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0. PREFACE 4
1. SMARTCITY MALAGA 8
1.1. Smart Grid Concept 20
1.2. Smartcity Malaga Project:
Background, objectives and structure 13
1.2.1. Background 16
1.2.2. Objectives 16
1.2.3. Structure 18
1.3. Consortium 22
2. AUTOMATION OF THE MALAGA DISTRIBUTION
GRID 24
2.1. The initial distribution grid 25
2.2. Description of the Malaga smart grid 30
2.2.1. ICT 30
2.2.2. Remote management 35
2.2.3. Grid automation
(protection, self-healing and monitoring algorithms) 39
2.2.4. Distributed generation 43
2.2.5. Energy efficiency and demand management 55
2.2.6. Electric vehicles (V2G) 58
3. NEW SERVICES PROVIDED
BY THE PROJECT 64
3.1. For society 65
3.2. For companies 67
Index
4. NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS
IN THE SMARTCITY MALAGA PROJECT 72
4.1. New products in the ICT sector 73
4.2. New products for the protection and automation
of the distribution grid 81
4.2.1. MV grid 81
4.2.2. LV grid 85
4.3. iNode-iSocket 89
4.4. New products for the distributed generation and storage sector 96
4.4.1. Distributed generation 96
4.4.2. Energy storage systems 100
4.5. New products for efficient demand management 113
4.5.1. Applications for SMEs 113
4.5.2. Applications for buildings 116
4.5.3. Applications for homes 116
4.6 New products in the electric vehicles sector 119
5. THE SMARTCITY MALAGA PROJECT IN FIGURES 126
6. IMPACT OF THE PROJECT 132
7. THE ELECTRIC GRID OF THE FUTURE 144
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 150
INDEX OF FIGURES 153
INDEX OF TABLES 165
SMARTCITY MALAGA4
Preface
The dawn of the 21st century has brought us new challenges in the way we
understand and manage our energy resources. As a society, we are becoming
increasingly aware of our responsibility towards the environment and future generations.
In order to cope with these challenges, utilities play an essential role, not only by
reducing emissions and finding new ways to optimise electricity generation and
distribution processes, but also by influencing society and leading consumers towards a
more responsible use of electricity.
Today we have the capabilities to reach these goals. During recent years we have
enjoyed important technological achievements. Just to name a few:
• Information and Communication Technologies now play a major role in electricity
management, allowing us to gather and analyse data in order to optimize distribution
networks management and better understand customer behaviour;
• Electric vehicles, which will not only represent a major leap in terms of mobility
efficiency, but thanks to their storage capacity will become an important part of the
whole electricity sector adding complexity to the traditional structure of the static
electricity business;
• Efficient lighting technologies, which allow public administrations to optimise
resources while delivering a world class service to their citizens;
• Energy efficiency applications and devices that allow reduction of electricity
consumption and active demand management in buildings and homes, while
maintaining modern life levels of comfort.
Such technological advances plus the development of a new segment of “prosumers”
(customers who are able to produce and consume electricity and to store energy, that
could reshape the centralised, one-way power sector business model) together with
the increasing awareness regarding environmental responsibility made Smart Cities a
major trending topic in literature and forums alike, although with few field deployments
so far. That is what makes Smartcity Malaga such a relevant project. It has successfully
developed a Smartcity in a real, large scale, a unique lab formed by:
5
• Thousands of users: 11,000 residential, 900 commercial and 300 industrial;
• Installation of 40 km of PLC communication network pm 72 distribution substations;
• Renewable generation facilities (trigeneration, cogeneration, micro-wind,
photovoltaic): 13 MW in MV and 95 kW in LV;
• Storage facilities (lithium polymer batteries): 106 kWh in MV and 24 kWh in LV;
• Efficient lighting: more than 200 public lightings points with LED technology, remote
management and integrated with renewable energy (both wind and solar);
• Energy efficiency technologies (Such as consumption monitoring, selected control and
demand response management) deployed in 50 residential homes, 3 buildings and 8
SME, providing information, control and demand response functionalities;
• 2 electric vehicles and 2 charge points, including one vehicle and one charge point
with V2G capabilities.
By coupling state of the art technologies with large scale dimensions, Smartcity
Malaga represents a world milestone in the development of a new paradigm of
electricity management, with brilliant results: power consumption has been reduced
by approximately 20%, proving the huge potential of Smart Grids and the concept
of Smartcity. This important achievement has been reached thanks to the effort and
the commitment of all the partners of the consortium, lead by Endesa, towards more
responsible and sustainable cities.
This white paper that I am honoured to introduce presents the challenges, achievements
and opportunities derived from Smartcity Malaga and, moreover, the great effort made
by partners and participants in the project. We all hope it will be useful not only to other
utilities and companies in the industry, but also to public administrations and regulators,
so we may all share the potential of Smart Cities and consequently find the best way to
support and favour their development in the near future.
Andrea Brentan
CEO Endesa
SMARTCITY MALAGA6
Five years ago we wondered how we could contribute, from the electricity
distribution standpoint, to the development of a new energy model for the cities of
the future. At that time the concept of “Smart Grid” was emerging as a stimulus for
improving the electricity grid as a whole, enabling the actions of all the agents involved
(conventional producers, renewable producers, retailers, aggregators, customers,
markets, etc) and optimising their contributions.
We are already living the transformation of the energy environment that we predicted,
that in turn requires the development of distribution grids: the new challenges posed by
the 20-20-20 goals of the European Union, the increasing number of mini-generators
connected to medium and low voltage grids, the increasing complexity in the operation
of the network with large amounts of unmanaged energy generation, the emergence
of new users such as electric vehicles, applications and services for energy saving
and efficiency, the development of electronic meters that open the door to demand
management and domestic generation, or the increasingly demanding levels of
service quality.
Smartcity Malaga has been since its inception in 2009, the testbed for the introduction
of Smart Grid technologies in our medium and low voltage grids, in order to respond to
these challenges and improve the effectiveness, efficiency, quality and sustainability of
the electricity system. It is a living laboratory built on a real distribution network which
has helped develop and implement features and technologies vastly superior to the
usual ones.
I am personally proud that Endesa has been at the helm of this project and I would
like to thank all participating individuals and institutions who have joined us in it: the
consortium of companies formed to develop the project that has been commissioned to
design and manufacture the equipment and systems deployed; CDTI, who has funded
it; and the central, regional and local administrations whose support made this possible.
The initiative has mobilised a considerable amount of resources, not only financial, but
also human, who have contributed their knowledge and have gained experience, in
these four years managing to train the large group of experts that today represent the
vanguard of this country in the field.
7
Among the contributions made by Smartcity Malaga, we would like to highlight
three aspects. Firstly, it has taken the electricity grid automation to a much higher
level than that offered by current standards. Incorporating information technologies
and telecommunications allows for example the optimal management of distributed
generation, smart metering and the charging infrastructure for electric vehicles.
Secondly, the project has helped develop new products that optimise the integration
of renewable generation, protection and remote operation of the distribution grid in
MV and LV and efficient management of demand in homes, buildings, SMEs and Public
Services. Finally, it has created new services for customers, providing them with detailed
information about their consumption and implementing saving measures and efficient
energy management.
At present, Smartcity Malaga is recognised worldwide as one of the largest projects in
the field of Smart Grids, both by its scope and the multiplicity of areas of work involved.
This is demonstrated by the numerous visits of authorities and organisations, both
public and private, who wanted to see up close this pioneering and industry-leading
initiative. In the same way, it is allowing us to participate actively in the working groups
of national and European legislators and regulators of the electricity business, providing
real data.
The infrastructure deployed, the existence of devices with the latest technology and all
the knowledge acquired in the field of smart grids, offer us the opportunity to continue
in the future with the R&D&I activities in the field of Smart Grids. There are already new
international projects, such as Zem2All and Green eMotion, being developed on the
path set in Malaga.
5 years ago, we dreamed of power distribution models appropriate for the cities of the
future. Today, Smartcity Malaga is a reality.
José Luis Marín
Distribution General Manager Endesa
9SMARTCITy MALAGA
What does the term Smartcity refer to? What is a Smart Grid? Why are we speaking of
the evolution or revolution of the electricity grid? What are the challenges that we face
in electricity distribution? Why is the current grid model becoming obsolete and why
does it require a major upgrade for the new technological applications? And the most
important, what is the future of the distribution of electricity and what steps are being
taken to achieve these goals?
It is difficult in a few words to summarise what the electricity grid of the future — or
the Smart Grid— involves, since this concept brings many new features and associated
technologies which shall bring solutions to the necessities that the distribution of
electricity presents today. Electricity is currently the form of energy most consumed by
the developed countries, with a growth rate that has not been constant but has been
consistent, and has enabled the increased well-being that society has today.
All of the facilities provided by electricity depend on the grid which allows the
distribution of this form of energy to all consumers. This grid is in permanent evolution,
but currently faces an unprecedented challenge: how to meet the European energy
objectives and to improve the efficiency of the core businesses to improve the nation’s
competitiveness. Smartcity Malaga has taken the first steps in response to these
challenges, with a focus on the Smart Grids.
The Smartcity is an application of the Smart Grids concept. Additionally, it is linked
to the efficient use of water, waste, and sustainable transport. The Smartcity Malaga
project is focused primarily on the Smart Grid.
This book intends to demonstrate the current benefits and functions, and the potential
that the Smart Grid has for society through this ground-breaking and real experience
in the city of Malaga. The Smartcity Malaga project is the first pilot project with a
large scale Smart Grid, which stands out, even today, as one of the largest Smart Grid
projects. This initiative is the beginning of the foundation for the future development
of the intelligent electricity distribution networks, which is fundamental to maintain our
quality of life and social well-being. In response to the questions raised, this book tells of
the experience and the results obtained in the Smartcity Malaga project.
SMARTCITY MALAGA10
In 2007, the European Union established an ambitious energy plan in its fight against
climate change and in order to create an energetically more efficient and sustainable
society. This plan focused on achieving the following objectives by the year 2020:
• Reduce greenhouse gases by 20% with respect to the 1990 levels.
• Increase energy efficiency, achieving a 20% savings with respect to the consumption
forecasted for 2020.
• Ensure that 20% of the total energy is from renewable energy sources.
The European Union, aware of the technological challenges that these objectives imply,
launched the Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET Plan) which gives a road map for
those technologies which will play an important role in the execution of the 2020
objectives. In the scope of the electrical energy distribution, both in medium and low
voltage, the emergence of the Smart Grid concept is due to the requirements of energy
savings and the incorporation of renewable energy, together with the needs of
enterprises for business optimisation through optimal investment and improving system
efficiency. To this we must add the emergence of the electric vehicle and the demand
for new products by consumers. Thus, the development of the Smart Grid is a priority
within this plan.
The energy savings or, put another way, increasing the energy efficiency in the
distribution grid involves the development of two new concepts:
• Telemanagement: the remote measurement and control in real time of the end user
consumption. This new functionality in the grid allows the behaviour of the users to
be known, enabling time-of-use management which allows the retailer to offer a
range of tariffs and services adapted to the users’ needs.
• Active demand side management: control, by the distributor, of some of the
end user’s loads following a protocol, priorities and financial benefits agreed upon
by the users. This functionality makes it possible to optimise the consumption of
a large customer-base which is founded on the observed behaviour, a range of
Smart Grid Concept
11SMARTCITy MALAGA
user-defined comforts and other additional references, for example, the weather
conditions. This advanced control service allows the real time consumption to be
known, forecasts made for the following day, the demand curve to be adapted
to the market price for optimisation, detection of consumption anomalies,
anticipation of the bill through analysis tools, planning or adjusting of consumption
to the target values, and aggregation of the consumption at various sites (multisite
companies). Furthermore, it allows the reduction of the consumed power and the
partial load shedding, in the case of unanticipated situations in the distribution
network.
These two concepts, or functionalities, will permit substantial improvements to the
investments in distribution networks by the utility companies. These improvements
are due to being able to avoid or postpone expenses that would have been for
construction of new infrastructure and maintenance of existing infrastructure, since
the behaviour of the users can be adapted to the network capabilities, adjusting with
much greater accurancy to the real demand and supply of electricity.
The incorporation of renewable energies in the distribution network accomplishes two
objectives, increasing the renewable generation and improved the energy efficiency,
by reducing the distance between generation and consumption, and thereby, reducing
losses in the electricity transport. This concept is known as:
• Distributed generation: the appearance of small distributed generators in
consumption areas, to avoid losses associated with transmission and increase the
efficiency of both the energy distributed and the assets installed in the grids.
The incorporation of distributed generation in the distribution grid creates, in the
majority of occasions, unmanaged bidirectional energy flows, which can compromise
some of the requirements of the electricity grid, such as the quality of service, safety,
sustainability and profitability. In order to maintain these requirements within the
acceptable ranges, it is necessary to incorporate a number of new technologies and
management concepts that allow:
SMARTCITY MALAGA12
• Automated grid management: through automation systems in all levels of the
grid –High Voltage (HV), Medium Voltage (MV) and Low Voltage (LV)– associated
with the specific information systems, it is possible to automatically operate against
disturbances in the grid, so that the system is able to reconfigure itself, restoring
service in a short time, or even perform preventive maintenance, and providing the
distributors with optimised daily operation of their networks.
At the same time that the technological evolution mentioned in the previous
paragraphs, the electric vehicle has appeared. The electric vehicle will be a critical
element of the system, since it will consume of a very significant amount of energy,
which will be provided through charging points of several classes: slow, fast and
wireless. Proper management of the electric vehicle charging will be vital in maintaining
system stability, and improving energy efficiency and the CO2 emissions, if the majority
of the required energy comes from renewable sources. Also, proper management can
provide significant benefits due to the flattening of the demand curve.
It is not possible to build an infrastructure of these characteristics without an integrated
vision of the whole system, as only through an integrated approach is it possible to have
the harmonised interoperability of the different system components. From an electric
standpoint, the Smart Grid concept builds on three fundamental technologies: AMI, DER
and ADA, which define the basic architecture of a Smart Grid:
• AMI: Advanced Metering Infrastructure. The efficient use of electrical resources
is underlined by, most importantly, the habits of the consumers which must be
modified so that they are more efficient and sustainable. From this shift, a consistent
daily consumption curve can be achieved, so that the energy consumption is
uniformly distributed without large peaks in demand, maximising the use of current
infrastructure and the use of renewable energy. The AMI system permits remote
measurements and the characterisation of consumption habits. Furthermore, it makes
possible an online communication with the user, allowing the adoption of more
efficient habits and, in a more advanced stage of development, the active control of
the demand involving the Director’s direct intervention on low priority loads, with the
aim of improving energy efficiency and stabilising the grid.
13SMARTCITy MALAGA
• DER: Distributed Energy Resources. Distributed generation and storage brings the
following benefits:
1. Minimises the technical losses of the transmission and distribution of electricity,
thanks to the generation being close at the point of consumption.
2. Reducing the critical nature of large individual generators by increasing the number
of facilities over a range of technologies, so to maximise redundancy of generation.
Diversification helps to mitigate the effect of intermittency of renewable generation
sources by combining a balanced variety of different sources.
3. Manage the production of energy from non-controllable sources, the increase
of renewable energy makes it essential to store the energy generated at certain
moments when there is low demand so that it can be used for later consumption.
The expected increase in the electric vehicle fleet is an extraordinary potential of
storage capacity.
4. Optimisation of future investments in the grid, since instead of investing in large
centralised power plants and transmission lines, a massive deployment of low and
medium voltage technologies can be performed.
• ADA: Advanced Distribution Automation. The increasing complexity and critical
nature of the electric grid requires advanced infrastructure control methods in order
to optimise their operation and efficiency. It is necessary to automate and remotely
control the grid, maintenance, and the prediction capabilities. Enlarging protection
schemes and implementing devices which can adapt in real-time are actions that
enable automation in networks.
To facilitate all of the previously described systems there is an increasing need for
control, supervision, coordination, and consequently integration. All this will be possible
to the extent in which information and communication systems facilitate, with security
and efficiency, the required integration between the many elements which form the
intelligent grid.
SMARTCITY MALAGA14
The AMI, DER and ADA systems cannot be considered separately from the Smart Grid,
since they share infrastructure and are closely related. In this way, the new innovations
and technologies influence all areas of the electrical system from their own networks, to
generation and also fully enter at the level of the end user through applications such as
the electric vehicle, energy efficiency in the home, etc.
Therefore, the strategy for the development of a Smart Grid can be summarised as the
harmonisation of the worlds of electricity with that of ICT systems.
By way of summary the main characteristics of a Smart Grid are as follows:
• Automated, communicated and monitored.
• Self-healing and adaptive: Reliable and robust.
• Use of digital meters, telemetering and telemanagement.
• Interactive for proactive and informed consumers.
• Allows dynamic tariffs.
• Operated optimally for the best use of resources and equipment.
• Predictive rather than reactive.
• Management is decentralised and in real time.
• Integration of systems and services.
• Safe from physical and cyber-attacks.
• Integration and control of both centralised and distributed generation.
• Controlled multidirectional energy flow.
15SMARTCITy MALAGA
OM
S
CBM
SCADA EMS
DM
S
DSMCIS
COMCommunications
GIS
AMIAdvanced metering infraestructure
DER
Dist
ribut
ed E
nerg
y Re
sour
ces
AD
A
Advanced D
istribution Autom
ation
Fig. 1. Architecture of the Smart Grid
SMARTCITY MALAGA16
Background
The Smartcity Malaga Project was launched in 2008 by Endesa, a company that has
previously demonstrated its concern for the concepts of:
• Improving grid operation
• The creation of new services and tariff systems for the user
• Efficiency improvement
• The incorporation of renewable energies through distributed generation
Furthermore, Endesa had participated in R&D projects, such as DENISE or STORE,
obtaining interesting theoretical results which Smartcity Malaga has gathered and
demonstrated on a real scale in the city of Malaga, mobilizing a significant amount of
resources. Smartcity Malaga has resulted in attracting new R&D projects within Smart
Grids and electric vehicles, such as Zem2All and Green eMotion.
Given this situation and the environmental concerns of Malaga city, the project arises
with the goal of being one of the largest real-scale demonstrations of new technologies
and best practices in the field of Smart Grids, as one of the answers to the energy
requirements as mandated by the European Union 2020 policy.
Objectives
Smartcity Malaga is a demonstration project of the Smart Grid technologies that began
with the following initial premises:
1. Implement an exemplary distribution grid that includes a heterogeneous mixture of
generation and consumption.
2. Connect intelligently: ‘Plug It Smart’. Integration and not simply connection is the
real added value of this project.
Smartcity Malaga Project: Background, objectives and structure
17SMARTCITy MALAGA
3. Harnessing the best existing experience and equipment, and employing them as
a starting point for the development and implementation of those aspects and
functionalities currently non-existent on the market.
These premises lead to the project’s approach, which has the following main objectives:
1. Practical development and implementation, in a real environment, of all the Smart
Grid technologies which affect the electricity business.
2. Testing and analysis of telemanagement technology on a large scale
3. Automation of the grid and deployment of communication infrastructure for real
time monitoring and control.
4. Validation and practical implementation of the conclusions from the DENISE1 project
5. Integrate renewable generation and storage at the medium and low voltage level
and apply supervision and control techniques for the optimal use of the natural
resources.
6. Active demand side management, through intervention in consumption, generation
and storage of energy.
7. Development of a management system for the efficient use of energy at the
domestic and SMEs level.
8. Development and validation of technology for charging electric vehicles and V2G.
1. The DENISE project, led by Endesa, was developed between 2007 and 2010 under the INGENIO 2010 program of the Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo, which is the main Spanish research in Smart Grids to discuss the challenges and present and identify the technological solutions adapted to the new requirements
SMARTCITY MALAGA18
Fig. 2. Distributed generation
Structure
The Smartcity Malaga project has been organised into twelve working groups (Work
Packages). The first four spans the entire project and the rest are interrelated with the
other working groups as indicated by the structure in Fig. 3.
The descriptions of the twelve working groups on this project and the main tasks
performed by each are listed below:
• WP01: Project Management and Monitoring. It includes project management
activities, coordination of the different groups, resources management, risk planning
and justification to the Ministry, etc.
• WP02: Operational Deployment and Communication Plan. It is responsible
for the deployment analysis, identification and communication with the customers,
citizens in general and other stakeholders, marketing initiatives and market model
design.
19SMARTCITy MALAGA
• WP03: Harmonisation with DENISE. Monitor and adjust the scope and
development of the project to harmonise with the theoretical conclusions from the
DENISE project, avoiding any type of contradiction, using the knowledge already
acquired. Provide feedback for both projects and draw conclusions.2
NOTE: As mentioned one of the fundamental objectives of Smartcity Malaga is the validation, in actual
operation, the theoretical conclusions obtained during the DENISE research project, developed between
2007 and 2010 and led by Endesa.
DENISE is directly aimed at responding to new technological designs and challenges related with
the deployment of the intelligent infrastructure in the current energy distribution grid. This project is
considered complementary to other initiatives in Smart Grids worldwide. It shares with them a common
vision, but takes a more practical approach and is for the medium term. During its life, there has been
a very active research and development in applicable infrastructure technology in this area, which will
be followed by a series of field pilot projects within this discipline— the Smart Grid. DENISE consortium
estimates that the results could be converted to commercial products and achieve a real network
deployment within 5-7 years.
There is a clear convergence of the objectives of DENISE and Smartcity Malaga, as Smartcity plans to
implement intelligent network solutions.
Fig. 3. Structure of the Smartcity Malaga project (working groups)
WP01: Proyect managing and monitoring
WP04: Telecommunications
WP0
3: H
arm
on
isat
ion
wit
h D
ENIS
E
WP0
2: O
per
atio
n d
eplo
ymen
t an
d c
om
mu
nic
atio
n p
lan
WP05
WP06
WP07
WP10
WP09
WP11
WP08
WP12
SMARTCITY MALAGA20
• WP04: Communications. It defines the information and communication technologies
needed to integrate all the services required in the project, including the definition
of requirements, protocols, data models and the semantics for configuration files
necessary to achieve interoperability between systems, elements and services, and the
deployment of a real-time communications network.
