“So that others may live”. Some Humor MORE HUMOR

““So that others may live”So that others may live”

Some HumorSome Humor

MORE HUMORMORE HUMOR

MORE HUMORMORE HUMOR

Search & Rescue OperationsSearch & Rescue Operations

“Sharing the Airspace”

Brought To You By:Brought To You By:

39th Rescue Squadron39th Rescue Squadron

301st Rescue Squadron301st Rescue Squadron

Orlando FSDO-15Orlando FSDO-15

LocationLocation

Col. Bruce E. DavisCol. Bruce E. Davis(Commander)(Commander)

920th Rescue Group920th Rescue Group

Patrick AFBPatrick AFB

Web Page: Web Page:

http//www.pafb.af.milhttp//www.pafb.af.milFAA Safety FAA Safety CenterCenter

28th parallel28th parallel

OverviewOverview• Civilian SAR OperationsCivilian SAR Operations

• SARSAT SARSAT

• HC-130 and HH-60 “Blackhawk” SAR OpsHC-130 and HH-60 “Blackhawk” SAR Ops

• Space Shuttle Recovery (SRT) Ops.Space Shuttle Recovery (SRT) Ops.

• Night Vision Goggles (NVG)Night Vision Goggles (NVG)

• Pararescue (PJ) ProceduresPararescue (PJ) Procedures

• Low-level flying in FloridaLow-level flying in Florida

Civilian Search and RescueCivilian Search and Rescue(SAR) Operations(SAR) Operations

Lt Col (ret) Bob RaskeyLt Col (ret) Bob Raskey

SAR StagesSAR Stages

• AwarenessAwareness

• Initial ActionsInitial Actions

• PlanningPlanning

• OperationsOperations

• Mission conclusionMission conclusion

SAR StagesSAR Stages

• AwarenessAwareness

AwarenessAwareness

• Flight Service Station (FSS)Flight Service Station (FSS)

• Air Traffic Control (ATC)Air Traffic Control (ATC)

• ELT/SARSATELT/SARSAT

• Dispatch OperationsDispatch Operations

• Friends and FamilyFriends and Family

• After 30 minutes initial search begins:After 30 minutes initial search begins:– FAA Flight plan route (most effective)FAA Flight plan route (most effective)– Phone search to FBO’s at destination and Phone search to FBO’s at destination and

enroute airports.enroute airports.– Check phone numbers on the flight plan.Check phone numbers on the flight plan.– Coordinate with Air Traffic Control (ATC).Coordinate with Air Traffic Control (ATC).– Contact Rescue Coordination Center (RCC) to Contact Rescue Coordination Center (RCC) to

start SAR procedures.start SAR procedures.

Flight Service Station (FSS)Flight Service Station (FSS)

Air Traffic Control Air Traffic Control (ATC)(ATC)

•Radar/Comm. loss without pilot termination:Radar/Comm. loss without pilot termination:– could be treated as a possible SAR emergencycould be treated as a possible SAR emergency– cancel radar services when no longer needed.cancel radar services when no longer needed.

Cospas-Sarsat Cospas-Sarsat ““Saving Lives Via Satellite”Saving Lives Via Satellite”

United States Mission Control CenterUnited States Mission Control Center

Mission Control Mission Control CenterCenter(MCC)(MCC)

USMCCSuitland, MD

U.S.LUTs

Foreign MCCs

Foreign LUTs

U.S.RCCs

SPOCs

Foreign MCCs

Cospas-Sarsat System Cospas-Sarsat System

Polar Orbiting Polar Orbiting SatellitesSatellites

Altitude ~ 600 milesAltitude ~ 600 miles Orbital Period ~ 100min.Orbital Period ~ 100min. Speed ~ 15000 mph.Speed ~ 15000 mph. Doppler shiftDoppler shift SARSAT Satellites:SARSAT Satellites:

121.5 MHz Repeater121.5 MHz Repeater243 MHz Repeater243 MHz Repeater406 MHz Processor406 MHz Processor

COSPAS SatellitesCOSPAS Satellites121.5 MHz Repeater121.5 MHz Repeater406 MHz Processor406 MHz Processor

Geostationary SatellitesGeostationary Satellites No Doppler ProcessingNo Doppler Processing

Immediate AlertsImmediate Alerts

406 MHz Only406 MHz Only

Immediate Alerting Immediate Alerting and and Locating Locating Possible with Possible with Location Protocol BeaconsLocation Protocol Beacons

Cospas-Sarsat Rescue Timeline

Beacon Satellite LUT MCC RCC

Best Case8 min. 6 min. 1 min. 1 min.

