View
215
Download
0
Category
Tags:
Preview:
Citation preview
SOC101YSOC101Y
Introduction to SociologyIntroduction to SociologyProfessor Robert BrymProfessor Robert Brym
Lecture #12Lecture #12Global InequalityGlobal Inequality
25 Jan 201225 Jan 2012
Average Annual Income, Average Annual Income, by Country, 2008by Country, 2008
Area as a Function of Percent of Country’s Area as a Function of Percent of Country’s Population Living on Less Than US $2/day, Population Living on Less Than US $2/day, 20032003
Gross National Income Per Gross National Income Per Capita by Child Mortality Rate, Capita by Child Mortality Rate,
20062006
2008
• 51% of Ontarians earned $30,000 or less
• 59% of CDN workers say they would be in $$ trouble if their paycheque was delayed 1 wk
Canada’s income-gap at 30 yr high
• CA’s gap btw rich & poor is growing
• 2004: the avg earnings of richest 10% of ONs families raising children was 82 times that earned by the poorest 10% of ONs families.
• that’s almost triple the ratio of 1976 (~31 X)
• 2008: 97 times
• 2009: 118 times
• among wealthy countries, Canada is now among nations with the highest percentage of low-paying jobs at 25%
• the incidence of low-paying jobs is one of the best predictors of higher child and family poverty
Toronto’s 3 CitiesDavid Hulchanski
Life Expectancy and Income, 200 Countries over 200
Years
http://projects.chass.utoronto.ca/soc101y/brym/200.avi
Region
GD
P p
er
pers
on (
US d
olla
rs)
Gross Domestic Product Per Person, Sub-Saharan Africa and High-Income Countries
Note: Gross Domestic Product is the dollar value of goods and services produced in a country in a year. The 1975 data are in 2005 dollars adjusted for purchasing power while the 2010 data are in 2008 dollars adjusted for purchasing power.
11.6% shrinkage
130.3% growth
GDP Growth in 2000 Dollars, GDP Growth in 2000 Dollars, 1969-20081969-2008
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Chin
a
Indi
a
Braz
il
Cana
da
USA
Growth in00s of %
The Chinese economy was 27.2 times bigger in 2008 than in 1969.
The Canadian economy was 3.4 times bigger in 2008 than in 1969.
Gin
i Ind
ex o
f In
equa
lity
Year
Inequality of average income for each country
Inequality of average income for each country, weighted for population size
Inequality of income for each individual in the world
Brazil
Note: A Gini index of 0 indicates that every income recipient receives exactly the same amount of income. A Gini index of 1.0 indicates that a single income recipient receives all of the income. To put things in perspective, note that the Gini index of inequality for individuals worldwide is about .70, while the Gini index for individuals in Brazil, which has one of the highest levels of inequality of any country, is about .52.
Three Concepts of World Inequality
The Gini Co-efficient
• Italian sociologist Corrado Gini, early 1900s
• measures income distribution
• a number measuring in/equality
• 0 (perfect equality) to 1.0 (max. inequality)
• 0= everyone has the same income
• 1.0 = one person earns all the income, everyone else earns $0
World Gini Co-efficients, 2009(most = to least =: dark green, lime, lt.blue, blue, purple, pink, orange, red)
Brazil
Bolivia
Paraguay
Columbia
Argent.
Namibia, Botswana, S. Africa
Ctrl Afr.Repub
Mex.
Sweden
China
Mongolia
India
Russian Fed.
IndonesiaPapua, NG.
Japan
S.Korea
Portugal
Niger
Nigeria
CA
US
Aust
NZ
IranTurkey
Sierra Leone
Global Priorities (in $US Global Priorities (in $US billions)billions)
Good or Service Annual CostBasic education for everyone in the world 6 Cosmetics in the United States 8Water and sanitation for everyone in the world 9Ice cream in Europe 11Reproductive health for all women in the world 12Perfumes in Europe & the United States 12Basic health & nutrition for everyone in world 13Pet foods in Europe and the United States 17Business entertainment in Japan 35Cigarettes in Europe 50Alcoholic drinks in Europe 105Narcotic drugs in the world 400Military spending in the world 780
Japan
CA
US
Portugal
UK
New ZealandGreece
ItalyGermany
FinlandNorway
Netherlands
FRIR
Switz
The Argument is that:
Modernization TheoryModernization Theory
Global inequality results from inadequacies in poor societies themselves, including lack of:
capital Western business techniques stable governments a Western mentality emphasizing
savings, investment, innovation, education, high achievement, and self-control in having children
Dependency Theory IDependency Theory I
For 250 years, the most powerful countries in the world have impoverished the least powerful countries as a matter of state policy.
Thus, the countries of the “Third World” or “Global South” accounted for 73% of world industrial production in 1750 but only 7.5% in 1913; in 1913, the world’s 12 richest country accounted for 90% of world industrial production.
Dependency Theory IIDependency Theory II Why? The Industrial Revolution enabled
Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Russia, and the United States to amass enormous wealth, which they used to establish powerful armed forces to subdue and then annex or colonize most of the rest of the world between the middle of the 18th and the middle of the 20th century.
Main exception: Japan (considered less valuable than China and India)
Dependency Theory IIIDependency Theory III
Neo-colonialism established by creating a system of dependency involving three main elements:
Substantial foreign investment Support for authoritarian
governments Mounting debt
Core, Periphery and Core, Periphery and SemiperipherySemiperiphery(Wallerstein)(Wallerstein)
Core: major sources of capital and technology (USA, Japan, Germany)
Periphery: major sources of raw materials and cheap labour (most former colonies)
Semiperiphery: former colonies that are making considerable headway in their attempts to become prosperous (South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore; Israel; more recently, China, India, Brazil)
How Semi-Peripheral Countries How Semi-Peripheral Countries Differ from Peripheral Differ from Peripheral
CountriesCountriesType of colonialism
infrastructural support?Geopolitical position
helpful to USA?State policy
statist, pro-growth?Social structure
land reform; homogeneous?
Canada as a Canada as a Semi-Peripheral CountrySemi-Peripheral Country
Type of colonialism: White settler society in which settlers reinvested rather than sending wealth back to Europe.Geopolitical position: Useful ally of global powers (France, Britain, USA).State policy: Occasionally protective of Canadian industry (National Policy in the 1870s, Auto Pact in the 1960s, NEP (1980s)Social structure: French–English conflict has drawn attention away from development policy.
Recommended