• WP05: Systems Development. Development of information systems with the
required functionalities for Smartcity. The activities focus on the development of
new systems, such as the active demand side management and the customer portal,
and in the expansion of existing systems, such as the distribution technical system,
integrating all the information from the IEDs and making it available to the grid
manager to decide the operation and maintenance of the distribution grid.
• WP06: Automation of Medium Voltage Network. Implements network
intelligence within the medium voltage segment. It is based on the development of
a distributed system consisting of a variety of devices connected in the MV network
and is coordinated with other systems and equipment in LV. Development of the
iNodeSE control device, which is at the MV line bays in the substation, coordinates
the monitoring functions, protection, control and regulation of all devices in the MV
network.
• WP07: Mini generation and storage (mDER). Integrates a heterogeneous set
of generators and a storage system within the medium voltage network, with the
corresponding power, measurement, regulation, control and protection systems.
• WP08: Energy Efficiency and Demand Response. Monitoring and active control
of the consumption of domestic and singular customers in the area, developing
specific tools for the user and also enabling interaction with the network manager.
Implementation of the control and monitor systems for public lighting and the
replacement of old lighting with lower consumption technologies.
Compared with the theoretical approach of the DENISE project, the Smartcity Malaga project has had a
practical approach and has involved the development and implementation of solutions for the distribution
grid in the selected network within the city of Malaga.
21SMARTCITy MALAGA
• WP09: Automation of Low Voltage Network. Implementation of the intelligent
network in the low voltage segment, i. e. development of a distributed system,
formed by a multitude of devices connected to the LV grid, managed by the iNode
controller which is situated in the distribution substation (MV/LV) and coordinates the
functions of monitoring, protection, control and regulation of all the devices in the LV
network.
• WP10: Micro generation and storage (µDER). Installation of several generation
elements and storage in the LV grid, including the power, measurement, monitoring,
control and protection systems.
• WP11: Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). Definition of the communication
technologies: technical requirements, protocols, data models, etc. Improved
procedures for the installation of meters and concentrators, ensuring compliance
requirements of measurements and communication and the interoperability of the
whole system. Integration of the remote management of meters with the other
systems developed in the Smartcity Malaga.
• WP12: Electric vehicles (V2G). Implementation of the charging infrastructure with
V2G capabilities for a recharge point, specifically designed and built for Smartcity
Malaga, and an electric vehicle adapted to have V2G capabilities, as well as the
integration of both elements in the monitoring and control system. Design of the
sockets to connect the vehicle safely to avoid accidents and fraud. Actual application
of V2G technology and the integration of the LV network loads of the Smartcity
Malaga along with the study of technical and economic feasibility.
SMARTCITY MALAGA22
The consortium created to develop the Smartcity Malaga project is made up of 11
companies and 14 research organisations. In order to achieve the proposed scientific,
technical and economic objectives, the participants in the project have provided the
appropriate human and material resources for each phase of the project. The entities
selected to carry out the Smartcity Malaga project, balanced between the public and
private sectors, stand out for their capabilities in their specific area of specialisation, their
technical and management capabilities, as well as task coordination.
The knowledge and skills present in this consortium are complementary and very difficult
to find in a single company or organisation. The cooperation between the companies in
the consortium –large organisations such as Enel Energy Europe, Endesa, Sadiel, Telvent,
Acciona Instalaciones, Ormazábal and IBM, small and medium size companies Isotrol,
Ingeteam T&D, GreenPower tech., Neo Metrics and research organisations AICIA, CIRCE,
Fundación Universidad de Oviedo, Labein-Tecnalia, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid,
Universidad Pontificia Comillas through the Instituto de Investigación Tecnológica,
Universidad de Mondragón, Ciemat, IREC, Fidetia, Centro de Transferencia Tecnológica
La Salle, Universidad de Córdoba, Universidad de Malaga y Fundación for the Fomento
de la Innovación Industrial have important advantages:
• Large companies, as users and as providers of all types of technologies, facilitate the
definition and achievement of the objectives
• The R&D centres, as sources of specialised knowledge
• Small and medium-sized businesses, as specialist in methods and tools
• The service providers, for their practical experience with the requirements in the real
world
There is a balance between businesses and research centres as well as from the point of
view of small and medium businesses and large businesses, and furthermore a strong
Consortium
23SMARTCITy MALAGA
R&D component, combined with practical experience in the real network by the system
providers who have thousands of connected customers, and have spread their results.
Each one of the partners, led by Endesa, is assigned a specific role and an associated
task, whose achievement makes possible to attain the project’s objectives.
The cooperation among the partners from distinct disciplines has allowed the
concentration of know-how and experience, an example for the industries of the nation
who should work with the same teamwork and balance of which this consortium
consisted.
25AUTOMATION OF THE MALAGA DISTRIBUTION GRID
The initial distribution grid
Smartcity Malaga is a project implemented on the Endesa electricity grid, in the city
of Malaga. It is a project based on the modernisation and optimisation of the current
electric distribution grid.
It is an experiment which does not include the building of new networks rather new
elements and systems are added and integrated to improve the management of the
electricity infrastructure and optimise its use, bringing it closer to the concept of a smart
grid, with the benefits that this entails.
The area where the project was developed has a population of around
50,000 inhabitants, or, to put it another way, 11,000 domestic, 900 commercial
and 300 industrial customers. Therefore, it is a project that was carried out in
completely real conditions.
The structure of the grid involved in the project consists of two HVLV (66 kV/20 kV)
electrical substations, called Polígono and San Sebastián. The first is connected to a
cogeneration system located in the Guadalhorce wastewater treatment plant which is
the main hub of electric power generation in the area. The latter substation has more
than ten MV lines used to distribute the electrical energy throughout the majority of
the project area. The automation and communication in the grid was performed on
five of these lines: Pacífico, Tabacalera, Industrial, Panificadora and Pato-2 for a total of
72 MVLV (20 kV400/230 V) distribution substations (DS) and 40 km of MV lines:
Table 1. Number of DSs per MV line
MV lineNo. of distribution
substations
Pacífico 19
Tabacalera 15
Panificadora 12
Industrial 10
Pato-2 16
TOTAL 72
SMARTCITY MALAGA26
To these 72 distribution substations we must add nearly ten more that, while not
connected to these five lines, provide services to elements, installations or agents
integrated in Smartcity Malaga, as is the case of the DSs located in the congress hall and
at the wastewater treatment plant, which also form part of the scope of this project.
Below you can see a series of load curves (Fig. 5 and Fig. 6) that show the hourly
average current of these five MV lines, obtained using the data gathered in 2010, just
before starting the on-site deployment of the initiatives included in this project. The
purpose was to create the most accurate view possible of the initial situation of the
electricity grid in this area.
The above graphs show how the consumption is predominantly residential in the
5 MV lines of Smartcity Malaga. In winter there is a deep trough at night and two
daytime peaks, higher in the evening than at midday, while in summer the midday
peak is higher and even exceeds that of the evening, which varies only slightly from
summer to winter.
Fig. 4. Distribution grid of Smartcity Malaga
POLÍGONO
S_SEBAST
27AUTOMATION OF THE MALAGA DISTRIBUTION GRID
Regarding power generation, the area of Smartcity Malaga originally had the following
DER, with a total of more than 13 MW of installed power:
• A natural gas cogeneration plant, located in the Guadalhorce wastewater treatment
plant, with a power of 10 MW
• A trigeneration unit, of 2.74 MW, on the premises of the Provincial Council of Malaga
• Various solar photovoltaic installations, divided between the congress hall and other
buildings such as schools, office complexes and a hotel, with a power that reaches
approximately 300 kW
200.00
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Cur
rent
(A)
Time
Tabacalera Pato-2 Industrial
Pacífico Panificadora
Fig. 5. Mean daily load curve of each of the MV lines (20 KV) of Smartcity Malaga in January 2010
200.00
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Cur
rent
(A)
Time
Tabacalera Pato-2 Industrial
Pacífico Panificadora
Fig. 6. Mean daily load curve of each of the MV lines (20 KV) of Smartcity Malaga in July 2010
SMARTCITY MALAGA28
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Cur
rent
(A)
Time
Demand SmartCity MálagaRemaining Capacity Aggregated Generation
Fig. 7. Analysis of the different technology available in the Smartcity Malaga area, for the mean daily demand in winter
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Cur
rent
(A)
Time
Demand SmartCity MálagaRemaining Capacity Aggregated Generation
Fig. 8. Analysis of the different technologies available in the Smartcity Malaga area, for the mean daily demand in summer
29AUTOMATION OF THE MALAGA DISTRIBUTION GRID
In light of the previous figures, and taking into account the homogenous geographical
distribution in the area, we can see how Smartcity Malaga has, from the start, had a
renewable energy generation quota that is in accordance with the demand in the area,
with variety in its technology and availability.
Figures (Fig. 7 and Fig. 8) show how the generation originally installed in Smartcity
Malaga, on average in summer or winter, covered up to 60% of the energy demand in
the area, greatly surpassing the European guideline of 20%. Additionally, it highlights
the need to flatten the demand curve, especially in winter, given the large difference
between the current at the peaks and troughs.
It is also important that the lines have ample remaining capacity, in other words
underused grid capacity, for most of the day. This is very useful as it allows us to:
• Safely undertake the natural growth of the demand in the area, without the need for
large investments.
• Support other lines that may need the capacity in the event of faults, saturation, etc.
• Face the demand corresponding to future services and requirements such as the load
from electric vehicles.
In short, this balanced combination of renewable energy generation and demand in
the area, along with the good initial conditions of the Smartcity Malaga electricity grid,
makes this area of Malaga the perfect place for real experimentation for the energy
management technology of the future, based on rational and efficient energy use and
on making the best use of the current infrastructure capacity.
SMARTCITY MALAGA30
Description of the Malaga smart grid
ICT
The smart grid concept of the Smartcity Malaga project is based on a very reliable
framework of communication that supports all the implemented functions that make
the grid smart at all levels, as the functions use communication between the different
systems and with the distribution grid itself. Therefore, this involves using a new
communications infrastructure with sufficient bandwidth, low latency and high reliability
for all the implemented services.
The telecommunications infrastructure rolled out in Smartcity Malaga has nearly 40
km of MV lines communicated through broadband PLC, a grid that interconnects 72
distribution centres, and the services connected to them at the LV level. This technology
is complemented with WiMAX and 3G, making a ring-based redundant architecture
which is connected to the existing communication network of Endesa.
Once this ICT network was available, it was possible to implement the advanced smart
grid applications described in this document. In addition, all the services required shared
a single physical communications infrastructure. One notable characteristic of the
proposed solution is that it is based on market standards, so it is not limited to certain
device manufacturers.
As shown in Fig. 10, the implemented communication network is composed of three
different areas depending on the users connected. The upper level consists of the
core corporate MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) network, that interconnects all
the decision centres and the central offices of Endesa in Spain, and all the regional
networks.
Each of the regions is composed of the distribution grid, which interconnects each of
the regional control centres with all the HV substations in that corresponding area.
31AUTOMATION OF THE MALAGA DISTRIBUTION GRID
For communication with the distribution part of the grid, different rings of fibre optic
(FO) cables are used. Similarly, the distribution grid communicates with the distribution
substations (DS) through the access grid. For this access grid, mesh grids are usually
implemented, interconnecting the various DSs from one or more substations, although it
is possible find other architectures such as ring or segment.
At a lower level, the low voltage customers are connected to their transformer
substation in a star configuration, using narrow or broadband PLC depending on the
customer category and the application.
Fig. 9. General view of the Smartcity Malaga area, with the DS integrated in the communication network
SMARTCITY MALAGA32
The communication network implemented in Smartcity Malaga is designed seeking
balance between the following properties or requirements (SQRA method):
• Security. Includes the standards and requirements related to IT security and data
protection. For this purpose, the communication network has been divided using
VLAN at level 2 and VRF at level 3 to completely isolate services that must not be
visible to each other.
• Quality. This is the set of typical performance attributes of any communications
system. This involves substantial bandwidth, quality of service and low latency. In
order to adapt to the quality requirements, Gigabit Ethernet links were used in the
distribution layer, while for the access layer, a hybrid solution was selected composed
of broadband PLC, WiMAX, either proprietary or operator, and 3G. Broadband PLC is
the most widely used technology; WiMAX and 3G are used for more distant areas or
to have various paths within the access layer. The operator connections are ensured
and protected using private tunnels.
• Reliability. The system and the related devices must be sufficiently resistant. To do
this, all the devices in the system are reinforced to meet the required reliability levels,
especially in demanding areas such as substations and transformer substations.
Redundant power supplies are used for the distribution devices on the grid. All the
power supplies are backed up by uninterruptible power supply systems with batteries.
In addition, all the devices must guarantee the necessary levels of electrical insulation.
MeshSegmentRing
Access
Distribution
MPLS Backbone
Fig. 10. Topology of the communication network
33AUTOMATION OF THE MALAGA DISTRIBUTION GRID
• Availability. To adapt to the required levels of availability, redundant systems have
been implemented in all parts of the grid. In the distribution grid, the OSPF (Open
Shortest Path First) routing protocol was used, which can provide the required
recovery times, and in the access grid, redundancy was achieved by constructing PLC
rings.
As previously mentioned, the proposed communication architecture is composed of
a communications distribution grid that connects the control centres with the HV/
MV substations, and an access grid that connects one or more substations with the
transformer substations and finally with the end customers.
The distribution grid is principally based on a ring topology, where the links are
connected by Gigabit Ethernet fibre optic links. Different VLANs were used in each
segment; alternating the number of VLANs inside adjacent segments with the aim of
isolating different services. The distribution grid is based on layer 3 and OSPF is used for
the redundant routing.
The access grid is a level 2 grid. The different services are isolated using different private
virtual networks (VLAN), as shown in Fig. 11.
In the substations, the routers isolate level 2 of the access grid from the different level 2
domains in the distribution grid. There is one-to-one transmission between the VLAN in
the access grid and the VRF in the distribution grid.
In conjunction with the development of the communications, it was necessary to
develop and adapt the information systems to support the needs of the Smartcity.
To do so, new systems have been implemented in this field, the existing ones have
been expanded and lastly they have all been integrated and commissioned. Since the
operation and use of the electricity grid came into play during this project and the
electricity supply is considered a universal service a real implementation was necessary,
due also to the involvement of the end user. For these reasons, it is important that the
new technology used in smart distribution grids –and in this specific case the Smartcity
Malaga project– had sufficient levels of guarantee in its robustness, operation, use,
support and scalability.
SMARTCITY MALAGA34
Many of the new developments in the field of systems have concentrated on the
tools for active demand management and consumer portals, and on support for the
algorithms associated with the management of distributed generation. These ADM
subsystems (described in section 2.2.5) and Consumer Portals are key factors in the
energy behaviour of Smartcity Malaga as they directly or indirectly control the demand
vector, with greater practical control capacity than either the distributed generation
(mainly wind or photovoltaic) or the network topology, which is more or less ruled by
structural aspects (topology, protection, etc.). In this area, and related to the applications
implemented for demand and energy efficiency management, the monitoring system
using KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) was developed, which is used to assess the
efficiency of the tools developed.
Fig. 11. Access grid
Access
Access
Distribution Grid
VRF
VRF
VRF
VRF
VRF
VRF
VRF
VRF
daisy-chain
CE 1
CE 2
VRF
Access
35AUTOMATION OF THE MALAGA DISTRIBUTION GRID
Remote management
Remote management is an integrated, remote, automatic management system
for electricity meters, based on new information technology, electronics and
communications. It is based on the new smart meter that replaces the old metering
equipment.
The smart meter is part of an integrated system and, for it to function remotely, also
requires a communications and IT infrastructure, including concentrators –which are
units installed in the transformer substations– in addition to the communication and
links to the systems of the distribution company.
The deployment of smart meters in Spain is driven by the Spanish and European
Regulation that governs the minimum functions of these units and requires the
progressive mass deployment of smart metering in Spain by the end of 2018.
The distribution companies are responsible for this massive replacement.
Specifically, Endesa’s remote management system, which is the basis for Smartcity
Malaga, is a new generation technique stemming from the technological solution
implemented developed by Enel, which is already operating for more than 34 million
customers. Jointly developed by both companies for the Iberian area, Endesa’s remote
management system incorporates improvements in terms of robustness, speed and
safety into the previous Italian version, which was already reliable, and includes multiple
advanced functions. The Endesa smart meters and concentrators communicate with
each other through the electricity grid by PLC, based on the open protocol Meters and
More which is currently undergoing European standardisation. The communications
infrastructure between the Endesa IT systems and concentrators is also based on this
safe and reliable protocol, ensuring privacy and security for the flow of information.
SMARTCITY MALAGA36
The implementation of the remote management system provides important
improvements in the relationship between the user and the electric distribution
company. The main functions that can be carried out remotely include connections,
disconnections, cut-offs, reconnections, power monitoring and tariff changes. These
can be done practically immediately and without the need for neither the users nor the
company workers’ intervention. Additionally, remote management provides an exact,
timely reading, and makes it possible to program advanced tariff schedules remotely
that allow more flexible invoicing. Regarding the electricity grid, remote management
provides reliable information on grid behaviour, thus improving the operation-
related decision-making and information, to improve the overall efficiency of the
electricity system.
It can be stated that the implementation of remote management greatly changes the
relationship with customers, who can now take on a more active role in managing their
energy consumption as they have more information regarding their consumption.
Remote management as the cornerstone for the development
of smart grids and smart cities
The remote management of the electricity meters is the technological base for the
development of smart grids for the electricity distribution, facilitating the integration
of distributed generation, the incorporation of renewable energy into the grid, the
integration of recharging electric vehicles and the management of public lighting. Basic
concepts of all smart cities, such as the grid control automation, are strengthened
thanks to the remote management of the meters’ advanced features.
Fig. 13. Close-up of the installation of meters by an Endesa worker in Smartcity Malaga
37AUTOMATION OF THE MALAGA DISTRIBUTION GRID
The electricity system benefits as reliable and consistent information is provided on
grid behaviour, which leads to improved decision-making in operation and the smart
management of the demand peaks. Remote management allows a broader range
of tariffs to be developed, with different prices for different times of day, and makes
it possible for the customer to know more about their electricity demand, select the
best tariffs for their energy requirements and plan their consumption. Thus, it will
enhance energy efficiency and play a more active part in the electricity system. Remote
management fosters a new energy management model in cities to improve energy
efficiency, reduce CO2 emissions and increase the use of renewable energy.
The services that remote management offers the user and the electricity grid allow a
multitude of future applications within smart grids, such as the necessary infrastructure
for electric vehicles and added value services.
Smartcity Malaga as a starting point for the mass implementation
of remote management
The deployment plan for remote management began in the city of Malaga, with the
first units installed in the Andalusian Smartcity in June 2010. Since that same year, the
meters have been managed automatically and remotely and the system is completely
integrated into Endesa’s commercial and technical systems.
The remote management units from Endesa that are installed and operated in Smartcity
Malaga have reached 17,751 single-phase meters and 181 three-phase meters, deployed
at the points of electricity supply, and 103 concentrators in transformer substations.
Fig. 14. Installation of meters by an Endesa worker in Smartcity Malaga
SMARTCITY MALAGA38
Fig. 16. Endesa’s remote management project: Hourly consumption curve of active and reactive energy
Fig. 17. Endesa’s remote management project: Daily consumption curve of active and reactive energy
Fig. 18. Endesa’s remote management project: Maximum power
39AUTOMATION OF THE MALAGA DISTRIBUTION GRID
In the Smartcity Malaga project the basic and advanced remote management functions
have been successfully tested, including customer information, integration of electric
vehicles, micro-generation, energy storage, smart public lighting and many other
applications.
In addition, Endesa has made basic information on energy consumption available to
the users of the Smartcity project in Andalusia, thanks to the extraction of the data that
remote management can provide. The implementation of this application has meant
that valuable information could be obtained and viewed, including curves of the active
energy, reactive energy and power which make it possible to study the consumption
habits of the users in detail, with the aim of identifying possible ways to increase energy
efficiency at the customer and grid level. This application is operational in the project
control centre.
These first units installed in the scope of Smartcity Malaga have spurred the coastal city
to achieve good results in terms of energy efficiency, which have been seen from the
beginning of the project.
The mass implementation of this remote management system by Endesa is currently
underway in all areas of Spain where Endesa is responsible for electricity distribution.
This involves an ambitious plan that consists of the installation of 13 million meters, and
140,000 concentrators in the distribution substations.
With this plan, Endesa is currently the leading distributor in remote management in both
Spain and Europe due to the mass deployment currently underway.
Grid automation (protection, self-healing and monitoring algorithms)
One of the objectives of automating the distribution grid is to optimise the system
operation, minimising grid losses and solving possible overload situations. This action
will be even more important as the use of electric vehicles and distributed generation in
the grid becomes more widespread.
SMARTCITY MALAGA40
Similarly, it is without question that the response of the distribution grid in situations of
failure is a key factor in grid quality. The SAIFI and SAIDI indices objectively quantify the
supply quality, and both are strongly influenced by fault clearance location processes and
subsequent restoring of the service.
The concept of the self-healing grid, sought in a smart grid such as that implemented
in the Smartcity Malaga project, involves the automation of the grid’s reset and
reconfiguration process, in order to reduce the duration of the interruptions and
minimise the number of switches necessary to isolate the faultey section and restore the
service to the affected DS.
The Smartcity Malaga project tackles the automation of the DSs that performed the first
switching (FS), second switching (2A and 2B) and boundary points (BP). In these DSs the
operation of the load disconnectors switches that participate in the process of restoring
service is automated. This process is managed and regulated by the iNodes, which
incorporate the grid’s reconfiguration algorithms.
Thus, the automation solution for Smartcity Malaga was developed on 5 medium
voltage lines, i.e. is at 20 kV, in a total of 22 DSs, and with technology for both medium
and low voltage:
• Automatic actuation in first switching (FS) and second switching (2A and 2B) devices.