Worst Case90 min. 10 min. 10 min. 1 min.

112 min.

16 min.

Cospas-Sarsat SystemCospas-Sarsat System

Locator Beacon TypesLocator Beacon Types

ELTELT(Emergency Locator Beacon)(Emergency Locator Beacon)

EPIRBEPIRB(Emergency Position (Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon)Indicating Radio Beacon)

PLBPLB(Personal Locator (Personal Locator Beacon)Beacon)

•406 Mhz Only406 Mhz Only

•Portable/manualPortable/manual

•121.5/406.0 MHz121.5/406.0 MHz

•406 MHz (6 hours)406 MHz (6 hours)

•Phase out 121.5 MhzPhase out 121.5 Mhz

•121.5 /406 Mhz121.5 /406 Mhz

•Fail rate 75%Fail rate 75%

•False alarm rate 97%False alarm rate 97%

EPIRBEPIRB

121.5 MHz ELT12 nm radius452 sq. nm search areaave. 6 hour notification

406 MHz ELT2 nm radius12.5 sq. nm search areaave. 1 hour notification

406 MHz ELT w/ GPS0.05 nm radius0.008 sq. nm search areaest. 5 min. notification

Range of BeaconsRange of Beacons

ELT OperationsELT Operations• TestingTesting

– Avionics shopAvionics shop– Aircraft operational testAircraft operational test

• 121.5/243.0121.5/243.0

• First five minutes after any hour, 3 audible sweepsFirst five minutes after any hour, 3 audible sweeps

• airborne test not authorizedairborne test not authorized

• False alarmsFalse alarms– monitor 121.5 on comm recievermonitor 121.5 on comm reciever

• after shutdown, in flight, mx action, hard landingafter shutdown, in flight, mx action, hard landing

• Inflight monitoring Inflight monitoring (ELT signal first heard)(ELT signal first heard)

• note position, time, altitude, nearest nav-aidnote position, time, altitude, nearest nav-aid

An Air Force review of 325 SAR missions An Air Force review of 325 SAR missions found that time works against people who found that time works against people who

experience a distress and are not on a flight experience a distress and are not on a flight plan, since 36 hours normally pass before a plan, since 36 hours normally pass before a

family member initiates an alertfamily member initiates an alert

Friends and FamilyFriends and Family

Hello, “Big AL’s” insurance. Is my husbands insurance premium up to date ?

““The life expectancy of an injured The life expectancy of an injured survivor decreases as much as 80 percent survivor decreases as much as 80 percent

during the first 24 hours, while the during the first 24 hours, while the chances of survival of uninjured survivors chances of survival of uninjured survivors rapidly diminishes after the first 3 days”rapidly diminishes after the first 3 days”

•File descriptive and accurate flight plans

•Be sure to open and close flight plan.

•Have good contact phone numbers

•Let people know where you are going.

SAR StagesSAR Stages

• AwarenessAwareness

• Initial ActionsInitial Actions

Initial ActionsInitial Actions

• Coordinate the following SAR assets:Coordinate the following SAR assets:– Civil Air Patrol (CAP)Civil Air Patrol (CAP)– U. S. Coast GuardU. S. Coast Guard– Coast Guard AuxiliaryCoast Guard Auxiliary– Local law enforcementLocal law enforcement– Private Volunteer OrganizationsPrivate Volunteer Organizations– U.S. Air Force Search and Rescue UnitsU.S. Air Force Search and Rescue Units

SAR AssetsSAR Assets

SAR Coordinator (SC)

Rescue Coordination Center (RCC)

SAR StagesSAR Stages

• AwarenessAwareness

• Initial ActionsInitial Actions

• PlanningPlanning

PlanningPlanning

• Flight Plan/ Route of FlightFlight Plan/ Route of Flight– Rescue scenario:Rescue scenario:

• General aviation flight from Homestead to Key General aviation flight from Homestead to Key West International.West International.

– Example of bad FAA flight plan.Example of bad FAA flight plan.– Example of good FAA flight plan.Example of good FAA flight plan.

