factories Led to rise of organized labor-Unions▪ Demand better pay, shorter hours, benefits
Industrial Revolution cont.
Assembly line allows for mass production, prices begin to fall
Middle class begins to develop as the standard of living begins to rise
Populism & progressivism are movements that develop in response to the poor living & working conditions
Immigration to the United States increases because of the availability of jobs Received low pay Often established own section of city
Imperialism
Imperialism: strong nation has political, economic, & social control over a weaker nation
White Man’s Burden- idea that the west must “civilize” backward nations
Colonial powers force their culture & political systems on their colonies
The colony exists to benefit the colonial power
Imperialism was fueled by the need for markets & resources for industrialization.
Imperialism cont.
U.S. becomes imperialist power after the Spanish-American War (U.S. acquired Guam, Puerto Rico, & Philippines)
American businesses fueled U.S. acquisition of Hawaii President Teddy Roosevelt has “Big Stick” policy (U.S.
builds Panama Canal & intervenes in Latin America) Japan modernizes to protect herself from imperialist
take over China is separated into Spheres of Influence Struggles in Africa nations directly linked to past
imperialist policies
World War I
4 M.A.I.N. causes: militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism.
First modern war: advanced weapons are used (submarines, machine guns, tanks, planes, poison gas)
Assassination of archduke immediate cause of the war
Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria
Allies: Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, & U.S.
World War I cont.
U.S. involvement: Initially neutral, sell supplies to both sides German unrestricted submarine war policy U.S. involvement led to defeat of Central Powers Great Migration-many African Americans move North for
jobs in defense plants 14 Points-President Wilson’s plan for a lasting peace▪ Not as harsh as Treaty of Versailles
World War I cont.
Treaty of Versailles (Ends WWI, very harsh towards Germany)
Results League of Nations established
to prevent war Fails- no power to prevent
aggression, U.S. doesn’t join Causes: Russian Revolution,
Great Depression, Rise of Dictators, & WWII
Treaty of Versailles
War Guilt Clause-Germany solely responsible for war
Germany must pay $billions in reparations
Severely limits size of German military
Germany cannot manufacture war materials
Germany lost all overseas colonies
Poland becomes an independent nation
Between the Wars
U.S. returns to isolationist policy-distraught over monetary & human cost of WWI
Red Scare-fear of communism (Result of Communist revolution in Russia)(Restricted immigration to the U.S.)
Harlem Renaissance-Glorification of the accomplishments of African Americans
19th amendment gave women the right to vote
Between the Wars
Causes of Great Depression (1929-41) Bank failures Overproduction Overspending Stock market crashFDR’s plan to combat the depression was called the
New Deal
World War II
Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, & Japan Allied Powers: Great Britain, U.S., Soviet Union U.S. enters war when Japan attacks U.S. base at Pearl
Harbor Japanese-Americans are forced to live in internment
camps Women work in factories to help the war effort African Americans continue to migrate north for factory
jobs War ends when U.S. drops two atomic bombs on Japan
WWII cont.
Results of war Millions of refugees-people
left homeless because of war
Many European colonies receive their independence
United Nations established to preserve world peace
Nation of Israel established (Arab-Israel conflict begins)
U.S. & Soviet Union emerge has world’s “super powers”
Atomic bombs begin arms race between U.S. & Soviet Union
Cold War
End of WWII U.S. & Soviet Union become suspicious of each others motives & policies (c0mpete in arms & space race)
U.S. foreign policy based on containment of communism Soviet Union controls much of Eastern Europe, referred to
as Iron Curtain or Soviet Bloc Marshall Plan was U.S. program to rebuild Europe after
WWII Plan rejected by Soviet Union Plan weakened appeal of communism in Western Europe
Cold war cont.
Korean conflict helps Truman gain support for massive U.S. military build-up
Soviet Union & U.S. disagree over Berlin (Berlin airlift & Berlin Wall)
Castro comes to power in Cuba allies with the Soviet Union Cuban Missile Crisis
Soviet Union attempts to install nuclear missiles in Cuba War is prevented with the U.S. when Khrushchev backs down &
removes the missiles
Cold War cont.
Vietnam War begins when Communist North Vietnam invades South Vietnam U.S. aids South Vietnam because of the
Domino Theory
Civil Rights Movement
Jim Crow Laws allow for the legal separation of races (segregation)
Brown v. Board of Education declares segregation unconstitutional
Civil disobedience: legal form of protest to bring about government change (boycott)
1950s-1960s
U.S. economy was strong following WWII Cities suffer financially as middle class moves to suburb Baby Bombers: large increase in birthrate following WWII McCarthyism: campaign to root at communism in U.S.
(red scare) Technological advancements created more leisure time:
upper & middle class
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