The automatic actuation is carried out on the existing disconnectors switches
including a quick motor with actuation capability before 100 ms.
• Remote control in boundary points (BP) with voltage metering at both sides of
the BP. A conventional motor was considered for the BP because they do not act
automatically.
• The automatic actuation function of the devices can be blocked from the control
centre, which has information on the status of the devices in real time.
• directional fault indicators were installed at all the action points, including those
without automatic actuation capabilities.
41AUTOMATION OF THE MALAGA DISTRIBUTION GRID
• Telemetry at all the actuation points: P, Q, V, I, etc. An essential difference compared
to conventional solutions is that, in addition to more advanced operation of the grid,
it also allows the application of other methods and procedures such as preventive
maintenance, the execution of more accurate grid models, etc.
The disconnectors switches of the automated DS are devices designed to work under
load, capable of interrupting currents of less than 1,000 A. Therefore, in the event of
a fault in a MV line whose current does not surpass this value, the actuation sequence
shall be as follows:
1. A single-phase fault occurs in the MV line, between DS 2B and the BP (which is open
in normal operation). Fig. 19 shows this situation.
2. The programmable control functions implemented in the switching devices (2A,
DS and 2B) are selective between each other and the feeder relay, therefore the
disconnector switch 2B opens before the feeder relay or any of the other switching
devices, isolating the fault between 2B and the BP.
In Malaga’s MV grid, the values of the current in the event of multi-phase faults are
greater than 1,000 A, so the solution described does not apply to this type of fault. The
programmable control function for fault clearance and restoring the service which were
designed and implemented in Smartcity Malaga considers two scenarios, depending
on whether there is communication between the DSs. For both situations, and for
single-phase faults, algorithms have been developed to detect incidents and for the
self-healing of the grid. These algorithms and their implementation in the monitoring
equipment developed within the project are described in section 4.2 as products
provided by the project to the MV grid automation sector.
The fact there is communication between the various DSs enables the transfer of
information between the iNodes of the automated DSs, making the process of
restoring the grid as efficient as possible. As described in section 1.1, communication
is one of the cornerstones on which the applications that make the distribution grid
smart are based, and without doubt one of these applications is the self-healing
nature of the distribution grid.
HV MV MV
SS
2A PM 2B BP
Fig. 19. Fault in the MV line, between DS 2B and the BP
SMARTCITY MALAGA42
An essential function, without which the algorithms for self-healing developed would
not work, is the correct detection and location of faults. Therefore, the implementation
of a suitable detection system that allows the unequivocal identification of the section of
the MV line in which the fault has occurred is essential to smart grids.
The fault location system implemented in the Smartcity Malaga project is based on
the installation of fault detectors (directional and non-directional) in the automated
DSs. The main uses of these sensors are detecting voltage in the MV line, checking
the opening of the automatic disconnector switch at no load, detection of interrupted
MV lines, polarisation of directional defects, etc. To obtain measurements to locate
the fault, voltage and current transformers have been installed in the voltage and
current distribution substations. On one hand, the voltage transformers are principally
capacitive, connected directly to the active part of each phase, while on the other hand,
the current transformers are installed around the MV cable (the number of sensors
installed for each cell is 3 or 4 and are located in the MV cable compartment).
The fault indicators identify whether a current greater than or equal to the pre-set
fault current has circulated through them. In non-automated grids, these units indicate
visually and locally whether they have “seen” the fault current, with the objective of
helping the workers sent out to the different DSs in the faulted line, guiding them to the
location of the DS where switching must take place, to isolate and repair the affected
section. In an automated grid such as the one implemented in the Smartcity Malaga
project, the fault indicators remotely inform the iNode so it can automatically start the
process of isolating the section at fault and restoring the service quickly, accurately and
efficiently, as shown in Fig. 20.
An erroneous fault indication can induce errors in the automation of the restoration,
with the subsequent delays in the restoring of the supply, illustrating the importance
of correct fault location. This presents significant challenges in distribution networks,
including the effects of capacitive currents in sections without faults, distribution
transformer energisation currents, and the contribution of current by the sources of
distributed generation.
HV MV MV
SSiNode SE
iNode CT iNode CT iNode CT
2A PM 2B BP
Fig. 20. Fault in the MV line, between DS 2B and the BP. Scenario with communication between DS
43AUTOMATION OF THE MALAGA DISTRIBUTION GRID
The fault locators and the restoration and monitoring algorithms were implemented
thanks to the automation of the DS corresponding to switching points. The units and
solutions developed in the Smartcity Malaga project to achieve these objectives are
described in section 4.2.
Low voltage
The automation of the LV side of the automated DS integrates the advanced LV
monitoring function in the LV switchboard. Fig. 21 (see Index of figures, page 155)
shows the LV switchboard of one of the DS.
The advanced monitoring is possible thanks to the installation of self-powered toroidal
sensors in the fuses that protect the LV line. These sensors obtain the measurement
of the current in each of the LV circuits, and the state of the fuses (blown/not blown).
The data recorded by the sensors is sent to a receiver integrated in the communications
cabinet of the distribution substation, which is in turn connected to the upper level, so
the grid monitoring devices have all the information picked up by the sensors of the LV
switchboard.
Having this real-time information means it is possible to monitor the low voltage electricity
grid at any time, making it possible to have the data for the operation at this voltage
level, manage incidents with greater efficiency and, even more importantly, implement
algorithms and procedures for the prediction and prevention of incidents or other critical
situations.
Distributed generation
The integration of energy resources embedded in the distribution grid is undoubtedly
one of the key parts of a smart grid, and it only makes sense if it is within a concept of
an automated distribution grid. As described in section 1.1, the connection of multiple
small generators, geographically distributed, means that among other advantages the
consumption can be balanced where it occurs. Similarly, storage systems and electric
SMARTCITY MALAGA44
vehicles (V2G) are considered distributed energy resources.
The connection of distributed generation to the distribution grid, originally conceived
for radial use and with unidirectional energy flows, entails a significant challenge for the
operation of the grid. The main challenges faced by the distribution systems in this new
scenario are:
• Impact on the regulation of the grid voltage. Voltage regulation in the current
distribution grid is based on a radial grid, principally occurring at the point of supply
by, for example, regulation of the distribution transformer taps or through reactive
power compensation. The connection of distributed generation sources in the
distribution system, in addition to reducing the power demand from the supply point,
can cause an increase in voltage under certain circumstances. Similarly, the behaviour
of the distributed generators with respect to the reactive power, according to whether
the generator supplies or absorbs, can cause an increase or drop in the grid voltage.
• Impact on the voltage balance. If small single-phase generators are connected,
it is possible for small imbalances to be introduced into the three-phase voltage of
the grid.
• Synchronisation. The generation sources must be connected to the grid under
conditions of synchronism, which require that the difference in module, phase, and
frequency of the voltage between the generator and the grid does not exceed certain
limits. Non-synchronised connection can cause harmful effects such as damage to the
generator or problems in the grid voltage.
• Harmonic content. The electronic equipment used in the generation systems,
especially those based on renewable sources, can introduce unwanted distortions into
the grid. Photovoltaic systems, due to their DC/AC inverter, mainly present distortions
of the third, fifth and seventh harmonic. It was observed in experiments that the
presence of distortions is greater for powers below the rated power of the converter
and relatively low if the power generated is close to the rated.
45AUTOMATION OF THE MALAGA DISTRIBUTION GRID
• Variability. The majority of the distributed generation units use renewable
energy sources, which is one of the advantages of this scenario. Unfortunately,
most renewable energy technologies involve the problems of intermittence in the
availability of primary resource (wind, sun).
• Impact of distributed generation on the grid’s protection system. The
incorporation of distributed generation in the distribution grid involves variations
in the magnitude and direction of the fault currents, depending on the location of
the fault and the generators connected to the grid at that moment. In the event of
a fault in a MV line, in addition to the contribution from the HV grid, there can also
be a contribution from the generators distributed along the MV lines, depending
on the technology used, so from this point of view the distribution grid loses its
radial behaviour which it was designed to have. Therefore, the contribution of the
generators connected along the MV lines during a fault can cause errors in the fault
indicators. Additionally, in scenarios of high penetration of distributed generation
units, especially those based on renewable energy, the serious problem of fault
detection must be considered. The technology used by these types of generators
entails the use of power converters. Power converters have limited operational
currents, so they limit the current provided by the DG in the event of external faults.
The immediate effect of the limit of the power converter is that the values of the
fault current are near the rated current, so the protection devices that base their
functioning on the value of the current can have problems detecting faults. This is
the case of conventional overcurrent protection, whose use is widespread in electric
distribution grids.
The problems that have been outlined represent some of the challenges that distributed
generation can bring to the distribution grid. Nevertheless, an automated distribution
grid under the paradigm of a smart grid is capable of integrating these resources,
providing a solution to the challenges posed, overcoming possible disadvantages and
maximising the advantages that distributed generation provides for the quality and
efficiency of the electric supply. The main advantages of distributed generation are:
SMARTCITY MALAGA46
• Reduction of losses in the transmission and distribution of the electricity thanks to
the greater proximity between generation and consumption, which increases the
efficiency of the system.
• Diversification of the type and number of generators, which reduces the criticality of
each of the individual generators. Similarly, it is important to use different primary
energy sources to mitigate the effect of their intermittence (in the case of renewable
energy sources).
• Voltage monitoring and management of reactive power. With suitable monitoring
of the distributed generation, the possible effect on the voltage regulation that
was mentioned above, the DGs must help to enhance the voltage profile of the
distribution grid.
• Use of renewable energy. Although the distributed generation units are not
necessarily of renewable origin, a smart grid must consider the use of the intelligence
the distribution grid has to maximise the integration of renewable resources. This
scenario has clear advantages regarding the environment and energy self-sufficiency.
The storage of energy is presented as one of the fundamental elements needed to be
able to make full use of renewable energy and reducing the effect of its variability, as
was pointed out above. In fact, the storage systems are included in the DER concept,
where the electric vehicle is a concrete example.
The distributed storage of energy (for example, in MV substations or connected in LV)
is also considered a distributed energy resource (DER). The energy storage capacity
improves the grid quality and reduces the imbalance of the demand curve. Similarly the
storage of energy satisfies the demand when there is a temporary gap between the
consumption and generation.
47AUTOMATION OF THE MALAGA DISTRIBUTION GRID
In addition to the batteries, installed by Acciona Instalaciones, the storage system has
devices for monitoring and connection to the grid. The main elements that comprise
these systems are explained below:
• Storage system: battery packs that, linked in series and in parallel, comprise the total
storage capacity.
• Battery Management System (BMS): element that provides the charge status of the
battery packs.
• Element for connecting the batteries: the modules in parallel are connected
individually with disconnectors-fuses.
• DC-DC converter: raises the voltage of the batteries to the level of the bus.
• Active Front End Converter (AFE): converts the DC voltage of the bus into AC voltage.
• Programmable logical controller of the installation: communicates with the BMS and
the converters, providing the set points.
The block diagram of a complete typical system is shown in Fig. 23 and is an example of
a LV connection.
Fig. 23. Block diagram of the storage system
BATTERY
Connectionboard
&
Fuses
BMS
PLC-SCADABattery management Communication
Protection
Breaker
AFE Control& Communication
DSP
DC / AC
AC
DC
AFEDC BUS
550-800 V DC
Filter400 V AC
50 Hz
DSP
DC / DC
DC
DC
Pbat Pgrid / FPF
SMARTCITY MALAGA48
Fig. 24 shows a simplified connection diagram for a MV storage system in a distribution
substation.
Similarly, Fig. 25 shows the connection of storage on the low voltage side of a
distribution substation, where different distributed generation systems are also
connected.
The functions that energy storage systems provide are:
• Management of active power:
– Discharge line sections that are overloaded during certain time bands.
– Act as a UPS for a certain Client of the DS.
– Reduce peaks of consumption-generation.
– Reduce the losses in the line.
• Management of reactive power: Enables compensation of reactive power in the node
where the storage is connected.
• Voltage monitoring: This enables the voltage of the MV connection node to be
monitored, although this value will be strongly influenced by the installed storage
power and the short circuit power.
The advantages of having distributed resources are only possible in an automated
grid, with a decentralised control system that governs the flow of energy to
improve the quality, maintenance, and safety of the supply. These monitoring
algorithms are implemented in grid controllers (in Smartcity Malaga: iNodes and
iSockets), developments that are possible thanks to information and communication
technologies.
Fig. 24. Distribution substation with storage connected to an MV node of the distribution gridP
MMV Line
Distributionsubstations for
Storage
49AUTOMATION OF THE MALAGA DISTRIBUTION GRID
The Smartcity Malaga project has integrated various systems of distributed generation
and storage into the distribution grid of the city of Malaga, connected at the MV
level (mini-storage) and at the LV level (micro-generation and micro-storage). Similarly,
the iNodes and iSockets and their corresponding monitoring algorithms have been
implemented.
Thus, 10 facilities for renewable generation and 2 for power storage in batteries have
been integrated, as already stated in section 2.1. Fig. 26 shows, on a map of the
Smartcity area in the city of Malaga, the location of the different elements of distributed
generation and storage integrated into the distribution grid.
There are different storage methods that have been implemented and tested in
Smartcity Malaga. We can divide them into three main categories:
• Optional storage, such as that carried out by the electric vehicle in its V2G function,
and by the battery system within the microgrid on the seafront. They do not have an
exclusive operation mode, but can be used either to supply the lighting or vehicles
being recharged, or to inject energy into the microgrid.
• Instantaneous storage, to adapt to the grid connection of the streetlamps with wind
turbines, designed originally to function in an island mode.
• Seasonal storage, such as that of the congress hall, a large storage point intended for
very stable use, designed to be operated either by the customer directly or using set
points or recommendations of the control and monitoring system of the smart grid.
In the storage installations of the Malaga congress hall and the microgrid on the
seafront, with a total capacity of 106 and 24 kWh respectively, technology based on
lithium-ion batteries have been used, formed by carbon anodes and lithium, iron, and
magnesium phosphate powder cathodes.
Fig. 25. Distribution substation with consumption, generation and storage
PM
MV LINE
Endesa distributionsubstation
Storage
Generation
Customer 1[P,Q]
Customer 2[P,Q]
Customer i[P,Q]
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
SMARTCITY MALAGA50
Solar Photovoltaic
Storage
Wind
Cogeneration
Fig. 26. Distributed generation and storage in the Smartcity Malaga grid
Fig. 27. Diagram of the microgrid of the “Antonio Banderas” promenade in Malaga
51AUTOMATION OF THE MALAGA DISTRIBUTION GRID
• Regarding the low voltage grid, we must emphasise the microgrid connected to
DS 80159, in the seafront area of Malaga, that integrates distributed generation,
storage systems and manageable loads, as can be seen in detail in Fig. 27:
• Photovoltaic installation on 10 streetlamps, with 95 W each. Their location is marked
in Fig. 27 with numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 in red.
• Wind installation on 9 streetlamps, with 680 W each. The location of these
streetlamps is indicated in Fig. 27 by the numbers 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 28, 27 and
26 in pink.
• Isolated wind turbine of 4 kW, marked on the map with the symbol .
• A storage system of 24 kWh, next to distribution substation 80159.
• A recharge point for electric vehicles with V2G function.
The different systems of generation and storage integrated in this microgrid are
described in more detail below.
Wind turbine of 4 kW
The wind turbine installed on the seafront, Urban Green Energy UGE-4K, has a
maximum generation power of 4 kW. This wind turbine has a vertical axis of rotation,
which enables it to be integrated aesthetically in urban environments, with space
limitations and the need to preserve the aesthetics of its area. Fig. 28 (See Index of
figures, page 156) shows this unit.
Connected to the 4 kW wind turbine and with output to circuit 7 of the LV grid of
DS 80159, an AURORA Power One PVI-7200 Wind Interface Box regulator, a resistive
braking system, and an AURORA Power One PVI-6000 Inverter have been installed.
SMARTCITY MALAGA52
Photovoltaic streetlamp units and streetlamps with mini-wind turbines
The installation of public lighting has been carried out on the “Antonio Banderas”
promenade, beside the new building of Malaga Provincial Council.
To connect the new streetlamps, the existing electrical installation was used with only
small modifications to adapt it.
The lighting switchboard is supplied from the underground LV grid from DS 80159,
through conductor RV 06/1 kV 3.5×150mm2 connected to the general low voltage
switchboard of the centre, at output 6. The connection between the LV circuit
and the switchboard was made through conductor RV 06/1 kV 4×50mm2 and
compression connectors.
Fig. 29 and Fig. 30 shows images of these systems, where the integrated distributed
generation units can be seen: wind turbines and photovoltaic panels.
Fig. 29. Micro-generation systems integrated in streetlamps
53AUTOMATION OF THE MALAGA DISTRIBUTION GRID
The wind turbines integrated in the streetlamps are the model Urban Green Energy
UGE-600, with a rated power of 680 W. Their rated wind speed is very low, 12 m/s, so
they are capable of supplying energy even in areas without strong winds.
The 9 streetlamps with wind power generation are connected to circuit 6 of the
seafront LV grid through a GPTech PV-5 inverter. This inverter connects to an iSocket for
communication with the iNode located in DS 80159.
Regarding the photovoltaic system integrated in the streetlamps, the panels are provided
by the manufacturer ATERSA, model A-95P, 95 W. The modules, as shown in Fig. 31,
consist of 36 polycrystalline cells. Each module consists of a layer of glass with a high level
of transmissivity. The encapsulate is made of modified ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA). The
connection of the set of 10 streetlamps with photovoltaic generation to circuit 6 of the LV
grid along the promenade is made with a GPTech PV-1 inverter. Within the inverter there is
an iSocket for communication with the iNode located in the seafront DS. Fig. 32 (See Index
of figures, page 156) shows the installation of this inverter and the GPTech PV-5.
With respect to the distributed storage, the energy storage systems installed in the
Smartcity Malaga project are based on the use of batteries. Specifically, Valence
Fig. 30. Streetlamps with integrated solar photovoltaic panels
SMARTCITY MALAGA54
Fig. 31. Photovoltaic module model A-95P from ATERSA
Tempered glass
Hook frame (aluminium)
Black-Sheet
Ethyl-Vinyl-Acetate (EVA)
IP54 connection box (with protection diodes)
Ethyl-Vinyl-Acetate (EVA)
High-performance cells
Fig. 33. Diagram of the installation of the storage system equipment
CHARGERDC/AC
RS 485
CANbus
GRID
CONTROLU-BMS-HV
+
-
14U27-36XP
2 series strings of 7 modulesconnectedin parallel
Contactor
Contactor
55AUTOMATION OF THE MALAGA DISTRIBUTION GRID
LiFeMgPO4 batteries with individual storage capacities of 138 Ah at 12.8 V. The full
storage system consists of one rack, containing 14 batteries connected in series.
Similarly, the charge and discharge monitoring system of the batteries uses the U-BMS-
HV system.
Like the generation systems, distributed storage operates in direct current, so inverter
systems are needed to convert this power into alternating current and integrate it into
the distribution grid. The VALENCE storage system uses the inverter GPTechPV-15 as
its regulation unit. In the same way as the inverters mentioned previously, inside the
inverter there is an iSocket for communication with the iNode located in the seafront
distribution substation.
The storage systems have been installed in cabinets like those shown in Fig. 34
(See Index of figures, page 156).
Energy efficiency and demand management
The first step in achieving efficient use of electrical resources is to modify consumers’
habits. Through this we can flatten the daily consumption curve, thus optimising the use
of the current grid and increasing the general efficiency of the whole electricity system.
An advanced demand management system allows one to know the consumption in
real time, and enables us to make a prediction of the demand for the next day, adjust
this consumption to the price curves stipulated for its optimisation, detect inappropriate
consumption, view the invoicing in advance using analysis tools, plan the consumption
or adjust it to a target value, and add the consumption of various offices (multi-site
companies).
For this purpose, smart-metering has been implemented. A smart meter is an electronic
device that replaces traditional electro-mechanical meters. This device is part of the DER,
AMI, and ADA functions. The main functions of these smart domestic meters are:
SMARTCITY MALAGA56
• Tariffs according to time bands (AMI)
• Power limitation according to contract (AMI)
• Disconnection due to lack of payment (and reestablishment of the connection) (AMI)
• Quantification of inverse energy if there is a negative balance (DER)
• Sending of information to the distributors (ADA and AMI)
• Measurement of wave quality (voltage dips) (ADA and AMI)
The main function of these devices in a smart grid is to provide the user with
information on their consumption habits, and cause a change in these habits for more
efficient demand management. Applying different prices to electricity depending on
the time at which the electricity is used, statistically reduces the difference between
the peak and the trough. As it has been previously stated, this measure is equivalent to
having storage capacity, as it increases consumption during the troughs and decreases it
in the peaks.
In addition to the deployment of these smart meters, remote metering concentrators
have been installed in the distribution substations, and PLC communications through
the LV grid between consumers and concentrators, and communications between
concentrator and the central systems have also been implemented.
This framework of energy efficiency has impacted various areas in the Smartcity Malaga
project, which extends from public lighting to efficiency of the consumption in SMEs,
emblematic buildings and residential users.
Firstly, the lights of some areas of the city have been replaced with low energy
consumption lights, combining LED and halogen technology each with individual
control. Thus, applying operation programs, individually or in groups, and
calibrating the intensity of the lights, adapting them to the needs of the area,
decreases consumption by up to five times. In short, the following initiatives have
been carried out:
57AUTOMATION OF THE MALAGA DISTRIBUTION GRID
• 139 lights, remotely controlled by segment
• 60 lights with LED and halogen technology, all controlled individually
• 19 lights with LED technology and incorporating wind and photovoltaic micro-
generation
In addition, diverse energy efficiency solutions have been installed in 8 SMEs and 3
emblematic buildings, so these companies that receive real time information about the
energy they are consuming can intelligently manage and interact with the different
loads through a control system. These establishments are a hospital, a hotel and offices
of the City Council of Malaga.
