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8/13/2019 Social Interaction and Social Processes
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Social interaction &
Social Processes
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Nature & Approaches to Social
Interaction
When 2 or more persons, group
meet, there will be a mutual
awareness & response between
them, both verbal & non-verbal.
Exchange of messages is carriedon through the medium of
language.
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Language is a system of
verbal and non-verbal
written symbols with
standardized meaning.
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Non-verbal language
involves the use of
written symbols.
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Social interaction refers to the
mutual inter stimulation &response between 2 or more
persons and groups throughsymbols, language, gestures, &
expression of ideas, (PANOPIO,
1997)
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3 situations for social
interaction
Person
toperson
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Person
to-group
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Group-to-group
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2 Approaches to Social
Interaction
a. Symbolic
interactionb.Functionalist view
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Symbolic interactionrefers to the
communication of thoughts &
feelings between individuals that
occurs by means of symbol.
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Specific Approaches under Symbolic
Interaction
1. Definition of the Situation (W.I
Thomas)
-refers to the sociological
perspective that views the
meaning people attribute to asocial setting. This process is
called negotiated interaction
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2. Dramaturgy (Erving Goffman)
-views social interaction as a resembling a
theatrical performance in which peoplestage their behavior in such a way as to
elicit the responses they desire from other
people.
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3. Ethno Methodology(Harold Garfinkel)
-studies the procedurespeople use to make sense
of their everyday lives &experiences
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4. Social Exchange (Blau &
Homans)-portrays interaction as a
more or lessstraightforward &
rationally calculated seriesof mutually beneficial
transactions.
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b. Functionalist view
-human interactions involveslittle more than people acting
out roles (parent, child, worker)based on social script, much as
theatrical actors take their linesfrom a play.
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THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF
SOCIAL PROCESSES
1. THE NATURE OF SOCIALPROCESS
Social Processrefers to therecurrent and patterned
interactions or responses ofindividuals to one another
which have attained stability.
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2. CLASSIFICATION OF SOCIALPROCESS
a. Based on Formation
1. Universal or basic processes
2. Derived social processes
b. Based on unity or opposition1. Conjunctive social processes
2. Disjunctive social processes
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BASED ON FORMATION
1.
Basic or universalsocial processes
refers topatterned and
recurrent responsesobservable in all
human societies
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Three Universal Social Processes
a. Cooperation- involves two or more persons
joining their intelligence,efforts, talents and resourcestogether to attain a goal which
can be shared. (e.g. businesspartnership).
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Type ofCooperation
1. Informalcooperation
-characterizedasspontaneousand involvesmutual giveand take.
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2.Formalcooperation
characterizedas a deliberatecontractual
nature andprescribes thereciprocalrights andobligations ofmembers.
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3.Symboliccooperation
a situationwhere two or
more person livetogether
harmoniouslyandare supportive
and
interdependentresulting inmutualinterest.
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Functions of Cooperation
- It makes for social cohesionand integration among the
members of a group.- It contributes to socialstability and order
- It fosters consensus andcompromise in various socialissues.
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b. Competition
- it is a form of impersonalized
struggle or opposition to secure areward or goal which cannot beshared. It is a form of disjoint
action between opposingindividuals or group aimed toexcel, surpass or outdo the
opponent in order to achieve thegoal. (e.g. sportsfest; rivalry)
Type of Competition
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Type of Competition
1. Personal competition
involves direct face-to-face
contact between opposing
parties.
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1. Impersonal competition
involves a struggle
between persons or groups
not directly aware of eachother.
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Functions of Competition
- Competing individuals or
groups try to outdo each
other and thereby innovate
ways to do so.
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* Competition can be a driving forceto persons to develop their
potentials to the fullest and attainmaximum efficiency andeffectiveness.
* Competition can developproductivity, creativity andingenuity.
*Competition of members of asociety for certain goals and thecompetition for scarce resources
lead to variation or differentiation.
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c. Conflict- is a form of highly
personalized and emotionalizedstruggle or opposition betweenindividuals or groups to attain
scarce goals or values.( e.g.group riots, violent strikes, waror revolution)
- it may involve physicalviolence or non-violence.
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Functions of Conflict
- Conflict may helpestablish unity andcohesion. Within a group
which has beenthreatened by hostile and
antagonistic feelingsamong the members.
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- Internal conflict becomes astabilizing and integrating
mechanism in certain instances.
- Conflict provides an outlet for the
expression of suppressedemotions and frustrations.
- Competition and conflict promotesocial change.
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2. Derived social processes- refers to secondary social
processes that arise out of the basicsocial processes.
a. Acculturation it is a social process wheregroup blends in and takes on somecharacteristics of another culture.
Also called cultural borrowing/imitation. (e.g. Christianization ofFilipinos)
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c. Amalgamation
refers to some kind of biological fusion
through intermarriage of persons coming fromdifferent ethnic groups .(e.g. intermarriage of
Filipino and Chinese)
b. Assimilation
it involves some kind of interpenetration or fusion of
cultural elements whereby persons or groups accept the
cultural traits, attitudes, beliefs and sentiments of
another through direct, friendly and continuous
contacts. (e.g. Filipino immigrants to American way of
life)
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d. Differentiation refers to the creation of interest
resulting in individuals or groupsneeding or wanting different things orservices rather than the same thing. Itrefers to specialization or division of
labor. (e.g. adjacent stores sellingdifferent goods)
e. Accommodation
refers to the social process wherebycompeting or conflicting individuals orgroups trash out difficulties in order to
minimize or stop the conflict.
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2. Truce or Pact
is an agreement to cease hostilities or
fighting for a certain period of time. (e.g.
peace negotiations)
3. Compromiseis a process of settling differences where opposing parties withdraw their
demands to adjust their relationship. It involves a give-and-take
relationship, the mutual giving of concessions.
Types of Accommodation
1. Domination
a process that involves a dominant- subordinate relationship wherethe stronger party imposes its will upon the weaker party. It involves power
relations. (e.g. hold-upper and a hold-up victim)
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4. Mediation
is a form of settling disputes where a neutral
third party intervenes and gives suggestions orrecommendations to warning nations or parties
to stop their hostilities.
5. Conciliation
is an accommodative processes where the
third or neutral party can be anybody to settle
disputes and who may or may not giverecommendations to settle the conflict.
6 Arbitration
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6. Arbitration it is an accommodative social process
where the neutral third party has legal
authority to decide on the conflict. Thedecision is followed by opposing parties.(e.g. judge or labor arbiter)
7. Toleration is a form of accommodation without
formal agreement. It is a result of the live
and let live policy where conflictingindividuals or groups put up with otherswithout trying to modify the behavior ofthe others.
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BASED ON UNITY OR OPPOSITION
1. Conjunctive Social Processes
- they refer to patterned forms of social interactions whichlead to unity, organization, cooperation and harmony. Theseinclude cooperation, acculturation, assimilation, differentiation,amalgamation and accommodation.
2. Disjunctive Social Processes
- they refer to patterned forms of social interactions which
lead to disunity, disorganization, division, and disharmony.These include competition and conflict.
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