Route Route (intended)(intended)

Key West

Homestead

Bad FAA Flight PlanBad FAA Flight Plan•No flight plan filedNo flight plan filed

•No route of flightNo route of flight

•No contact numbersNo contact numbers

xN1234 PA28/A 110

White

1200 3000

Direct

EYW30

3 30 2

2

Homestead

Route Route (actual vs. filed)(actual vs. filed)

Filed Bad Filed Bad Flight PlanFlight Plan

Actual Actual Route Route FlownFlown

Good FAA Flight PlanGood FAA Flight Plan•Good contact phone numbersGood contact phone numbers

•Accurate time estimatesAccurate time estimates

•Flight plan for each leg (for long cross countries)Flight plan for each leg (for long cross countries)

•Descriptive points for each changes of coursesDescriptive points for each changes of courses

N1234 PA-28/A110 1200 2000

Key West

Ocean Reef Club - Islemorada - Marathon Key - Summer Land Key

2 302 Orange life preservers, Orange life raft, flares

3 30Key Marathon

Dr. Evil, 555-1212, DAB

James Bond, 007-3838 2

White/red trim

xHomestead

Route Route (actual vs. filed)(actual vs. filed)

Filed/Actual Filed/Actual Route FlownRoute Flown

Distressed Distressed Aircraft PositionAircraft Position

SAR StagesSAR Stages

• AwarenessAwareness

• Initial ActionsInitial Actions

• PlanningPlanning

• OperationsOperations

OperationsOperations

• HC-130 Search patternsHC-130 Search patterns– Parallel SearchParallel Search– Route SearchRoute Search– Sector SearchSector Search– Expanding square SearchExpanding square Search

• Target detectionTarget detection• Signaling methodsSignaling methods• Rescue/medical assistanceRescue/medical assistance

Search patternsSearch patterns(Parallel search)(Parallel search)

Filed Filed Flight Flight PlanPlan

Last Known Last Known Position (LKP)Position (LKP)

Search patternsSearch patterns(Route search)(Route search)

Filed Filed Flight Flight PlanPlan

Last Known Last Known Position(LKP)Position(LKP)

Search patternsSearch patterns(Sector search)(Sector search)

Filed Filed Flight Flight PlanPlan

Last Known Last Known Position(LKP)Position(LKP)

Radius 20 - 30Nm

Search patternsSearch patterns(Expanding square search)(Expanding square search)

Last Known Last Known Position(LKP)Position(LKP)

Filed Filed Flight Flight PlanPlan

Target detectabilityTarget detectability

Target Motion

Contrast

Size, shapedistance

Duration of exposure

Probability of detectionProbability of detection

SSeeaarrcchh VViissiibbiilliittyyTTrraacckkssppaacciinngg

11 mmii.. 22 mmii.. 33 mmii..

00..55 mmii.. 3355%% 6600%% 7755%%11..55 mmii.. 1155%% 2255%% 3355%%22..00 mmii.. 1100%% 2200%% 3300%%

SSeeaarrcchh VViissiibbiilliittyyTTrraacckkssppaacciinngg

11 mmii.. 22 mmii.. 33 mmii..

00..55 mmii.. 2200%% 3355%% 5500%%11..55 mmii.. 55%% 1155%% 2200%%22..00 mmii.. 55%% 1100%% 1155%%

(Search performed at 500’)(Search performed at 500’)

Flat terrainFlat terrain

Trees and HillsTrees and Hills

Signaling methodsSignaling methods•Electronic means (ELT, Hand held radio, GPS, aircraft radio)Electronic means (ELT, Hand held radio, GPS, aircraft radio)

•Visual means (hand signals, smoke, flares, terrain, mirror, aircraft)Visual means (hand signals, smoke, flares, terrain, mirror, aircraft)

•Refer to AIM Section 6-2 for other signalsRefer to AIM Section 6-2 for other signals

Signal MirrorSignal Mirror

Signaling MethodsSignaling Methods(Most common one)(Most common one)

Help !!Help !!

SAR StagesSAR Stages

• AwarenessAwareness

• Initial ActionsInitial Actions

• PlanningPlanning

• OperationsOperations

• Mission conclusionMission conclusion

Mission conclusionMission conclusion

• Team EffortTeam Effort

• ““You” play an active role in the rescue process.You” play an active role in the rescue process.

““Have you filed your Have you filed your flight plan today ?”flight plan today ?”