In terms of residential users, in addition to the smart meters mentioned previously that
have been installed for all residential consumers, 50 of them have an energy efficiency
kit, with which they can find out the total consumption of their household and manage
part of that energy. This management is possible thanks to the smart devices installed,
capable of differentiating different types of consumption and being controlled and
programmed remotely, via a website or a smartphone application.
The active demand management system (ADMS) implemented in Smartcity Malaga
revolves around two new systems, ADMS Energy and ADMS Power, that allow the
active involvement of customers, distributors and retailers. These systems have non-
intrusive automatic processes which respect the minimum parameters of use and
comfort established by the customer. The implementation of these systems requires the
intervention of four main parties:
• Aggregator/Energy Services Company (ESC): This is the energy services company,
although it can act as a purchasing agent for customers with multiple locations. It
transmits the tariff offers to customers, retailers and applies for temporary power
limitations.
• Distributor: This is the grid management company, which on certain occasions needs a
decrease in the consumption in a certain area. It sends requests for reductions by area
and receives proposals.
SMARTCITY MALAGA58
• Retailer: This is the company that makes the energy offers for each period.
• Customers: For each customer or location the energy plan is managed based on the
information provided by the other agents. It validates or rejects the proposed power
limitations.
Fig. 35 shows a diagrammatic representation of the interaction between these
agents. Chapter 3 (services) describes the services provided by the ADMS developed.
Similarly, chapter 4 provides details about the products developed within the
framework of the Smartcity Malaga project that make it possible for these services
to be made available.
Electric vehicles (V2G)
A microgrid, such as that deployed in Smartcity Malaga, can be defined as a small low
voltage grid capable of integrating generation sources, energy storage and manageable
loads that could potentially function as a small energy island, i.e., units that are self-
sufficient in terms of energy although connected to the grid. The electricity grid
Retailer + ESC
Multisite Customer
Retailer
Customers
Aggregator /ESC
Distributor
Fig. 35. Agents involved in active demand management
59AUTOMATION OF THE MALAGA DISTRIBUTION GRID
can therefore be understood as a set of microgrids, to a greater or lesser extent, all
interconnected and managed intelligently, to achieve a more effective, efficient and
robust electricity system.
Moreover, the current virtual generator systems under development are based on the
management of electric loads and microgenerators, which can function as autonomous
small generators, supplying energy to the grid, thus optimising its functionality when
a distributed generation system is configured. These small generation systems may be
made up of wind micro-generators, photovoltaic applications, energy storage systems
and, of course, electric vehicles that, depending on the grid’s demand, can charge or
discharge their batteries, becoming contributors to the electricity system instead of
consumers. This indicates a true technological turning point.
In fact, an electric vehicle can itself be considered a microgrid, as it can function
autonomously or connected to the electricity grid, has consumption coming from its
engine, potential electrical generation from its regenerative system of braking and
restraint, an energy storage system in its batteries and/or super-capacitors, diverse loads
(control systems, brakes, active safety systems, fans, air conditioning, pumps, hydraulic
systems, etc.) and, in addition, all of these systems and devices are managed by different
control strategies that depend on both the type of conditions and whether the vehicle is
connected to the electricity grid.
The vehicles are able to not only charge their batteries when they are connected to
the electricity grid, but also to send electricity to the network making use of “vehicle
to grid” or V2G technology. A particular case of the aforementioned V2G technology
is the energy the vehicle provides for use directly in the home, supplying low-level
consumption. In this case, the correct name is “vehicle to home” or V2H.
V2G electric vehicles are a chance to improve the efficiency of the whole electricity
system as recharging or discharging their batteries can be done when the user and
the grid management systems desire to do so, which cannot happen with most
electrical consumption. This ability to manage the demand presents significant
advantages as it offers the electricity system the possibility of improving global
efficiency, flattening the demand curve, increasing the demand cover ratio,
SMARTCITY MALAGA60
improving the safety in the supply of energy, and facilitating the integration of the
energy from renewable resources.
Equivalent to the above regarding energy storage, recharging the batteries of
these vehicles during the reduced demand period (during the night), flattens the
demand curve as the large differences that occur between the periods of greatest
and least electricity demand are reduced. In addition, in the event of different
time tariffs, the price of the electricity is lower during the night (when there is
less demand). Conversely, the partial discharge of the energy contained in electric
vehicles in the period of greater energy demand from the grid reduces the power
generation requirement of the plants, which enhances the efficiency of the
electricity system.
Fig. 36. Integration of electric vehicles with storage capacity and energy discharge (Source: http://www.itrco.jp/)
Grid
V 2H H E M S
V 2G
61AUTOMATION OF THE MALAGA DISTRIBUTION GRID
Electric cars with V2G technology can play a very significant role in integrating
renewable energy into the electricity system. For example, wind production, generated
mainly during the night, has a great variability. In addition, as it is not possible to store it,
when the wind energy supply is greater than the demand, it is possible that not all the
wind energy produced can be entered into the system. Therefore, recharging the electric
vehicles during the night will help make use of this energy. Moreover, this renewable
energy stored in the vehicles may be returned to the grid during the periods of highest
electricity demand.
Connecting V2G electric vehicles to the grid also means that we have energy resources
that, in certain conditions, can provide an electric supply to ensure the demand coverage
ratio and even the security of the supply in certain situations.
Fig. 37. Flattening of the demand curve by electric vehicles and V2G recharge points (Source: Red Eléctrica de España)
0:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
10:0
0
12:0
0
14:0
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16:0
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18:0
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20:0
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63AUTOMATION OF THE MALAGA DISTRIBUTION GRID
The installation of smart meters will enable these options to be developed, which will be
essential for the operation of the electricity system in the future.
In parallel to the V2G electric vehicles, it is necessary to develop the corresponding V2G
recharge points able to not only provide energy to the batteries to charge them, but also
inject energy coming from the vehicles into the grid. These recharge points have to be
managed by the system operator, under a specific system of set points that enable them
to run efficiently and to be integrated into the electric grid.
Within the scope of the Smartcity Malaga project, infrastructure for recharging electric
vehicles with V2G capacity was deployed, made up of a recharge point installed on
a public road, designed specifically with the requirements of this technology, which
provides support for a conventional electric vehicle that has been modified to include
the aforementioned V2G capacity. The recharge infrastructure and the vehicle, have
been fully integrated into the microgrid and its management and data capture systems
of this project, thus becoming an element that plays an active part in Smartcity Malaga
and facilitates the development of a complete protocol of trials and tests on the
use of these recharge points and vehicles, which has enabled us to obtain relevant
results on the real use of this technology, its possibilities and the next steps to take,
and recommendations to follow for its progressive implementation within the whole
electricity system.
65NEW SERVICES PROVIDED By THE PROJECT
From the energy efficiency standpoint, Smartcity Malaga provides important services to
society, focused on energy savings, which directly results in the reduction of emissions.
These services can be summarised conceptually in two principles: availability of
information on consumption and energy management capability.
Thanks to the products developed in Smartcity Malaga, specified in section 4, the
customers have advanced information on the electricity demand of their homes,
including real-time changes, and a comparison of their consumption with those of
similar users and personal advice for reducing it. These services give rise to the possibility
of operating, planning and managing consumption, interacting with manageable loads
automatically and autonomously or manually.
Other sectors of society such as SMEs and public buildings are also important receivers
of these consumption and energy management information services. Section 3.2
provides details about services for the companies that, at the same time, provide
advantages for the consumer and society.
The technology and procedures developed in this project that enable integration
of renewable generation systems in the distribution grid, and are the basis for the
distribution grid of the future, are an undeniable service that the Smartcity Malaga
project offers society, given the environmental advantages of these types of energy
sources. Similarly, the concept of micro-generation and micro-storage, and the
monitoring algorithms that make this possible, allow us to consider the possibility
of self-supply or even the possibility of exporting part of the energy generated in a
domestic microgrid to the distribution grid of the company. Nevertheless, it is true
that for this to be possible, changes in the regulation of the electricity sector will be
necessary.
A sector that is closely associated with the concepts of manageable loads and
generation, and distributed storage, is that of the plug-in electric vehicle. In this regard,
For society
SMARTCITY MALAGA66
the development of a V2G recharge point implemented in the Smartcity Malaga project
enables access to the advantages of this service.
Finally, the automation of the distribution grid undertaken in this project, the self-
healing algorithms of the grid developed, and the advanced monitoring implemented in
the LV grid, have resulted in a more reliable distribution grid, in other words, a greater
quality/continuity of the electric supply, which is a fundamental service for society.
67NEW SERVICES PROVIDED By THE PROJECT
As previously indicated, the Smartcity Malaga project provides new energy efficiency
services for companies. The distribution companies and retailers also have new services
provided by Smartcity Malaga regarding energy efficiency. A clear service for the
distributors is the active demand management, considered as joint utility-aggregator-
customer service. For example, this service enables the management, in other words,
turning on, turning off or modifying, of the customer’s non-critical loads through
the aggregator (the customer receives economic compensation for the service, by
agreement).
There are two main criteria for the management of the demand: situations of grid
congestion or high energy prices.
The objective is similar to interruptibility service but on a smaller scale in terms of powers
and attempting to make gentle reductions in the demand, for example, reducing the
temperature of the heating in winter.
As introduced in section 2.2.5., these services are divided into two concepts, set out
below:
ADMS Energy. This system is considered as a new type of relationship between
customers and retailer, providing services for both parties. The retailer may offer lower
tariffs as:
• They can pass on the actual costs of the energy therefore reducing risk. Every time
period, for example daytime, can have a different tariff curve depending on the
market cost.
• The prediction of the consumption of the group of customers can be used in the
energy purchasing process.
The customers have the ability to actively manage their consumption, which enables
them to reduce their total energy costs without this entailing a loss of convenience or
comfort.
For companies
SMARTCITY MALAGA68
The operational diagram of ADMS Energy is as follows (Fig. 39):
1. The retailer sends the customer tariffs to the aggregator daily or with the agreed
frequency.
2. The aggregator sends the tariffs to each customer that it manages.
3. The customers receive tariffs for the next day and plan their loads, for example, by
means of air conditioning set points
4. The customers send their load prediction for the next day to the aggregator.
5. The aggregator sends its load prediction for the next day to the retailer.
6. The retailer uses the information for purchasing energy on the market and preparing
the offer for the next day.
ADMS Power. This service enables the efficient and automatic management of the
power reduction requests, in the event of grid overloads. Therefore, it provides a
system for operating in situations of disturbances in the distribution grid by reducing
the consumption of the customers that participate in an ADMS program. This service
provides advantages over other demand management systems. From the customer’s
standpoint, they have a greater decision-making capacity, maintaining the parameters of
convenience and comfort. For the distributors, they immediately obtain information on
the reduction of consumption that they can obtain.
The operational diagram of ADMS Power is as follows (Fig. 40):
1. The grid management company sends a power reduction request to the aggregator,
indicating the area of the grid as well as the duration and start of the reduction.
2. The aggregator transmits the request to the customers.
69NEW SERVICES PROVIDED By THE PROJECT
Retailer +ESC
Multisite customer
Retailer
Customers
Aggregator /ESC
1. Tariffs
6. P
urc
has
e in
th
e m
arke
t
4. Load Prediction
5. Prediction bythe aggregator
3. P
lan
nin
g3.
Pla
nn
ing
2. Ta
riffs
2. Tariffs
Fig. 39. ADMS Energy diagram
Fig. 40. ADMS Power diagram
Retailer+ESC
Multisite customer
Retailer
Customers
Aggregator /ESC
1. Grid solutions5. Load Prediction
8. Send Confirmation
6. Revised aggregation
7. Acception/Rejectionof the proposal
3. P
lan
nin
g
9. E
xecu
te t
he
revi
sed
pla
n
2. Ta
riffs
2. Request
SMARTCITY MALAGA70
3. The customer receives the reduction request and performs an automatic simulation
of the load plan, taking into account the minimum parameters of comfort defined.
4. The customers validate their participation (optional).
5. The customers send the revised consumption plan to the aggregator.
6. The aggregator sends the grid management company the aggregated revised
consumption plan as a proposal for reduction.
7. The grid management company sends the confirmation (or rejection) of the proposal
for reduction to the aggregator.
8. The aggregator sends the confirmation to the customers.
9. The customers execute the revised plan.
In summary, the Active Demand Management Systems are modules for administrating
the energy in real time in such a way that combines the interests of all participants:
on one hand, customers can find out their energy consumption and have the
means to monitor and optimise it; moreover, the retailers have channels for more
direct, advanced communication with their customers, so they can design and offer
products and services that better suit their electricity demand and requirements.
An intermediate figure is created, capable of channelling the information between
parties, ensuring the transparency, independence and interoperability of all of them;
and finally, the distribution companies now have the ADMS functions, which enables
them to optimise the grid operation and make maximum use of both infrastructure
and energy resources.
Section 3.1 briefly comments on the service that distributed generation and storage
provides to society; for the electricity company, having distributed energy resources
entails a significant service. The advantages of the distributed resources described
in section 2.2.1., which include the reduction of losses, the possibility of monitoring
voltage and reactive power at the local level, a flattening of the demand curve, with the
71NEW SERVICES PROVIDED By THE PROJECT
subsequent increase in the efficiency of the installations, etc. The service that the project
delivers in this aspect is not only the installation of these energy resources, but also the
development of the technology, equipment, and algorithms that make it possible to
make use of their advantages.
The most important service provided by the Smartcity Malaga project for the electric
company is the possibility of optimised grid management, thanks to the deployment of
technology for automation, monitoring, control, communications, etc. Products such as
the iNode and the iSocket and the information systems developed, as will be explained
in section 4, provide the distribution company with the necessary tools to meet the
objectives of the smart grid considered in section 1.1.
73NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
In the ICT sector, the product developed in this project is the deployed communication
system, which is the link of all the Smartcity Malaga applications. It allows information
to be transferred between all of them and means the grid can be managed quickly and
efficiently.
As explained in section 2.2.1. (See Fig. 10, Topology of the communication network,
page 32), the grid consists of three different areas. On the upper level there is the
MPLS grid. The grid architecture enables interconnection with the MPLS backbone; this
connection is planned for when it is fully operational.
On the second level, there is the distribution grid (from the communications standpoint)
that connects the control centres (located in Seville) and the Management and
Operations Centre with the main HV substations. It consists of a main ring that is divided
into two sectors, according to the transmission technology used, namely:
1. Route inside the province of Malaga. Direct connection with fibre optics using native
IP technology (Gigabit Ethernet). Bandwidth available: 1 Gbit/s.
2. Connections with Seville, which are made by transporting the IP on SDH technology.
Bandwidth available: 50 Mbit/s.
The links used for redundancy of the ring, and to give the grid mesh characteristics,
are connections at 2 Mbit/s and 64 kbit/s, depending on the existing transmission
technology.
For this fibre optic grid, a Gigabit Ethernet ring has been constructed that allows
integration of all the services safely, flexibly and efficiently. Fig. 41 shows a diagram of
the communications network deployed at this level.
Finally, we have the access grid, made up of the MV distribution substations that
communicate with one or several HV substations. In Smartcity Malaga, all the
distribution substations connected to the grid depend on the San Sebastián Substation,
the hub of the access grid, following the ring topology diagram in Fig. 10, Topology
of the communication network, page 32. The technologies used in the access grid are
New products in the ICT sector
SMARTCITY MALAGA74
Fig. 41. Physical diagram of the fibre optic grid deployed
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75NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
BPL (broadband PLC), proprietary WiMAX and operator WiMAX (Clearwire). With the
objective of maintaining the privacy of the grid and its hierarchical structure, it was
necessary to tunnel at level 2. The PLC network consists of 82 points, divided into 10
Master-Slave structures.
The proprietary WiMAX grid consists of one base station installed in San Sebastián,
one repeater installed in DS 106 (outside the limits of the Smartcity area that allows
direct visibility to/from the deployment area) and three CPEs. The operator WiMAX grid
consists of 7 points.
For the deployment of the PLC network, systems for coupling to the existing MV grids
were used that enable the data to be transmitted using the electricity distribution
grid as the physical channel, adapting it to the basic characteristics of every scenario.
These coupling systems are components that will physically adapt and inject the PLC
signal into the MV conductors. Inductive or capacitive, depending on whether they use
induction or direct contacts, they have been installed in SF6 cabins as air break switches.
Fig. 42 shows examples of the installation of different coupling systems that have been
deployed in the grid (See Index of figures, page 157).
Similarly, operator and proprietary WiMAX emitter-receiver stations have been installed,
to provide the communications systems with alternative links to the physical channel
described previously. These PLC/WiMAX routers provide connectivity at grid level. Their
main function consists of sending, receiving and channelling data packets. Thus, physical
and virtual sub-networks are interconnected, providing service to the units, systems,
users, etc., in accordance with the needs of each one.
Fig. 44 shows a diagram of the access grid deployed. Fig. 45 shows diagrams of the
proprietary and operator WiMAX grids (See Index of figures, page 157).
Finally, the communications monitoring system requirements were established in
accordance with the Cases of Use and the Data Model of each of the different work
groups.
SMARTCITY MALAGA76
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77NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
With regard to the systems, the products developed are summarised below:
• Remote management system that allows the active management of the demand,
enabling the customers and distribution companies to manage their energy
consumption efficiently.
• Functions and tools for integrating elements of distributed generation within the
distribution system, and for managing new advanced automation elements in the
distribution grid. Monitoring system for these elements.
• Construction of a central plant from which the distribution grid is monitored and
managed, enabling identification and assessment of architectures and dimensions,
and the procedures necessary to operate the central systems of an advanced
distribution grid.
• Consumer portal. This is a critical element in the vision of Smartcity Malaga. It enables
consumers to gain active, real-time feedback on their consumption, profiles, impact
on the system and emissions and to interact with predefined functions aimed at
promoting responsible consumption. These systems are integrated in the products for
the active management of the demand and energy efficiency described in section 4.5.
• KPI monitoring system. The KPI monitoring system consists of the analysis of the
smart grid using a set of indicators that help assess the extent to which the objectives
of the Smartcity Malaga project are being achieved. In Smartcity Malaga a number
Fig. 46. Diagram of the different systems implemented
Control PanelDisplay
LocalConsumptionManagement
Electric DistributionGrid with
New Services
In-Home and In-CompanyEfficiency Sstems
Electric Mobility Services:Charging, V2G...
Public Lighting
Efficient ElectricSystems
Distribution Control SmartcityIntelligence
Remote managementSmartMetering
CommunicationMonitoring
DistributionSystems
Consumption Control
Home/CompanyEnergy Management
Electric VehiclesManagement
Public LightingManagement
Energy Efficiencfy
Dat
a A
dqui
sito
n
Smar
tCity
Mal
aga
Con
trol
and
Mon
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g C
ente
r
CommunicationDevices
Internet
Act
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Dem
and
Man
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SMARTCITY MALAGA78
Fig. 47. Tree diagram of the relationships between indicators, objectives and macro-objectives
I1. Decrease demand feeder
I2. Flatten the demand curve
I3. Decrease technical losses
I4. Decrease lighting consump.
I5. Decrease cons. high cust. P contr.
I6. Decrease cons. Res. and SMEs
I7. Increase Cons/Gen EV
I8. Improve Efic. cons. SMCT
I9. Total % of RE generation
I10. % Generation RE in MV
I11. % Generation RE in LV
I12. Decrease CO2 emmisions
I13. Improve zonal quality
I14. Improve grid/wave quality
I15. Improve early LV detection
O1. Efficiency of Distribution System
MO1. Improve energy efficiency
I16. Improve Opt. Response MV
O2. Consumption Efficiency
MO2. Increase use of RE
I17. Extend life of transformers
O3. Increase use of RE
MO3. Reduce Emissions
I18. Extend life of circuit breakers
O4. Reduce Emissions
MO4. Others
I19. Extend cable lifetime
O5. Quality
I20. Reduce breakdown costs
O6. Extend life of Installation
I21. Reduce Maintenance costs
O7. Reduce Maint. & breakdown costs
Indicators Objective Macro-objetive
79NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
of objectives and macro-objectives, and the appropriate indicators for monitoring
their completion, have been defined. Fig. 47 shows the relationship between KPIs,
objectives and macro-objectives.
Similarly, an interface has been developed to monitor these KPIs and objectives. The
interface enables us to view all the information on the objectives, indicators and
measurements, providing a control panel for understanding, managing and displaying
the information. For example, Fig. 48 shows the interface (control panel) corresponding
to the values of all the macro-objectives of the Smartcity Malaga project.
• Interface for monitoring the grid. An interface has been developed using block
representations, which enables us to monitor the state of the grid in an easy,
simplified manner, and view the details of the cases considered necessary. Fig. 49
shows the functional diagram of the Smartcity Malaga grid included in the
implemented interface (See Index of figures, page 158).
Fig. 48. Detailed interface of the macro-objectives
SMARTCITY MALAGA80
The display environment implemented for each distribution substation enables different
variables to be monitored, as shown in Fig. 50 (See Index of figures, page 158), where
different display areas can be seen:
1. Technology selection area. This shows the different technology available in the
distribution substation, where one of them can be selected to filter the information.
2. Line selection area. This defines the line in which the distribution substation to
be monitored is located, permitting navigation between the different distribution
substations of Smartcity Malaga.
3. Distribution substation selection area. This defines the desired distribution substation
to monitor (in the line defined in 2).
4. Device selection area. This defines the desired device and variables to monitor.
5. Monitoring area. This area shows the information on variables, in either
instantaneous values or historical data.
81NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
MV grid
As mentioned in section 2.2.3., one of the most important products produced during
the project related to the automation of the MV distribution grid is the self-healing
algorithm, which enables the service quality to be improved, considerably reducing the
failure times in the event of incidents in the grid.
This algorithm has two operating modes, depending on whether it is being implemented
in the iNode unit or in the control centre. The sequences of events and commands
executed by the algorithm in each scenario are as follows:
Implementation in iNode:
1. A fault occurs in the MV line, between DS 2B and the BP.
2. The feeder relay in the substation trips while the other switching devices remain
closed (they cannot open during the fault).
3. The different switching points (2A, PM and 2B) send information from their fault
indicators to the substation iNode (Fig. 51).
HV MV MV
SSiNode SE
iNode DS iNode DS iNode DS
2A PM 2B BP
Fig. 51. Fault in the MV line, between DS 2B and the BP. Scenario with communication between DSand iNodes
4. The switch executes the first reclose sequence. If the fault is permanent, the feeder
relay will trip once again.
New products for the protection and automation of the distribution grid
SMARTCITY MALAGA82
5. The substation iNode (once the first reclose sequence has been activated, but before
the second) evaluates all the fault indicators received from the iNodes in the DS and
executes a command to open, to the last DS that has detected a defect, in this case
2B, and inside the DS, which has the outgoing signal.
6. When the second reclose sequence closes (60 s), the line segment up to 2B is
re-established, leaving the section with the fault (between 2B and BP) isolated.
Implementation in the control centre:
1. A fault occurs in the MV line, between DS 2B and the BP.
2. The feeder relay in the substation trips while the other switching devices remain
closed (they cannot open during a fault).
3. The different switching points (2A, PM and 2B) send information from their fault
indicators to the control centre (Fig. 52).
Control center
HV MV MV
SS iNode DS iNode DS iNode DS
2A PM 2B BP
Fig. 52. Fault in the MV line, between DS 2B and the BP. Scenario with communication between distribution substations and control centre
4. The switch executes the first reclose sequence. If the fault is permanent, the feeder
relay switch will trip once again.
5. The control centre (once the first reclose sequence has been activated, but before the
second) evaluates all the fault indicators received from the automated DS and sends
83NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
the command to open, to the last DS that has detected a defect, in this case 2B, and
inside the DS, which has the outgoing signal.
6. When the second reclose sequence closes (60 s), the line segment up to 2B is re-
established, leaving the section with the fault (between 2B and BP) isolated.
The new functions of the Malaga distribution grid are not possible without the
automation of the DSs carried out in the Smartcity Malaga project. This automation
of the DSs can be considered a significant product in the distribution grid automation
Fig. 53. Diagram of automated distribution substation
SMARTCITY MALAGA84
sector. Fig. 53 shows a diagram of one of these automated distribution substations,
indicating its main components.
One of the main components of the automated distribution substation is the Smart
Distribution Manager (SDM), indicated in Fig. 53 as ekorGID. Fig. 54 shows the ekorGID
unit installed in DS 307 (Guindos) (See Index of figures, page 158).
Fig. 55 shows a detailed diagram of the product developed by Ormazabal. The cabinet is
divided into two separate areas; one area houses the communication, MV automation/
monitoring elements and batteries. The other area houses the low voltage elements
such as the power supply, concentrator, iNode, LV monitoring, and different connection/
protection elements for each of the elements.
As seen in Fig. 55, the information from the different sections of the automated control
centre converges in the SDM unit, represented in the diagram in Fig. 53. Firstly, the
ekorRCI unit (integrated control unit) developed by Ormazabal, responsible for the
supervision and control of the secondary distribution line interrupting switches, fault
detectors, detecting the presence and absence of voltage, current measurements,
etc. Fig. 56 shows this device and its location in the MV cabinet (See Index of figures,
page 159).
The following device, essential for the automation of the DSs is the Compact Remote
Control Unit (CRU) ekorUCT, which makes it possible for DSs of the Smartcity Malaga
project to be remotely controlled and automated. It mainly includes the remote unit and
communications functions, and enables the cells equipped with integrated control to be
governed, which are located in the automated centres of the project. Fig. 57 shows one
of the installed ekorUCT units (See Index of figures, page 159).
85NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
LV grid
The automation of the distribution substations that was undertaken has also involved
the low voltage grid. As seen in Fig. 53 and Fig. 55, the advanced LV monitoring is
integrated in the DS and the SDM.
As indicated in section 2.2.3., the LV monitoring receives information from toroidal
sensors installed in the LV lines, which obtains and manages power and total energy
measurements for each LV switchboard, the current and load profiles for each LV output
line, the power and energy for each LV line, and the detection of blown fuses for each
LV line.
MV SupervisionFault detection, V, I, P, Q,
Alarms
AutomationTelecontrolAutomation
Web server maintenance (Fault detection, V, I, P, Q,
Alarms)
CommunicationPLC MV, GPRS, Fibre
Optics, RadioLV Supervision
Total DS measurements Measure LV line
¡Socket LV
PLC-LVEthernet
IEC-10448Vdc
Smart DistributionManager
Fig. 55. Smart Distribution Manager ekorGID
SMARTCITY MALAGA86
The data recorded by the sensors is sent, by radio signal (unused frequency 433 MHz),
to a receiving unit integrated in the communications cabinet of the DS. Fig. 59 shows
the central data reception unit. At the same time, this receiver is communicated with the
upper level, the DS iNode, so the grid control devices have all the information which was
gathered by the sensors and sent to the LV switchboard.
Each sensor installed in a LV line sends the data that identifies it to the receiver, such as
its firmware version and model, and its serial number.
The data from all the installed sensors is stored in the database of the receiver, which
increases as the number of installed sensors increases, up to a maximum of 64 sensors.
This receiver has its own configuration parameters, necessary for communicating with
the upper level, such as: identification number, communication speed, version and
model, and number of fuses recognised and accepted.
In order to make good use of the metering elements deployed in the LV grid, tools
have been implemented to monitor the LV grid to supervise the microgeneration from
renewable energies and micro-storage, which enables the loads to be displayed, and
diverse variables associated with the system operation to be calculated. Specifically,
this tool has been implemented in the LV microgrid connected to TS 80159 Smartcity,
described in chapter 2.
The hardware that comprises the system for monitoring and supervision consists of a
server used to view and process the variables acquired by the set of iNodes and iSockets.
This software is made up of the following applications:
Data acquisition, at the level of the iSockets and iNodes. The variables to be
compiled are the following:
• Current of the LV outputs from the LV switchboard
• State of the fuses (in operation/blown) from the LV switchboard
• Active power (single phase and three phase)
87NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
• Reactive power (single phase and three phase)
• Line voltage and phase
• Current
• Frequency
• Current and voltage THD
• Power factor
Grid monitoring. The data acquired from the system is used to represent the status
of the grid in real time; either directly, showing the variables acquired, or through
algorithms that enable the grid to be characterised and/or monitored.
Data processing through grid status algorithms. To be able to execute the
algorithms, it will start at the level of the iSocket and iNode with the active and reactive
powers and the voltage. The algorithms that enable the grid to be monitored and
characterised, and that are performed by the monitoring system are the following:
• Distribution of loads. The distribution of loads enables the voltages to be found in
those nodes and the power flow through the lines and transformers to be found,
given the consumption and generation in each node.
• Line saturation. Using the construction parameters and the data obtained in the
load distribution analysis, specifically the current flow in the lines, their saturation is
calculated, which means the appropriate measures can be taken.
• Measurement tracking. This makes it possible to study the evolution of the load curves
and the tracking of the generation/consumption peaks.
The following figures (Fig. 60 and Fig. 61) show screenshots of the monitoring tool
implemented.
SMARTCITY MALAGA88
Fig. 61. Monitoring of the LV grid (example of power curve)
Fig. 60. Monitoring of the LV grid
Generator -> Malaga -> STORAGE -> STORAGE -> Terminal 1 -> Active power (kW)
89NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
Concept and functionalities
The iNodes are the devices the control centre utilises to automate grid management,
as they are the units responsible for executing the algorithms and procedures defined
in the project, and are capable of acting autonomously, although this depends on the
requirements imposed by the control centre on decision-making. It is always possible
for the control centre, at any moment, to acquire complete control of a section of the
grid. According to the philosophy of decentralised, which was put into practice in the
Smartcity Malaga project, two hierarchical levels have been established for the iNodes,
for the substation (iNodeSE) and the distribution substation (iNodeCT).
The iSockets connect the upper level iNodes with the points of generation, consumption
and storage. They follow the commands and guidelines of the upstream iNodes and
report all the local information to the upper level for the correct operation of the system.
The iNodeSE and iNodeCT are responsible for executing the self and control algorithms
of the distribution grid, as mentioned in section 2.2.3, and, together with the iSockets,
managing the distributed generation. In addition, the iNode-iSocket is also a product
for the distributed generation and energy storage sector, and for the efficiency and
smart metering sector. In more detail, it is important to point out the following principal
functions of the iNode for each one of the sectors involved in the grid automation:
iNode-iSocket
SMARTCITY MALAGA90
Fig. 62. Simplified diagram of control architecture. iNodes-iSockets
MV
LV
HV
MV
iNode CT
iNode e.s.
HV GRID
HV control centre
iSocket
iSocket
iSocket
91NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
AMI: Remote management concentrator
• Reading and aggregation of concentrators (energy, V, f, etc.)
• Aggregation (anti-fraud)
• Phase balance
• Power limit
ADA: Advanced automation
• Self-healing: Joint detection, isolation, recovery of faults
• Grid operation
• Load management
• Line automation
DER: Microgrid regulation (at the mDER or iNodeCT level)
• Regulation or possible limitation of active power generation (AGC)
• Voltage regulation
• Reactive power compensation
• Possible generation curtailments and consumption load shedding
As indicated above, for the purposes of microgrid regulation, the iNodeCT coordinates
the iSockets connected to the LV outputs of the DS to optimise the power in the MV/
LV transformer, as shown in Fig. 62. In this case, the iNodeCT receives the following
parameters from the iNodes in the upper level:
• Mode: Normal/emergency
• Tariffs according to time bands. Unbundled prices and energy
• Predictions: The weather and demand
Towards the LV segment (microgrid), the iNodeCT acts on the various iSockets. The
iNodeCT sends individually to each iSocket:
SMARTCITY MALAGA92
• Mode: Normal/emergency
• Line disconnection: Command to open/close
• Set points of P and Q
And receives from the iSockets:
• Real measurements of P and Q
• Other telemetry and alarms
In addition, the iNodeCT enables Modbus TCP communication with monitoring and
supervision systems at the level of the DS panel, specifically the monitoring (LVM) and
advanced monitoring (ALVM) systems by Ormazabal, described in section 4.4.2.
Similarly, in the Smartcity Malaga project the iNodeCT is used as a gateway to transfer
information from the iSockets to the Monitoring and Diagnosis Centre, through the
same IEC 61850 protocol.
The iSockets connect the upper level iNodes with the devices (now active) of generation
and consumption. They follow the commands and directives of the iNodes and report all
the local information to the upper level so the system functions correctly.
The main functions of an iSocket include:
AMI: Remote management concentrator
• Reading (energy, V, f, etc.)
• Aggregation (anti-fraud)
• Association of the LV line and associated phase with the customer
• Phase balance
• Real-time pricing
• Load shedding, non-payment. Power limit
93NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
ADA: Advanced automation
• Self-healing: Detection of faults
• Measurement of current in LV line
• Grid operation
• Load management
• Aggregation
• Customer-line association
• LV-SCADA
DER: Regulation of microgrids (at the level of the iSocket)
• Regulation or possible limitation of active power generation (AGC)
• Voltage regulation
• Reactive compensation
• Possible generation curtailment and consumption load shedding
The iSockets control the different devices from electricity loads to generation resources.
They send individually to each converter:
• Set points of P and Q
• Commands for power disconnector
And receives from the devices:
• Real measurements of P and Q
• Other telemetry and alarms
The devices developed to perform the described functions are presented below.
SMARTCITY MALAGA94
iNodeSE
The device responsible for the functions of the iNodeSE in the Smartcity Malaga project
is the INGESAS unit, developed and manufactured by Ingeteam Technology. Fig. 63,
extracted from the document “INGESAS - Hardware Reference Manual” by Ingeteam
Technology, shows an image of the module IC3541, the rack containing the different
functional modules of the unit (See Index of figures, page 159). Two of the modules
that integrate some of the most important functions of this device, in its performance
as an iNodeSE, are the processor and the communications module, shown in Fig. 64
(See Index of figures, page 160).
iNodeCT
The iNodeCT (or MV/LV iNode) is an electronic system developed by GPtech that acts
as an autonomous data concentrator, showing the upper levels a virtual view of the
elements in the lower levels of the grid. Fig. 65 shows the device developed by GPtech
(See Index of figures, page 160).
The iNodeCT consists of two different hardware components, the iNodeUCC and the
iNodeGW.
The iNodeUCC interfaces the iSockets with the iNodeGW. In the communication with
the iSockets, the iNodeUCC is a modbus client, while in communication with the
iNodeGW it acts as a modbus server, providing the iNodeGW with the data obtained
from the iSockets. The iNodeGW is a modbus client of the iNodeUCC and a server
IEC 61850.
95NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
iSocket
The circuit board that serves as the basis for the iSocket device is the
06028_06028_2002_01, designed and developed by GPtech that uses a Rabbit
processor as its core. Fig. 66 shows an image of this assembly (See Index of figures,
page 160).
As already indicated, the iSocket has a Rabbit Series 4000 processor module. The main
module of the RCM4000 microprocessor is a device that comprises Ethernet control that
is intelligent and can connect to the Internet, which enables the devices to be monitored
and controlled remotely.
SMARTCITY MALAGA96
Distributed generation
As mentioned in section 2.2.1., in the Smartcity Malaga project different distributed
generation units have been integrated into the Malaga distribution grid and this
integration is one of the main contributions of smart grids to the distribution grid.
In this aspect, one of the main products created through the project is the management
and integration of these resources, specifically the algorithms developed and
implemented, which are described in this section.
As described in this document, the control architecture implemented in Smartcity Malaga
is a hierarchical, distributed and autonomous structure, as represented in Fig. 69.
The fundamental control elements are the iNodes and iSockets. The iNodes perform
the global management of the microgrid while the iSockets monitor a certain source of
generation, storage or load.
The iSocket-type elements follow the commands and directives of the upstream iNodes
and report all the local information to the upper level for the correct operation of the
system.
The iSockets communicate with the power generators (typically connected to the
grid through power converters) and maintain a software model of the connected
units. Moreover, all the iSockets electrically connected to the same iNode (typically in
a DS) communicate with it so they can be coordinated. At the same time, the iNodes
communicate with all the iSockets which are electrically connected to the corresponding
DS and act as coordinators. Additionally, all the iNodes build a virtual model that
represents everything that is connected, displayed to the upper levels as one more
iSocket, but controlling a LV microgrid instead of a specific power device.
The distributed generation management algorithm is based on the independent control
of active and reactive power, and consists of secondary and tertiary regulation of the
microgrid. Two operating modes have been implemented:
New products for the distributed generation and storage sector
97NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
1. Centralised mode
The iNode reads information on all the iSockets that it manages, receives set points from
the company and sends the corresponding outputs of active and reactive power FP and
FQ to all the iSockets, which send the corresponding set points to the power installations
they control. Fig. 71 shows a diagram of this structure.
The iNode, responsible for the control of the microgrid, manages the flow of active
and reactive power of the microgrid. As seen in Fig. 71, the inputs of the iNode control
algorithm are the following:
a. Target values of P and Q of the distributing companies (P* and Q* in Fig. 71)
b. Real values of P and Q of the microgrid, measured or provided by the respective
iSockets
c. Price of energy (“e” in Fig. 71), provided by the company
Using the inputs defined and the execution of the control algorithm (Fig. 72), the iNode
provides the following set points as outputs:
• Active power, FP in Fig. 72, where -100 ≤ FP≤ 100
• Reactive power, FQ in Fig. 72, where -100 ≤ FQ≤ 100
Each iSocket receives these signals, FP and FQ, which it uses to calculate the values of
P and Q to set in the power converter it governs. The algorithms implemented in the
iSockets also take into account variables such as the price of the energy and are specific
for each type of element that they monitor: load, generator or energy storage unit.
10 x 95 W 4 kW 9 x 680 W
Fig. 68. Microgeneration installed in Malaga
SMARTCITY MALAGA98
Fig. 69. Simplified diagram of the control architecture
Distributed generationmicrogrid
Gridi-VM
i-VG GatewayIEC 61850-7-420 (DER)
iSocket iSocket iSocket iSocket iSocket
iNode iNode
Intelligent-VirtualGateway (i-VG)
Intelligent-VirtualNode (i-VN)
Intelligent-VirtualSocket (i-VS)
Intelligent-VirtualManager (i-VM)
Remote operator
Local operator
Windturbine
Photovoltaicgenerator
Electricvehicletractionbatterycharger
Electricvehicletractionbatterycharger Batteries
Fig. 70. Control of microgrids
Abstractrepresentation
of thephysical reality
Protocolbattery
Motor
Interface
99NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
Fig. 71. Diagram of control in centralised mode
i-Socket 1VSCunit
VSCunit
VSCunit
VSCunit
VSCunit
i-Socket 2
i-Socket 3I-NODE
Centralisedoperation
i-Socket i
i-Socket N
Dieselgenerator
Batterybank
Windturbine
Non-priorityLoad
PriorityLoad
e e
P*, Q*
P2, Q2
P1, Q1
Pi, Qi
PN, QN
P3, Q3
P2, Q2
P1, Q1
Pi, Qi
PN, QN
PN*, QN
*
Pi*, Qi
*
P3*, Q3
*
P2*, Q2
*
P1*, Q1
*
P3, Q3Fp, Fq
Fig. 72. Control of the iNode
P*
Ptot
Fp
kpP
+
Saturation
Integrator
Active Power PI Controller
Reactive Power PI Controller
++–
kpP
S
Q*
Qtot
Fq
kpQ
+
Saturation
Integrator
++–
kpQ
S
SMARTCITY MALAGA100
2. Decentralised mode (distributed)
In this case, the iSockets have greater autonomy, and do not depend on the iNodes. As
seen in Fig. 73, the iNode is not informed of the variables P and Q of each converter;
each iSocket is responsible for managing this information.
The iSockets calculate their operation variables (P and Q) locally, in accordance with
equations equivalent to those used in centralised mode, so the microgrid is capable
of responding in the event of variations in the price of the energy by connecting more
generation sources, disconnecting non-critical loads and exporting energy available in
the storage systems. If prices are reduced, the microgrid algorithm acts by ordering the
storage of energy, disconnecting the most expensive generators and connecting loads.
For the implemented algorithms to function correctly, it is imperative that the
information transfer between all the involved elements, in other words their
communications, functions properly. The communication of the iSockets with the
power converters is based on a proprietary protocol, while the communication between
the iNode and the various iSockets has been implemented based on the standard
IEC 61850. The data exchange between these controllers is monitored through an
IEC 61850 SCADA. Fig. 74 shows the graphic display that the operator sees (See Index
of figures, page 161).
Energy storage systems
Medium voltage
Regarding products associated with energy storage in MV, it is important to highlight
the design and installation of the system connected in the distribution substation of the
Malaga congress hall.
Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries have been used, formed by carbon anodes and
magnesium, iron, and lithium phosphate powder cathodes, obtained through a low
thermal process. The process used enables the efficiency of the chemical process to be
101NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
improved, reducing the cost. Similarly, the process gives the cathode powder excellent
properties of duration, conductivity and ease of processing.
The batteries consist of cylindrical cells with a rated voltage of 3.2 V that are joined
together to make blocks by connecting the positive and negative electrodes with
metal plates so that the cells are connected in parallel. The cells are joined in parallel,
increasing the energy per block, by connecting them in series. The voltage of the battery
is the sum of the voltages in the blocks connected in series; thus the rated voltage of the
battery module is 12.8 V, and has a range between 10 V and 14.6 V, depending on the
load status. The energy of each module is 1.766 kWh.
The complete assembly of installed batteries consists of 60 modules, connected in two
series of 30 modules with each module having 12.8 V and 138 Ah. Therefore, the series
achieve a voltage of 384 V, and 276 Ah, storing a total of 106 kWh. This energy can be
discharged in one hour, providing the value of rated current, or in half an hour giving
values of approximately double the rated values.
Each battery module has a monitoring unit which communicates, via RS-485, with the
battery management system (U-BMS). This monitoring includes temperature, voltage,
current and charge status, in addition to other multi-level alarms. Each control system is
capable of communicating with up to 100 battery modules. The U-BMS communicates
through a CAN bus with the communication units of the installation’s central control
Fig. 73. Diagram of control in distributed mode
i-Socket 1VSCunit
VSCunit
VSCunit
VSCunit
VSCunit
i-Socket 2
i-Socket 3I-NODE
Distributedoperation
i-Socket i
i-Socket N
Dieselgenerator
Batterybank
Windturbine
Non-priorityLoad
PriorityLoad
e e
P2, Q2
P1, Q1
Pi, Qi
PN, QN
PN*, QN
*
Pi*, Qi
*
P3*, Q3
*
P2*, Q2
*
P1*, Q1
*
P3, Q3
SMARTCITY MALAGA102
system, and can send status and alarm signals, and receive commands. It also has four
outputs for the control of relays or similar battery protection elements.
In addition, the monitoring element can also function in isolated mode, with no
communication, acting as the only control unit of the batteries, saving the alarms and
statuses in a data logger to be downloaded by an operator.
The batteries are connected to the grid through a power converter, that on one hand
is responsible for rectifying the alternating current to convert it into the direct current
needed to supply the batteries, and, on the other hand acts as an inverter to convert the
direct current that the batteries provide into alternating current to be injected into the
distribution grid. The converter used consists of a three phase rectifier bridge, a three
phase inverter bridge, a continuous current filter, and a control and communications
module. In addition, this unit has a DC/DC converter, so the voltages of the electronic
circuit board and batteries are compatible. Both converter bridges have IGBT type
transistors as interrupting element, which are tripped with fibre optic drivers.
The storage system control unit consists of a programmable logic controller equipped
with the following boards:
• CPU with two Ethernet ports. The first is for communication via Modbus TCP with any
other control element of the system, and the second (VPN) is used to communicate
via Internet with the programmable logic controller and to be able to activate and
deactivate the system, obtain information on its status, change the operation mode
and, in general, any other action that may be carried out remotely.
• Communication board with two CAN ports for communication with the battery
management unit.
• Board with three RS-232/RS-485 ports for communication with the electronic
protection relay.
103NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
• Profibus-DP communication board for communication with the power electronics.
• Digital input cards for receiving binary signals coming for auxiliary units, such as
alarms from cells, climate control, fans, power cabinets, etc.
• Boards with digital relay outputs to send binary signals to the auxiliary units.
• Input power supply at 230 V AC.
The communication of the programmable logic controller signals can be made through
a conventional telephone network for data communication, using TCP/IP protocols,
through a backup system of wireless telephony, should there be a failure in the wired
telephone connection, or through Power Line Communication (PLC), using the energy
wiring as a means for the communication.
Fig. 75 outlines, diagrammatically and on a plan view of the building, the installation
carried out in the distribution substation of the Malaga congress hall. Fig. 76 shows a
diagram of the implemented communication.
Low voltage
In the field of distributed storage, one of the main products developed in the Smartcity
Malaga project is a bidirectional domestic storage system installed in the microgrid
on the promenade. The purpose of the system is to flatten the demand curve and
reduce the consumption peaks that can exist in domestic loads, with the possibility of
controlling the reactive power.
The following operating modes have been defined for this system:
SMARTCITY MALAGA104
Fig. 75. Installation of mini-storage in the distribution substation of the congress hall
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105NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
Fig. 76. Mini-storage in the distribution substation of the congress hall. Communication diagram
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SMARTCITY MALAGA106
Mode 1: The charging and discharging of the unit are programmed, depending on the
status of the battery charge:
• The battery will be charged at night, which increases the demand in these hours
and it is discharged during times of maximum demand in the home (programmed
by the user). It shall be charged at a constant current and with a low charge rate
(as recommended by the manufacturer for cyclical applications) to obtain a greater
efficiency at the end of the process. Likewise, it shall also be discharged at a constant
current, with a discharge rate programmed by the user and in the desired time bands.
• The charge/discharge status will depend on the battery charge status.
• The battery will never be charged at times of maximum demand.
• When the charging period begins, the battery will be in a situation of minimum
voltage. To ensure this, if the energy stored in the battery exceeds a certain minimum
value, the battery will provide energy, even if the power consumed does not reach the
maximum pre-set value, depending on the time of day. This behaviour will guarantee
that the battery will always be fully discharged, which safeguards the useful life of the
battery and at the same time achieves maximum energy efficiency.
Mode 2: Like in mode 1, the system will be charged at night, in the hours of lowest
demand, and during the day it will deliver constant power, except when the maximum
demand element installed in the home detects overconsumption. When the power
consumed is above the house’s maximum threshold, the domestic storage system is
activated, if it was not already, to compensate the excess energy consumed. Thus, while
the energy stored and the power of the unit allows it, more energy than the contracted
level can be consumed without problems, decreasing the consumption peak required
from the grid. In addition, after responding to a consumption peak in the home, the
system recalculates the plan for the remaining energy in the battery to remain within the
established hourly program.
107NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
Mode 3: Remote control by an external management company. Using a standard
fieldbus, one or more domestic storage systems can communicate with a unit that
manages the operation of all of them. Thus, the consumption peaks are not only
compensated at the level of the home, but also between several homes. At the same
time, the instantaneous measurements of the consumption made in the home, the
operation point of the Domestic Storage System (DSS), and the batteries’ charge status
are accessible through this same fieldbus.
To meet the objectives and operating modes described, the key characteristics of this
product are the following:
• It is a two-way storage system, in other words, both charging and discharging are
possible through the same unit.
• The system is connected to the single-phase grid of the home as yet another electrical
appliance, with a conventional Schuko socket of 16 A (grid: 230 V rms and 50 Hz).
• The system uses electrochemical batteries, with the objective of flattening the demand
curve and reducing the peak power consumed by the home.
• The maximum power that the system is capable of absorbing or delivering to the grid
is 2 kW, measured at the mains connection socket.
• The control system adjusts the input or output power according to the predicted
operating modes. The system has a simple human-machine interface so that the
user can program the operating parameters. Similarly, the system is fitted with a
communication interface that allows the connection with the maximum demand
element installed in the panel of the home (this communication with the maximum
demand element is wireless, and takes into account that various units must coexist in
the same radio-electric space).
• The optimum usage of the battery places conditions on the system operation. In other
words, if at a given point in time a certain action that is harmful for the battery is
required of the system, this action will be limited to prolong its life cycle.
SMARTCITY MALAGA108
• One of the “non-functional” requirements defined for this unit is that it is as silent as
possible. Taking into account that the energy will be stored in the batteries during the
night, it is preferable if this appliance does not emit any sound due to the switching
of the power electronics or mechanical elements.
• The thermal design of the unit ensures that the fan is hardly ever turned on, especially
during the night. To do this, a heat sink has been selected that cools the electronic
circuit board by natural convection and radiation. The fan is therefore only for
contingencies and it only comes on in the event of operation with excessive power
during extended periods, which rarely occur during the night.
• To avoid the switching of the electro-mechanical elements, the system remains
in “stand-by” mode when at rest. To reduce the losses in this state a toroidal
transformer with a very low reluctance and, therefore, low loss was used. To improve
its stability, an algorithm for the dynamic compensation of imbalances in the hysteresis
cycle has been implemented.
So that the batteries are safe, the following criteria have been taken into account:
• The rated voltage of the batteries has been limited to what is considered very low
voltage in the EC Regulation on Low Voltage Electrotechnical Regulation.
• Galvanic insulation has been included with respect to the electricity grid in the direct
current sections.
• All the anti-islanding protection stipulated in the Low Voltage Electrotechnical
Regulation has been included: grid over- and undervoltage, and grid over- and
underfrequency. Thus, the unit is disconnected from the electricity grid as soon as it
detects that there is no connection to the electric supply network, for example if, due
to maintenance, the master switch of the home has been opened.
109NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
Therefore, the DSS is an ideal unit for use inside the home, as it is even safe in
exceptional situations such as floods.
Fig. 77 DSS developed shows a photography of the product developed (See Index of
figures, page 161).
The benefits of the unit are summarised in Table 2.
The connection diagram of the DSS inside the home is shown in Fig. 78:
The maximum demand meter monitors the electricity demand in the home and sends it
wirelessly to the storage unit. Depending on the operation mode selected, the current
status, and set points received by the storage unit from the exterior, it decides how
much power, both active and reactive, must be delivered or absorbed.
Additionally, the active power metering by the maximum demand meter, and all the
values measured by the storage unit are accessible remotely by means of a MODBUS
RTU fieldbus on RS-485 with two wires. This fieldbus can control up to 31 devices which
can be connected in one line with a theoretical maximum length of 1,200 metres.
Fig. 78. Connection of the DSS
DSS
Maximum demandmeter
Other loads Other loads
Home switchboard
Grid
SMARTCITY MALAGA110
Table 2. Characteristics of the DSS developed
Connection to the network
Rated voltage of the grid 230 V
Rated frequency of the grid 50 Hz
Maximum phase current 8.7 A rms
Maximum active power 2,000 W
Maximum reactive power 2,000 var
Maximum apparent power 2,000 VA
If the apparent power limit is reached, the control system prioritises the monitoring of the active power set point against that of the reactive power. In addition, other limitations were implemented to guarantee the integrity of the system:
Limitation of the power for charging and discharging the batteries to prevent it exceeding its voltage, current or thermal limits.
Automatic reduction of the active and reactive power injected if the Ferranti effect is detected on the grid. Connection to weak networks without causing overvoltage problems on the grid.
Connection to batteries
Rated voltage of the batteries 48 V
Maximum charge/discharge current 50 A
Includes a BMS algorithm for the management of charging and discharging, and the estimate of the SOC for different technology types such as NiCd and Lithium-ion.
Protective devices
— Overcurrent in the connection to the mains electric
— Overcurrent in the connection to batteries— Overvoltage in the DC-bus— Overvoltage in the batteries— Undervoltage in the batteries— Overheating in the power electronics— Overheating in the battery— Short-circuit in the connection to the
batteries— Short-circuit in the connection to the
electric mains
— Short-circuit and desaturation in the power electronics
— Overvoltage in the electric grid— Undervoltage in the electric grid— Overfrequency in the electric grid— Underfrequency in the electric grid— Islanding— Protection against control failures
(watchdog)— Protection due to excess losses— Protection against supply defects in the
control and in the drivers of the power electronics
Communications
— Wireless communication (433 MHz) with the maximum demand meter— Complete management of the unit by MODBUS RTU on RS-485.— Possibility of connection to SCADA system for monitoring, control, statistics and historical
data.
111NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
Fig. 79. Power converter of the DSS
L2/2
L2/2
50/230~
~Cbus
L1
Vbat
Fig. 80. Control structure implemented
Filtering Measures
BoardsControlWP10
Set pointGen.
TimeGen.
/ 7
Igrid/ 8
Ibat_Con_Time Ibat_Con
Duty_PH
Duty_BB
Internalconfig.
Controllog
Maximumdemandelement
Clock
User
Current time
Pmaximumdemand element
PhomeSub-interval
No. Sub-intervalsNight-day interv. limits
Psad_AverageVbat_Average Vbat_Average
SMARTCITY MALAGA112
Because the batteries operate in DC and the electricity grid functions in AC, a power
electronics topology has been developed to convert the energy between both sources,
thus allowing both battery charging and discharging, and considering the specifications
of the system (such as the single-phase connection). The topology implemented is a
cascade of two converters; a diagram of this is shown in Fig. 79.
The electronic circuit boards necessary for this product were designed and manufactured
exclusively by the CIRCE research centre; from the concrete specifications of each board,
the design of the algorithm and its subsequent routing, to obtaining the physical board,
properly drilled, insulated, welded and checked.
For the connection of the converter with the corresponding iSocket, a Modbus-type
interface has been included on the two wire serial RS-485 line. The map of the bus
connection boxes was imposed by the iSocket to guarantee compatibility. Using the
variables shared with the iSocket, the system has the possibility of modifying the reactive
power that the converter absorbs or injects into the grid.
The system control is structured in various functional blocks interconnected by
signals, which divide the global problem into simpler problems so they can be tackled
individually. This method is known as top-down design and is very commonly used for
problem solving in complex designs. Fig. 80 shows the overall structure of the control
with the partition made between subsystems and the communication.
113NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
This section describes the main products developed in the Smartcity Malaga project, in
the area of efficient demand management. These products make it possible to offer the
new services for active demand management explained in section 3.
Applications for SMEs
The main products aimed at SMEs implemented in Smartcity Malaga are the following:
DANCA. This product, aimed at improving energy efficiency in SMEs, is an energy
efficiency system that allows the monitoring and supervision of electrical consumption
(active and reactive power), and CO2 emissions, of up to 6 independent single-phase or
2 three-phase circuits per unit, in real time and without data transmission costs.
DANCA has its own SaaS platform (Software as a Service) where the energy evolution of
the customer can be studied individually and in detail. It enables the customer to view
the data measured on their PC, TV, or smartphone. Fig. 81 shows the philosophy and
structure of the product.
The information on the consumption is captured by current transformers connected to
the corresponding circuits and to the Gateway-DANCA. The Gateway sends the data to
the Internet for it to be utilised by a router via Wi-Fi or an Ethernet connection. Finally,
the data of the installation can be consulted from any Internet access point on the
Brenes Website.
In the Smartcity Malaga project this product has been installed in an initial trial of
3 SMEs.
ENEFGY. In Smartcity Malaga ENEFGy has developed a system composed of a device
that records consumption every fifteen minutes and a web platform for finding out
information on the energy consumption status and associated cost at any time and from
any location with Internet access. Both components are connected through the mobile
telephony network.
New products for efficient demand management
SMARTCITY MALAGA114
The main functions that it offers are the following:
• Monitoring of the overall electricity consumption
• Knowledge of the electricity consumption of each circuit, whether three-phase or
single-phase
• Access to the web platform where it is possible to consult:
– Hourly load curve
– Comparisons by date
• Diagnosis with possible energy improvements in the installation
• Weekly monitoring programme of on energy consumption
This product has been installed in 5 collaborating SMEs.
The consumption information is obtained using current transformers connected to
the corresponding circuits and is stored in the ENEFGy unit. From the proprietary unit,
the data is sent via GPRS to the servers for subsequent treatment by the ENEFGy web
platform. Finally, the installation data can be consulted from any Internet access point at
the ENEFG Website.
115NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
Fig. 81. Structure of the DANCA system
Fig. 82. Description of ENEFGY
CAPTUREof consumption data
and technical parameters of an electrical installations
Secure STORAGEof the information
in a web server
MANAGEMENTof the information via the
different devices, computer, mobile
HOW WE WORK
In energy we have developed a platform that allows us to measure 24 hours a day with no interruptions and to look for the points of improvement of your electricity consumption
The meter records theconsumption data andtransmits the information1 2 Our services
includemeasurements
Continuous recording, analysis, monitoringand management system
3 We analyse it and search forthe points of improvementof your electricity consumption4
You can consult thatinformation through the webor download it to your computer
SMARTCITY MALAGA116
Applications for buildings
ISOTROL. In Smartcity Malaga ISOTROL has developed the product EUGENE. It is an
comprehensive energy management system for homes, buildings and SMEs, which
makes it possible to know the energy consumption, anytime anywhere, and control the
amount of electricity consumed by different devices.
The product EUGENE PROFESSIONAL (see Index of figures, page 168) is aimed at
buildings and SMEs. This system makes it possible to adjust the building’s consumption
while guaranteeing no decrease in comfort. The reduction of costs will depend
on the configuration of automated, remote, or manual actions. Similarly, EUGENE
PROFESSIONAL enables consumption to be monitored for the application of energy
policies, and the implementation of the standard UNE EN 16001:2009.
EUGENE is accessible from multiple platforms, has a web interface and can generate
energy consumption reports.
Applications for homes
GREENWAVE. The energy efficiency system implemented in Smartcity Malaga monitors
the applications and electrical devices that are activated by its energy management
system. It has been installed for 50 residential users.
The Greenwave energy efficiency system allows:
• Knowledge of the overall energy consumption by room and by device, and
comparisons by type or location, and also comparisons with its own average
consumption and the average household consumption for the region.
• Knowledge of the carbon footprint of the home and comparison with that of the region.
• Management and programming of the electronic devices either separately or in groups.
117NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
The solution proposed by GreenWave Reality is composed of the following main
elements:
PowerNode: this is a smart adaptor at the power source that connects its devices to
the power outlets and to its electricity management system. When the devices are
connected to the PowerNodes, they are available to the Energy Portal through the
gateway connection, and thus may be managed. PowerNodes have been developed for
one or six ports.
Gateway: this connects to the grid router. It connects automatically to the PowerNodes
and acts as an interface for the devices.
Energy portal: Online system that uses a web browser or smartphone application made
up of three areas: the viewer (for general consumption by type or room), the control
screen (information on consumption and action on the devices) and the smart control
toolbar (configuration and creation of operating modes).
Fig. 84 shows a diagram of this system (See Index of figures, page 162).
The PowerNodes are connected to the Internet through the Gateway via Z-Wave,
and at the same time by a Ethernet connection to the router. The energy portal can
be consulted from any Internet access point, whether using a viewer, smartphone
application or the website.
GNRGY. The product developed, wirelessly controls connected loads by means of
sockets adapters such as that shown in Fig. 85 (See Index of figures, page 162).
The system allows a high flexibility of programming and actuation of loads depending
on the hourly price of the electricity, enabling loads to be switched on/off by means of a
PC or smartphone.
Fig. 86 shows a diagram of this system.
SMARTCITY MALAGA118
ISOTROL. The EUGENE system developed by ISOTROL has the EUGENE HOME version,
especially designed for users without technical or specialised knowledge of energy
or electricity. This system is aimed at the domestic sector and SMEs (shops and small
business or offices).
It provides access to the system through the Internet or smartphones, to obtain
information about and control the energy consumption without the need to be present
at the installation.
This system enables active management of the demand; see section 3.2.
Fig. 86. Diagram of the GNRGY system
GNRGYSystem
Power Analysis
ZigBee Wireless
Remote & LocalManagement
Power Automation
BillingSmartphone Access
Mesh Topology
Energy ProvidersAPI
119NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
In the area of electric vehicles, a demonstration was developed in the Smartcity Malaga
project: a two-way recharge point for electric vehicles that allows the implementation of
V2G (Vehicle to Grid) technology, and the adaptation of a conventional electric vehicle
to give it the aforementioned two-way capabilities.
This is the first public V2G point in Europe which is integrated in AC in a real electricity
grid with two-way directionality (from the grid to the car and from the car to the grid).
Simultaneously, the first electric vehicle in Europe to be used as a fleet vehicle has been
launched in the city, used by Endesa, and adapted to inject its excess energy into the
grid.
This is an important step in the development of smart grids for electricity, that need
tools to optimise the production and distribution of electrical energy, by improving the
balance of supply and demand between producers and consumers.
The developments and the integration of the demonstration have involved the creation
of the specific test protocols necessary for the validation of the technology, the analysis
of its influence on the grid quality and, in terms of the protection system, the study of
the real integration of the V2G infrastructure in the microgrid of Smartcity Malaga with
conclusions for the future development of V2G systems.
The characteristics of the units used in the demonstration are:
Two-way V2G vehicle system (AC/DC). This system, installed inside the vehicle,
complementing the original recharge system, was developed specifically within the
scope of the Smartcity Malaga project, given the need to provide it with the V2G
capacity it lacked.
New products in the electric vehicles sector
SMARTCITY MALAGA120
The system acts on the batteries, according to set points that are submitted to it from
the V2G recharge point, and enables the vehicle to be both charged and discharged. Its
key characteristics are:
• Cooling system: forced air
• Rated voltage (AC): 400 V
• Rated frequency: 50 Hz
• AC power supply: 14 kW
• Degree of protection: IP 20
• Dimensions of the envelope (width × height × depth): 800×678×800 mm
• Weight: 95 kg
V2G recharge point. The recharge point, designed, constructed and commissioned
specifically for Smartcity Malaga presents the characteristics shown in Table 3:
Fig. 88 and Fig. 89 show a diagram of the charge and discharge connection structure of
the electric vehicle.
The correct deployment by the electric vehicles (V2G) work group included:
• Providing the project with conventional electric vehicle: Micro-Vett (Fiat) Fiorino.
• The design and implementation of the power, control and filter systems and the
two-way sockets in the vehicle, giving it V2G capacity for charging and discharging its
batteries according to external set points.
121NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
Table 3. Characteristics of the recharge point
Functional characteristics
Detection of connected vehicle Schuko presence detector / Mennekes warning light
Activation/deactivation of the system RFID / user login
Management of the load of the connection point load Individually per unit
Retention/release of the connector + protection of the socket
Sliding cover + electromechanical lock / Mennekes interlocking system
Ongoing verification of the integrity of the earthing conductor
yes
CommunicationsEthernet via PLC modem. MODBUS RTU communications for iSocket connection of V2G charger
Construction specifications
Surface temperature permittedUNE EN 61851-22For ambient temperature of 40°C
Degree of water-tightness IP54
Mechanical protection rating IK10
Operating range and immunity.Range of climatic conditions. Mechanical impacts and stability. Electromagnetic interference.
UNE EN 61851-22
Marking and instructions for use UNE EN 61851-22
Electrical characteristics
Number of sockets 2 (1 single-phase, 1 three-phase)
Maximum charge powerSingle-phase socket: 3.7 kWThree-phase socket: 12.5 kW
Type of connector(s) Schuko mode 2 / Mennekes mode 3
Number of phases Three-phase
Frequency 50 Hz
Voltage 230 V / 400 V
Maximum current16 A in single-phase socket / 32 A in three-phase socket
General protection
Three-phase magnetothermic switch 63 A, curve D, motorised
General differential 63 A, 30 mA
Protection against overvoltage Class II overvoltage spark gap
Mechanical characteristics
Dimensions 1700 x 500 x 550 mm
Approximate weight 300 kg
Finish Stainless steel, blue vinyl
SMARTCITY MALAGA122
Fig. 88. Connection diagram of the charger with the recharge point
Batteries
BMSiSocket
BidirectionalDC/ACInverter
V2GCharge Point
PLCModem
Mennekes
EthernetConnector
Fig. 89. Details of the structure of the control and communications components
CAN/232
GRIDBatteries
BMS
DC AC
iSocket
BidirectionalDC/ACInverter
PLCModem
ModbusTCP
Control board
P, Q
123NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
• The design and implementation of safe, efficient and smart sockets, developing a
recharge point suitable for public roads and outdoor use, with V2G capacity.
• The design and implementation of the programming system and the communication
system with the electric vehicle, the recharge point and the Smartcity Malaga grid
(based on the development of ICT).
• The laboratory validation of the sockets and the V2G function of the electric vehicle
and recharge point.
• The installation of the V2G recharge point on a public road and its connection to the
Smartcity Malaga microgrid, which is part of the Malaga distribution grid.
• The development of a complete, specific protocol of tests for the V2G charging and
discharging of the vehicle connected to the recharge point in a real environment as an
element integrated in the grid.
The following figures (Fig. 90 and Fig. 91) shows details of the products developed (See
Index of figures, page 162 and 163).
The work described has led to:
• An initial study that analysed the grid’s protection to determine how it is affected and
what would be the optimum integration of the V2G systems. Moreover, the impact
of these new systems on the protection systems already installed on the grid were
analysed to study the possible lack of co-ordination that may occur and, thus, how
this can be avoided.
SMARTCITY MALAGA124
Fig. 90. Adapted electric vehicle and the V2G recharge point developed. Details of the recharge point
125NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT
• A second study to determine the effect on the energy quality in the distribution grid
after the integration of V2G technology, analysing the energy supply parameters,
including the level of voltage distortions and fluctuation, and comparing them with
the established standards.
• A study on the impact of the V2G systems on the electric grid and their behaviour,
based on on-site analysis work, to provide conclusions. A set of recommendations
has been obtained, both for the construction of units with these characteristics and
for the energy retailers and distributors of electrical energy, which will enable future
developments and their efficient implementation in the electric grid.
127THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT IN FIGURES
Some relevant data on the area of the distribution grid in the city of Malaga, targeted by
the Smartcity Malaga project, can be found below.
• 5 MV lines (20 kV), with 40 km of circuits
• 72 communicated MV/LV transformer substations
• 300 industrial, 900 commercial and 11,000 domestic customers
• 63 MW of contract demand
• 70 GWh/year of consumption, which represents the emission of 28,000 tons of CO2
per year
The project’s ultimate aim was to transfer the 2020 objectives of the European Union on
the issues of environmental and energy to actions, which entailed achieving:
• A 20% share of energy from renewable sources in the final gross consumption
• A 20% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in comparison with 1990 levels
• A 20% reduction in the consumption of primary energy with regard to baseline levels
An increase in the use of renewable energy
The aim of the Smartcity Malaga project was to achieve a greater integration of
renewable energy sources within the electricity grid. The main advantage lies in
the fact that these types of energy are cleaner than the conventional generation
processes associated with fossil fuels. This must be added to the advantages
of bringing generation to consumption, which involves a reduction in energy
losses on the transmission grid and enables better use of the existing distribution
infrastructures.
SMARTCITY MALAGA128
By developing the technologies deployed in this project, it has demonstrated how it is
possible to achieve a sharp increase in the use of generation from renewable energy
sources. The following graph (Fig. 92) shows how the increase in use of renewable
energy developed over time, between October 2012 and January 2013, through the
representation of the daily and monthly calculation values, in other words, the average
value in the last 24 hours or 30 days, respectively.
This graph shows how, despite the fluctuation in the daily values, mainly due to
arbitrariness and variability of renewable energy sources, the monthly average value of
the objective stands at around 15%.
Reduction of CO2 emissions
The objective for savings in terms of CO2 emissions in the project stands at 20% of
the annual consumption, which can be translated into around 6,000 tonnes of CO2
annually, only in the area dealt with in the project. This is a clear illustration of the social
and environmental benefit and the sustainability of this kind of initiative.
Therefore, the development of the technology in this project contributes to the
reduction of the ecological footprint in the Smartcity Malaga area. The following graph
(Fig. 93) shows how the reduction of CO2 emissions develops over time, between
October 2012 and January 2013, through daily and monthly calculation curves.
As the graph indicates, the average monthly value, which shows the trend more
markedly than the daily graph, stands at over 15%. This reduction in CO2 emissions
essentially comes from the savings achieved in the consumption due to public lighting
and customers with a high contract demand (SMEs and the residential segment), as
well as the reduction of technical losses of energy, the use of electric vehicles, and the
generation from medium and low voltage renewable energy sources in the area.
129THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT IN FIGURES
Energy efficiency improvement
The aim of the initiatives in this project is to contribute to making better use of the
available resources, attempting to reduce the losses of the different systems which make
up the grid as much as possible, and providing end-users with different technology and
applications which allow them to efficiently use their energy.
The following graph (Fig. 94) shows how the improvement in energy efficiency develops
over time, from October 2012 and January 2013, through daily and monthly calculation
curves.
25
20
15
10
5
0
01/10/20120:00
01/11/20120:00
01/12/20120:00
01/01/20130:00
Daily Average Monthly Average
Fig. 92. Increase in the use of renewable energy
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
001/10/2012
0:0001/11/2012
0:0001/12/2012
0:0001/01/2013
0:00
Daily Average Monthly Average
Fig. 93. Reduction of CO2 emissions
SMARTCITY MALAGA130
In this case, the monthly value is above 25%. This energy efficiency improvement is
based on:
• The efficiency of the distribution system, which undergoes an overall reduction in the
energy demand in the area, due primarily to the high availability and capacity of the
cogeneration plant, a flattening of the demand curve, and a reduction of technical
losses at all voltage levels.
• Efficiency in energy consumption, which includes all the local actions developed
within the project: a reduction in the consumption of public lighting, a reduction in
the consumption by customers with a high contract demand (SMEs and the residential
segment), each with their own particularities, an increase in the use of renewable
energy resources through storage systems and usage of electric vehicles with V2G
technology, and greater efficiency of the data processing systems used in the project.
It is worth mentioning that the implementation of monitoring and control systems
for several consumers has enabled, on one hand, more extensive information to be
gained for the user and, on the other, measures to be implemented for evaluating the
generated savings.
A group of 50 participants were chosen for this study, in accordance with their
consumption and technical knowledge, with the aim of guaranteeing effective use of
the monitoring devices, of which 25 were included in the detailed analysis. The testing
phase began in December 2011.
The participants’ patterns of consumption were evaluated, comparing the total bill
during the analysis period (January-June 2012) with an earlier period (2008-2011). As
shown in the following graph (Fig. 95), 42% of the participants achieved an important
reduction in their consumption (above 10%), while 33% of the participants maintained
their prior level of consumption, with variations around +10% and -10%. In contrast,
the remaining 25% increased their consumption by more than 10%. Nevertheless,
131THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT IN FIGURES
and in a study of this nature, it is not easy to ensure that the changes observed in the
consumption patterns are exclusively motivated by the installation of these energy
efficiency devices, as they may be also due to external circumstances such as the current
economic situation, the replacement of older household appliances with new, more
efficient equipment or a change in the tenants.
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
001/10/2012
0:0001/11/2012
0:0001/12/2012
0:0001/01/2013
0:00
Daily Average Monthly Average
Fig. 94. Improvement of energy efficiency
50
40
30
20
10
0
–10
–20
–30
–40
%
Consumption reduced (>10%) Increased consumption (>10%)Constant consumption
4418
4145
4177
4393
4394
4391
4169
4397
4168
4422
4172
4175
4416
4142
4399
4181
4426
4148
4395
4400
4390
4388
4389
4396
Fig. 95. The consumption trends obtained
133IMPACT OF THE PROJECT
For the city of Malaga, the Smartcity Malaga project has meant the introduction of a
large-scale laboratory for future smart grid technology, which has turned Malaga into a
window into the world of these technologies.
This “living lab” has entailed the modernisation of the electricity distribution grid in the
implementation area, providing it with infrastructures that enhances its operation and,
at the same time, allows the expansion to the wide range of functions that the grid has,
some of which are described in this document. The deployment of communications,
systems, sensors, etc., leaves the door open to new smart grid applications.
During the Smartcity Malaga project, it has received numerous visits to its Monitoring
and Control Centre, an office located on the “Antonio Banderas” promenade, in the
heart of the area where the project has been implemented. This centre is the place
where visitors can see first-hand how the project is progressing, and it houses a data
processing centre for monitoring the key performance indicators (KPIs) of the project.
The most important visits received include:
• J. Panek and M. Sánchez, EC Directorate General for Energy
• Cristina Garmendia, Ex-Minister of Science And Innnovation
• Trinidad Jiménez, Ex-Minister of Foreign Affairs
• Delegation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and the Environment, Spain
• CDTI, Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology
• CNE, National Energy Commission
• Minister of Energy, Chile
• Senator Douglas Cameron, Australia
• Joe Cooper, United Kingdom Embassy
• Zhu Bangzao, Ambassador of China in Spain
• Delegation of the Government of Estonia
• Delegation of the Government of Mongolia
• OECD, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
• NEDO, New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation, Japan
• JETRO, Japan External Trade Organisation
• University of Texas, USA
• University of Delft, the Netherlands
SMARTCITY MALAGA134
• OSINERGMIN, Organism for Investment Control in Energy and Mining, energy
supervisory body, Peru
• ANEEL, National Electric Energy Agency, Brazil
• Energy Regulating Body in the Province of Mendoza, Argentina
• General Management of Red.es
• IDEA, Institute for Diversification and Energy Saving
• CIEMAT, Energy, Environment and Technology Research Centre
• CENER, National Renewable Energy Centre
• Energy Industries Committee, Spanish Quality Association
• General Directorate of Industries, Energy and Mines, Regional Government of
Andalusia
• General Secretary of Innovation, Industry and Energy, Regional Government of
Andalusia
• ORSE, Regional Body for Mediation of the Electricity Services, Andalusia
• IDEA, Innovation and Development Agency of Andalusia
• EXTENDA, Agency of Foreign Promotion of Andalusia
• Francisco De La Torre, Mayor of Malaga
• Mirinho Braga, Mayor of Búzios (Brazil)
• Department of Innovation, City Council of Malaga
• Municipal Energy Agency
• Works Department of the Municipal Housing Institute, Malaga
• Professional Association of Technical Architects and Quantity Surveyors, Malaga
• Students from the Master in Environmental Studies and Bioclimatic Architecture,
Professional Association of Technical Architects and Quantity Surveyors, Malaga
• ProMalaga Foundation
• CIEDES Foundation
• Regional Ministry of Industry, Aragon
• Delegation of the Alhama Town Hall, Murcia
• Municipal Business Centre, Gijón
135IMPACT OF THE PROJECT
This project has been a call to action for other international projects; initiatives that have
been developed in the city through Smartcity Malaga. Similarly, it is complemented with
other closely linked initiatives:
• G4V (www.g4v.eu/)
• Green eMotion (www.greenemotion-project.eu)
• Zem2All (www.zem2all.com)
• Emtech MIT (www.technologyreview.com/emtech/)
• Malaga Valley (www.Malagavalley.com/)
• Greencities Forum (www.fycma.com/greencities.asp)
• ELIH-MED (www.elih-med.eu)
• Cluster Smartcity
• IBM Foundation
• LUCy Efficient lighting Congress
• VICTORIA Project
For its part, and based on the experience gained in the Smartcity Malaga project, Enel
Group, of which Endesa forms part, has started to develop new Smartcity projects, in
Barcelona, Búzios (Brazil), El Hierro, Santiago de Chile or Ciudad Salitre in Bogotá.
SMARTCITY MALAGA136
Enel is one of the world’s largest electrical service companies and is the main private
operator in Latin America. It has an installed capacity of more than 97,000 MW and
1.8 million kilometres of electric lines, serving more than 60 million customers in 40
countries on four continents.
Smart Cities are starting to emerge in different parts of the world as a comprehensive
proposal to guarantee the sustainable energy development of the cities of the future.
Many initiatives have already been implemented by Enel Group in Malaga, Barcelona,
Bari, Genoa, Búzios, among others.
Enel’s International Experience
SmartcityBarcelona
SmartcityGénova
SmartcityBari
SmartcityMalaga
SmartcityEl Hierro
SmartcityBúzios
SmartcitySantiago
137IMPACT OF THE PROJECT
Barcelona
On the same basis as the Smartcity Malaga project, the
project for the modernisation of the electricity supply system
in Barcelona aims to develop a smart grid, to enable greater
savings and efficient and sustainable management. Thus, the
city is being prepared for this future energy model, based on
values that contribute to the economic and social progress
of the area. New automation systems, efficient lighting with
control systems, systems for charging electric vehicles and
the necessary ICTs have been installed, which will entail an
investment of more than 100 million euros. In the first stage,
50,000 customers will benefit and a grid will be managed
comprising 7 substations, 85 medium voltage lines, 568
distribution centres and a contracted power of 527,000 kW
which will be gradually rolled out to the whole city. Fig. 97
shows a graphic overview of the main figures of the Smartcity
Barcelona project.
Since the end of November 2012, Smartcity Barcelona also
has a Control and Monitoring Centre located in an energy
efficient house in the Olympic Village. Its renewable energy
production comes from solar panels placed on the roof,
which are used to supply all the internal energy consumption.
It functions as an exhibition space explaining the Smartcity
that is being developed in Barcelona.
SMARTCITY MALAGA138
Fig. 96. Smart Grid Service Centre. Smartcity Barcelona
Fig. 97. Smartcity Barcelona. Scopes and figures
INSTAL. POWER (kw)391,820
CONT. DEM. (kw)527,044
Remote controls36
ICC monitored210
Subestations7
DSs568
MV Lines85
Number of customers49,790
Domestic42,865
Services6,367
Industrial568
139IMPACT OF THE PROJECT
Búzios (Brazil)
The Cidade Inteligente Búzios project, developed in Brazil, is based on the same
philosophy of automating the distribution grid. In addition to these activities, the
transformation of the distribution grid involves an initial deployment of more than 200
smart meters, 30 streetlamps with LED technology, the installation of recharging points
for electric vehicles, the integration of distributed energy resources, such as a wind
turbine and a solar installation, and the commissioning of a Control and Monitoring
Centre.
Fig. 98. Areas of work in Búzios, Brazil
SMARTCITY MALAGA140
El Hierro
Another project that takes advantage of the experience and developments of Smartcity
Malaga is the Smart Island project, on the island of El Hierro, which combines the
deployment of electric mobility technologies, the integration of renewable energy and
storage, and remote management systems, seeking to achieve the maximum level of
energy self-sufficiency, something fundamental on an island.
El Hierro presents attractive conditions in which the implementation of electric vehicle
can be a progressive example of a sustainable model, thanks to the support of the
government, the existence of a Sustainable Mobility Management Plan, and the
geographic conditions of the territory.
In this case, we can speak of the Smart Island concept, achieving a 100% renewable
energy island with the commissioning of the hydro-wind power plant on the island (Fig.
100), which, in combination with the complete introduction of the electric vehicle, will
allow it to become a zero-emissions island.
Table 4. Principal values, El Hierro
Values
Upper tank 500,000 m3, altitude: 714 m
Lower tank 150,000 m3, altitude: 60 m
Wind farm 11.5 MW
Hydroelectric generation 4×2.8 MW, total 11.2 MW
Pumping station 6×0.5 MW + 2×1.5 MW
Connection 20 kV network of the insular system
Insular peak demand 7.5 MW
Demand coverage 100% power, 70% energy
Avoided CO2 emissions 21,000 tonnes/year
Construction budget €61 million
141IMPACT OF THE PROJECT
Fig. 100. Diagram of the hydro-wind power plant on El Hierro
UPPER TANK
VALVE HOUSE
VALVE HOUSE
REINFORCED PIPES
LA ESTACA PORT
HyDROELECTRIC PLANT
MICROWIND SUBSTATION AND PUMPING PLANT
LLANOS BLANCOS DIESEL PLANT
LOWER TANK
WIND FARM
VALVERDE
SMARTCITY MALAGA142
Santiago de Chile
Smartcity Santiago is Chile’s first smart city prototype, currently being deployed in the
city’s business district. Here, the integration of technologies such as smart metering, grid
automation, electric vehicles, public lighting and distributed generation are going to
be tested, assessing their economic, technical and social aspects. The aim is to develop
a working plan in the Chilectra operating area, from the results of the real-scale
experimentation of these technologies
Smartcity Santiago will integrate different initiatives combining innovation, efficiency
and sustainability:
• Implementation of smart home with home automation system.
• Electric public transport: Buses and taxis.
• Installation of a charging station.
• Installation of smart meters with two-way communication.
• Solar technology for water heating.
• Photovoltaic generation system.
• Data signs with variable messaging in bus stops.
• LED public lighting.
• Ornamental lighting for green areas.
• Free-access public Wi-Fi and broadband for mobile phones.
Smartcity Santiago has already begun the development of the different projects, in
addition to building an interactive showroom, which will be used for academic and
research purposes and from where the projects’ evolution can be monitored and
recorded.
145THE ELECTRIC GRID OF THE FUTURE
The electric grid of the future, or smart grid, will be an electric grid that will integrate
the actions of all the users in an intelligent way, whether generators, consumers or a
combination of both, with the aim of supplying electric energy in efficiently, sustainably,
economically and safely. To do this, it will use sensors, signal processing systems and
digital communications that will allow the grid to be observed, controlled, automated –
with the possibility of adjustment and self-healing– and fully integrated; in other words,
with full operational capacity with the current systems and able to incorporate new
energy resources.
Fig. 103 shows a diagram where we can see, from the outside in, the motivations, the
new features that are being developed in the smart grid and the technology that is
making it possible.
In the last few years, the smart grid concept has moved from being a term used in the
scientific community into a recognised need in all energy settings, due to the following
factors:
• The battle against climate change promoted in Europe with the policy commonly
known as 20/20/20: this establishes the need to produce energy free of CO2 and to
improve efficiency, which motivates greater market penetration of renewable energy
and a more efficient use of the electric grids.
• Optimisation of the electricity distribution infrastructure: The average power use
of a distribution grid is less than 50% of its maximum capacity; nevertheless, the
electric companies are forced to make significant investments year after year to satisfy
demand peaks that occur less than 1% of the time, to meet safety and quality supply
requirements. A better managed grid would reduce the need for investment in new
infrastructures and in the renewal of the existing ones, ensuring or improving the
current safety and quality supply standards for the consumers.
• Improvement of the efficiency: Technological developments make it possible to use
less and less energy to obtain the same parameters of use for a particular element:
lighting, appliances, electric air conditioning, etc. These new technologies must be
incorporated in the different processes.
SMARTCITY MALAGA146
Fig. 103. Smart grids
Tariffs
Services
Distributed storageADM
Variable tariffs
Intelligence ofdistributed grid
Distributedgeneration
Grid automationRemote control
SensorsIED
Smart meters
Generationand storage
ICT
Power
electronics
Optimisa-tion,
operationand controlof the grid
20/20/20Renewable
energy
Electricvehicles
New customer
needs
Efficiency
Needs
Functions
Technology
147THE ELECTRIC GRID OF THE FUTURE
• New needs of the end user: as the critical loads connected to the electricity system
continue to increase so do the end users demand for a greater reliability and quality
of the consumed energy. This occurs at both household, for requirements of comfort,
and industrial levels, due to quality production requirements. At the same time,
users are aware of the significant savings that can be obtained when adapting their
consumption conditions.
• Electric vehicles: the electrification of transport is one of the most important steps
being made towards the decarbonisation of our society. This change involves a series
of technological challenges, several of which concern electric grids and the generation
system. This is the case for the impact on the electric grid of charging batteries; on
one hand, the problems that may occur if a lot of vehicles are charged at the same
time causing the grid to become saturated; moreover, the use of power electronics
for the energy management of the batteries can lead to problems related to supply
quality; and finally, only if the energy comes from renewable sources will it be
producing a positive effect on the environment.
To respond to all the needs set out in the paragraphs above and to obtain any additional
advantages, the electricity grid of the future will have the following functions:
Remote management: remote metering and management of consumption, which
allows us to determine the energy usage profiles of the consumer, thus making it possible
to offer a wider range of tariffs and services adapted to the needs of each end user.
Automated management of the distribution grid: this function enables the grid
to be operated automatically in the event of incidents or malfunction, so the system
performs an automatic reconfiguration, restoring the service within a short space of time
and undertaking predictive maintenance of the infrastructure, which also optimises the
management of the grid by the distribution operator.
Distributed generation: small generators, with both renewable and non-renewable
energy sources, distributed and connected in areas near the consumption sites,
avoid losses associated with transmission and make more efficient use of the grid
infrastructure and the local energy resources.
SMARTCITY MALAGA148
Distributed storage: energy storage devices distributed in the smart grid, near the
consumption sites, so they allow flexibility in energy management and flatten the
demand curve with their charging or discharging depending on the needs of the system
as a whole. To utilise distributed storage in the grid and enable some of the functions
associated with this technology, storage technology needs to evolve substantially. Energy
storage may be a very important asset in the grid, but, for this it is necessary to reduce
the cost of the technology and, at the same time, increase the energy density and
thereby decrease the volume and weight of the devices to be able to implement it in the
smart grid.
Active demand management: this enables the electricity distributor to manage some
loads connected to the grid based on the customer’s behaviour and within a range
of comfort defined by the end user, optimising the energy management through an
advanced service that provides information on consumption in real time and enables
forecasts to be made of the demand to get ahead of the consumption and invoicing.
New energy services: The smart grid facilitates the emergence of new energy services
such as the aggregators for consumption at several locations (multi-site companies) or
the duplicity of generation and consumption by the same user connected to the grid,
benefiting the grid users. Additional functions that may be carried out with suitable
development of specific technology especially designed for the smart grid concept.
Smart metering systems: these systems installed at the point of consumption allow
for remote metering and characterisation of the patterns in energy usage. In addition,
they are directly connected to the distributor enabling the consumption readings and
actuation in real time.
ICT: Information and communications technology is fundamental for the deployment
of smart grids. The need to send and receive information is vital in ensuring advanced
management of the grid. This technology, whether wired or wireless, is essential if we
are going to have the necessary information and to have it in real time, as well as being
able to send the set points that enable the functions of the smart grid.
149THE ELECTRIC GRID OF THE FUTURE
Power electronics: the connection of new devices to the current grid, such as
distributed generation or storage, and the deployment of specific equipment to verify
the grid quality are based on power electronics; technology that allows the control of
the energy flows between the different parts of the electricity system.
The Smartcity Malaga project, with its focus on smart grids, has been a continuation of
the evolution of electric grids towards smart grids. The activities completed within the
framework of this project and the experience gained has consolidated the city of Malaga
and its energy infrastructure as a pioneer and world leader in smart grid technology.
Thanks to the results obtained, the Smartcity Malaga project has provided us with a
clearer vision of the idea of smart grids in harmony with the rest of society, consolidating
the steps that are necessary for smart grids to become a reality.
SMARTCITY MALAGA150
AC: Alternating Current
ADA: Advanced Distribution Automation
AFE: Active Front End Converter
AGC: Automatic Gain Control
ADMS: Active Demand Management System
AICIA: Asociación de Investigación y Cooperación Industrial de Andalucía
AMI: Advanced Metering Infrastructure
ANEEL: Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica
BMS: Battery Management System
BP: Boundary Point
BPL: Broadband over Power Lines
CAN: Controller Area Network
CDTI: Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial
CENER: Centro Nacional de Energías Renovables
CIEDES: Centro de Investigaciones Estratégicas y de Desarrollo Económico
y Social
CIEMAT: Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales
y Tecnológicas
CIRCE: Centro de Investigación de Recursos y Consumos Energéticos
CNE: Comisión Nacional de Energía
CPE: Customer Premises Equipment
CPU: Central Processing Unit
CRU: Compact Remote Unit
DC: Direct Current
DER: Distributed Energy Resources
DG: Distributed Generation
DS: MV/LV Distribution Substation
DSS: Domestic Storage System
EC: European Commission
Abbreviations and acronyms
151ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONyMS
ESC: Energy Services Company
EVA: Ethylene-vinyl Acetate
FS: First Switching
FO: Fibre Optics
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
HV: High Voltage
IBM: International Business Machines
ICT: Information and Communications Technology
IDAE: Instituto para la Diversificación y Ahorro de la Energía
IDEA: Agencia de Innovación y Desarrollo de Andalucía
IED: Intelligent Electronic Device
IP: Internet Protocol
IREC: Instituto de Investigación en Energía de Cataluña
JETRO: Japan External Trade Organization
KPI: Key Performance Indicator
LED: Light-Emitting Diode
LV: Low Voltage
LVM: Low Voltage Monitoring
mDER: mini Generation and storage
MPLS: Multiprotocol Label Switching
MV: Medium Voltage
NEDO: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization
OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
ORSE: Órgano Regional de Mediación del Servicio Eléctrico
OSINERGMIN: Organismo Supervisor de la Inversión en Energía y Minería
OSPF: Open Shortest Path First
PC: Personal Computer
PLC: Power Line Carrier
Profibus: PROcess FIeld BUS
SMARTCITY MALAGA152
PV: Photovoltaic
RFID: Radio Frequency IDentification
RTU: Remote Terminal Unit
SaaS: Software as a Service
SABT: Supervisión Avanzada de Baja Tensión
SAIDI: Sistema de Almacenamiento Doméstico
SAIDI: System Average Interruption Duration Index
SAIFI: System Average Interruption Frequency Index
SCADA: Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SME: Small and Medium Enterprises
SOC: State Of Charge
SS: Substation
TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
THD: Total Harmonic Distortion
TV: Television
VLAN: Virtual Local Area Network
VPN: Virtual Private Network
VRF: Virtual Routing and Forwarding
V2G: Vehicle to Grid
V2H: Vehicle to Home
Wi-Fi: Wireless Fidelity
WiMAX: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
µDER: micro Generation and storage
153INDEX OF FIGURES
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Cur
rent
(A)
Time
Demand SmartCity MálagaRemaining Capacity Aggregated Generation
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Cur
rent
(A)
Time
Demand SmartCity MálagaRemaining Capacity Aggregated Generation
200.00
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Cur
rent
(A)
Time
Tabacalera Pato-2 Industrial
Pacífico Panificadora
200.00
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Cur
rent
(A)
Time
Tabacalera Pato-2 Industrial
Pacífico Panificadora
WP01: Proyect managing and monitoring
WP04: Telecommunications
WP0
3: H
arm
on
izat
ion
wit
h D
ENIS
E
WP0
2: O
per
atio
n d
eplo
ymen
t an
d c
om
mu
nic
atio
n p
lan
WP05
WP06
WP07
WP10
WP09
WP11
WP08
WP12
Fig. 1. Architecture of the Smart Grid (p. 15)
Fig. 9. General view of the Smartcity Malaga area, with the DS integrated in the communication network (p. 31)
Fig. 8. Analysis of the different technology available in the Smartcity Malaga area, for the mean daily demand in summer (p. 28)
Fig. 7. Analysis of the different technology available in the Smartcity Malaga area, for the mean daily demand in winter (p. 28)
Fig. 6. Mean daily load curve of each of the MV lines (20 KV) of Smartcity Malaga in July 2010 (p. 27)
Fig. 5. Mean daily load curve of each of the MV lines (20 KV) of Smartcity Malaga in January 2010 (p. 27)
Fig. 4. Distribution grid of Smartcity Malaga (p. 26)
Fig. 3. Structure of the Smartcity Malaga project (working groups) (p. 19)
Fig. 2. Distributed generation (pág. 18)
OM
S
CBM
SCADA EMS
DM
S
DSMCIS
COMCommunications
GIS
AMIAdvanced Meter Infraestructure
DER
Dist
ribut
ed E
nerg
y Re
sour
ces
AD
A
Advanced D
istribution Autom
ation
Index of Figures
SMARTCITY MALAGA154
Access
Access
Distribution Grid
VRF
VRF
VRF
VRF
VRF
VRF
VRF
VRF
daisy-chain
CE 1
CE 2
VRF
AccessMeshSegmentRing
Access
Distribution
MPLS Backbone
Fig. 18. Remote management project by Endesa: Maximum power (p. 38)
Fig. 17. Remote management project by Endesa: Daily curve for the consumption of active and reactive energy (p. 38)
Fig. 16. Remote management project by Endesa: Hourly curve for the consumption of active and reactive energy (p. 38)
Fig. 15. Concentrator installed by Endesa in Smartcity Malaga
Fig. 14. Installation of meters by an Endesa worker in Smartcity Malaga (p. 37)
Fig. 13. Close-up of the installation of meters by an Endesa worker in Smartcity Malaga (p. 36)
Fig. 12. Meter installed by Endesa in Smartcity Malaga
Fig. 11. Access grid (p. 34)Fig. 10. Topology of the communication network (p. 32)
155INDEX OF FIGURES
Solar Photovoltaic
Storage
Wind
Cogeneration
PM
MV LINE
Endesa distributionsubstation
Storage
Generation
Customer 1[P,Q]
Customer 2[P,Q]
Customer i[P,Q]
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PMMV Line
Distributionsubstations for
Storage
BATTERY
Connectionboard
&
Fuses
BMS
PLC-SCADABattery management Communication
Protection
Breaker
AFE Control& Communication
DSP
DC / AC
AC
DC
AFEDC BUS
550-800 V DC
Filter400 V AC
50 Hz
DSP
DC / DC
DC
DC
Pbat Pgrid / FPF
HV MV MV
SSiNode SE
iNode CT iNode CT iNode CT
2A PM 2B BP
HV MV MV
SS
2A PM 2B BP
Fig. 27. Diagram of the microgrid of the “Antonio Banderas” promenade in Malaga (p. 50)
Fig. 26. Distributed generation and storage in the Smartcity Malaga grid (p. 50)
Fig. 25. DS with consumption, generation and storage (p. 49)
Fig. 24. Distribution substation with storage connected to an MV node of the distribution grid (p. 48)
Fig. 23. Block diagram of the storage system (p. 47)
Fig. 22. LV line sensors
Fig. 21. LV switchboardFig. 20. Fault in the MV line, between DS 2B and the BP. Scenario with communication between TS (p. 42)
Fig. 19. Fault in the MV line, between DS 2B and the BP (p. 41)
SMARTCITY MALAGA156
Grid
V 2H H E M S
V 2G
Retailer + ESC
Multisite Customer
Retailer
Customers
Aggregator /ESC
Distributor
CHARGERDC/AC
RS 485
CANbus
GRID
CONTROLU-BMS-HV
+
-
14U27-36XP
2 series strings of 7 modulesconnectedin parallel
Contactor
Contactor
Cristal de vidrio templado
Marco Hook (aluminio)
Black-Sheet
Etil-Vinilo-Acetato (EVA)
Caja de conexiones IP54(con diodos de protección)
Etil-Vinilo-Acetato (EVA)
Células de alto rendimiento
Fig. 36. Integration of electric vehicles with storage capacity and energy discharge (Source: http://www.itrco.jp/) (p. 60)
Fig. 35. Agents involved in active demand management (p. 58)
Fig. 34. Image of the cabinet installed and its interior with the storage batteries
Fig. 33. Diagram of the installation of the storage system equipment (p. 54)
Fig. 32. Installation of the PV-1 and PV-5 invertors
Fig. 31. Photovoltaic module model A-95P from ATERSA (p. 54)
Fig. 30. Streetlamps with integrated solar photovoltaic panels (p. 53)
Fig. 29. Micro-generation systems integrated in streetlamps (p. 52)
Fig. 28. Wind turbine UGE-4K
157INDEX OF FIGURES
102811
A5
A4
74229-HE
102810 74235 74234 74233 74232 74231
843-HE 390
312 307 402
A1
34940340462663
Palfeiras Photovoltaic
62637
391 392 395 396
101020 108839 83606 82333 82334 78657 78658 76161 80159
77457 60965
792
810 108734 801 802 797 799 74221 73551335-HE
7297 7300 7299 663 781-HE
102105 4780 7111 81478 HE-A4 CGS2520 HE-A1
PalFeiras Storage
104856-HE
69067
100975
74236
74237
74230
HE-A5
398-HE
389
394
387
397
314
72361
65293
324-HE
Show-Room
Arqueta
RAMOS SAN SEBASTIÁNPOLÍGONO
SECUNDARIA
PERCHEL
CIUDAD JARDÍN
MONTES
MIRAFLORESCEMENTOS CALA
AXARQUÍA
TORRE DEL MAR
MARYSOL
MIJAS
COSTASOL
MARBELLA
ALHAURÍN
PAREDONES
ANTEQUERA
S.E. TAJO C.B. TAJO
JARALILLOS
COMARES
VISOS
CGO
SALA BARCO CALONGE
CORTIJO COLORADO
CASABERMEJA
LOS REALES
CASARES
RTU
RTU
RTU
RTU
RTU
RTU
RTU
RTU
RTU
RTU
OPD 64 kbit/s
PDH 64 kbit/s
OPD 64 kbit/sA IZNÁJARInterconnection to Grid 3 TRAME
A ALMADÉN Interconnection to Grid 3 TRAME
RTU
PDH 64 kbit/s
2 FE
3 FE2 FE
3 UMPC
RTU
4 UMPC
TSUNAMI
TSUNAMI
Leased lineSmart CityiNodes, iSockets…
TSUNAMI
BENALMÁDENA
OPD 64 kbit/sA STO. TOMÁSInterconnection to Grid 5 TRAME
AWY 9415
AWY 9415
RTU
APRISA
APRISA
APRISA
APRISA
RTU
RTU ALCATEL 9470
ALCATEL 9470
8 UMPC
RTU
1 UMPC
2 UMPC
TRAME +
MOLLINA
RTU
Router 2911
Switch CGS2520
SDH BG-20
ME 3400
A BECERREROInterconnection to Grid 3 TRAME
Centros de ControlSe redundarán a posteriori
ALCATEL 9470
OPD 64 kbit/s
ALCATEL 9470
RTU
TRAME +
NERJA
GBEFESTM-1 (EoSDH)2 Mbit/s (E1-SDH/PDH grid)2 Mbit/s (E1-Radiolink)64 kbit/s (V.35 -OPD or PDH)64 kbit/s (Eth-Radioenlace)
TelecontrolDistribution service
OyM TELECOM
UPPERTANK
SANTOPITAR
RTU
4 UMPC
RTU
RTU
RTU
ME 3400
RTURTU
Retailer+ESC
Multisite customer
Retailer
Customers
Aggregator /ESC
1. Grid solutions5. Load Prediction
8. Send Confirmation
6. Revised aggregation
7. Acception/Rejectionof the proposal
3. P
lan
nin
g
9. E
xecu
te t
he
revi
sed
pla
n
2. Ta
riffs
2. Request
Retailer +ESC
Multisite customer
Retailer
Customers
Aggregator /ESC
1. Tariffs
6. P
urc
has
e in
th
e m
arke
t
4. Load Prediction
5. Prediction bythe aggregator
3. P
lan
nin
g3.
Pla
nn
ing
2. Ta
riffs
2. Tariffs
0:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
10:0
0
12:0
0
14:0
0
16:0
0
18:0
0
20:0
0
22:0
0
Fig. 45. Deployed WiMAX gridFig. 44. Physical diagram of the access grid deployed (p. 76)
Fig. 43. PLC/WiMAX routers
Fig. 42. Examples of couplingFig. 41. Physical diagram of the fibre optic grid deployed (p. 74)
Fig. 40. ADMS power diagram (p. 69)
Fig. 39. ADMS Energy diagram (p. 69)Fig. 38. V2G recharge point implemented in Smartcity Malaga (p. 62)
Fig. 37. Flattening of the demand curve by electric vehicles and V2G recharge points (Source: Red Eléctrica de España) (p. 61)
SMARTCITY MALAGA158
Supervisión BTekorUCT(ekorCCP)
ekorRCI
ekorGID
ekorEVTCControl center
HV MV MV
SS iNode DS iNode DS iNode DS
2A PM 2B BP
HV MV MV
SSiNode SE
iNode DS iNode DS iNode DS
2A PM 2B BP
I1. Decrease demand feeder
I2. Flatten the demand curve
I3. Decrease technical losses
I4. Decrease lighting consump.
I5. Decrease cons. high cust. P contr.
I6. Decrease cons. Res. and SMEs
I7. Increase Cons/Gen EV
I8. Improve Efic. cons. SMCT
I9. Total % of RE generation
I10. % Genertion RE in MV
I11. % Generation RE in LV
I12. Decrease CO2 emmisions
I13. Improve zonal quality
I14. Improve grid wave quality
I15. Improve detection prec. LV
O1. Efficiency of Distribution System
MO1. Improve energy efficiency
I16. Improve Opt. Response MV
O2. Consumption Efficiency
MO2. Increase use of RE
I17. Extend life of transformers
O3. Increase use of RE
MO3. Reduce Emmisions
I18. Extend life of breakers
O4. Reduce Emmisions
MO4. Others
I19. Extend cable lifetime
O5. Quality
I20. Reduce breakdown costs
O6. Extend life of Installation
I21. Reduce Maintenance costs
O7. Reduce Maint. & breakdown costs
Indicators Objectives Macro-objetives
Control PanelDisplay
LocalConsumptionManagement
Electric DistributionGrid with
New Services
In-Home and In-CompanyEfficiency Sstems
Electric Mobility Services:Charging, V2G...
Public Lighting
Efficient ElectricSystems
Distribution Control SmartcityIntelligence
Remote managementSmartMetering
CommunicationMonitoring
DistributionSystems
Consumption Control
Home/CompanyEnergy Management
Electric VehiclesManagement
Public LightingManagement
Energy Efficiencfy
Dat
a A
dqui
sito
n
Smar
tCity
Mal
aga
Con
trol
and
Mon
itorin
g C
ente
r
CommunicationDevices
Internet
Act
ive
Dem
and
Man
agem
ent
Fig. 54. ekorGID unit in DS 307 GuindosFig. 53. Diagram of automated distribution substation (p. 83)
Fig. 52. Fault in the MV line, between distribution substation 2B and the BP. Scenario with communication between distribution substations and control centre (p. 82)
Fig. 51. Fault in the MV line, between distribution substation 2B and the BP. Scenario with communication between distribution substations and iNodes (p. 81)
Fig. 50. Interface associated with TS 80159
Fig. 49. Functional diagram of the Smartcity Malaga grid
Fig. 48. Detailed interface of the macro-objectives (p. 79)
Fig. 47. Tree diagram of the relationships between indicators, objectives and macro-objectives (p. 78)
Fig. 46. Diagram of the different systems implemented (p. 77)
159INDEX OF FIGURES
MV
LV
HV
MV
iNode CT
iNode e.s.
HV GRID
HV control centre
iSocket
iSocket
iSocket
Generador -> Malaga -> ALMACENAMIENTO -> ALMACENAMIENTO -> Terminal 1 -> Potencia activa (kW)
SUPERVISIÓN MTPaso de Falta
Medidas V, I, P, QAlarmas
AUTOMATIZACIÓNTelecontrol
AutomatismosServidor Web
mantenimiento(Paso de falta, V, I, P,
Q Alarmas)
COMUNICACIONESPLC-MTGPRS
Fibra ópticaRadio
SUPERVISIÓN BTMedidas totales CT
Medidas por línea BTFusible fundido BT
¡Socket BT
PLC-BTEthernet
IEC-10448Vcc
Gestor InteligenteDistribución
Fig. 63. The INGESAS unit developed by Ingeteam Technology (iNodeSE)
Fig. 62. Simplified diagram of control architecture. iNodes-iSockets (p. 90)
Fig. 61. Monitoring of the LV grid (example of power curve) (p. 88)
Fig. 60. Monitoring of the LV grid (p. 88)
Fig. 59. LV receiverFig. 58. LV monitoring integrated in SDM
Fig. 57. One of the ekorUCT cellsFig. 56. EkorRCI integrated control unitFig. 55. Smart Distribution Manager ekorGID (p. 85)
SMARTCITY MALAGA160
P*
Ptot
Fp
kpP
+
Saturation
Integrator
Active Power PI Controller
Reactive Power PI Controller
++–
kpP
S
Q*
Qtot
Fq
kpQ
+
Saturation
Integrator
++–
kpQ
S
i-Socket 1VSCunit
VSCunit
VSCunit
VSCunit
VSCunit
i-Socket 2
i-Socket 3I-NODE
Centralisedoperation
i-Socket i
i-Socket N
Dieselgenerator
Batterybank
Windturbine
Non-priorityLoad
PriorityLoad
e e
P*, Q*
P2, Q2
P1, Q1
Pi, Qi
PN, QN
P3, Q3
P2, Q2
P1, Q1
Pi, Qi
PN, QN
PN*, QN
*
Pi*, Qi
*
P3*, Q3
*
P2*, Q2
*
P1*, Q1
*
P3, Q3Fp, Fq
Abstractrepresentation
of thephysical reality
Protocolbattery
Motor
Interface
Distributed generationmicrogrid
Gridi-VM
i-VG GatewayIEC 61850-7-420 (DER)
iSocket iSocket iSocket iSocket iSocket
iNode iNode
Intelligent-VirtualGateway (i-VG)
Intelligent-VirtualNode (i-VN)
Intelligent-VirtualSocket (i-VS)
Intelligent-VirtualManager (i-VM)
Remote operator
Local operator
Windturbine
Photovoltaicgenerator
Electricvehicletractionbatterycharger
Electricvehicletractionbatterycharger Batteries
10 x 95 W 4 kW 9 x 680 W
Fig. 72. Control of the iNode (p. 99)Fig. 71. Diagram of control in centralised mode (p. 99)
Fig. 70. Control of microgrids (p. 98)
Fig. 69. Simplified diagram of the control architecture (p. 98)
Fig. 68. Microgeneration installed in Malaga (p. 97)
Fig. 67. Rabbit RCM4000 board of the iSocket
Fig. 66. Assembly of the 06028_06028_2002_01 and Rabbit boards
Fig. 65. iNodeCT developed by GPtechFig. 64. Modules of the INGESAS unit (iNodeSE)
161INDEX OF FIGURES
CAPTUREof consumption data
and technical parameters of an electrical installations
Secure STORAGEof the information
in a web server
MANAGEMENTof the information via the
different devices, computer, mobile
Filtering Measures
BoardsControlWP10
Set pointGen.
TimeGen.
/ 7
Igrid/ 8
Ibat_Con_Time Ibat_Con
Duty_PH
Duty_BB
Internalconfig.
Controllog
Maximumdemandelement
Clock
User
Current time
Pmaximumdemand element
PhomeSub-interval
No. Sub-intervalsNight-day interv. limits
Psad_AverageVbat_Average Vbat_Average
L2/2
L2/2
50/230~
~Cbus
L1
Vbat
DSS
Maximum demandmeter
Other loads Other loads
Home switchboard
Grid
PLC-IC3
BMS
CCU
PMMLOCALSCADAStart up &
Maintenance
Remote SCADAINGETEAM
EndesaCentro de Monitorización
y Diagnóstico SCADA
GateWay
Switch
VPN
INTERNET
Palacio de Ferias
Plant Control System
Remote
MTMeasure
Switch
Switch
MEASUREMENTVW
AVAR
PhlWh
Modem3GModem
3G
PV Panels LOADS
BAC
net
Wim
ax IE
C 6
1850
Wimax IEC 61850
Wimax IEC 61850
MODBUSMODBUS-TCP
MO
DBU
S-TC
P
CAN-BATTERIES
P-DP
PMLink(O. F.)
ETH
ETH
ETHETH
EndesaCentro de Monitorización
y Diagnóstico SCADA
WIMAX
Endesa
WIMAXISocketIEC 61850
WIMAXISocketIEC 61850
WIMAXISocketIEC 61850
MT measure
PV panels
9
5
6
SAN RAFAEL PALACIODE FERIAS
2
STORAGE
LOADS
3
Non selectedloads
4
AC
DCBACNET
AIR CONDITIONINGCABINET
BACNET MEASURE& PROTECTION
STORAGECONTROL
i-Socket 1VSCunit
VSCunit
VSCunit
VSCunit
VSCunit
i-Socket 2
i-Socket 3I-NODE
Distributedoperation
i-Socket i
i-Socket N
Dieselgenerator
Batterybank
Windturbine
Non-priorityLoad
PriorityLoad
e e
P2, Q2
P1, Q1
Pi, Qi
PN, QN
PN*, QN
*
Pi*, Qi
*
P3*, Q3
*
P2*, Q2
*
P1*, Q1
*
P3, Q3
Fig. 81. Structure of the DANCA system (p. 115)
Fig. 80. Control structure implemented (p. 111)
Fig. 79. Power converter of the DSS (p. 111)
Fig. 78. Connection of the DSS (p. 109)Fig. 77. DSS developedFig. 76. Mini-storage in the distribution substation of the congress hall. Communication diagram (p. 105)
Fig. 75. Installation of mini-storage in the distribution substation of the congress hall (p. 104)
Fig. 74. IEC 61850 SCADA of the microgrid
Fig. 73. Diagram of control in distributed mode (p. 101)
SMARTCITY MALAGA162
HOW WE WORK
In energy we have developed a platform that allows us to measure 24 hours a day with no interruptions and to look for the points of improvement of your electricity consumption
The meter records theconsumption data andtransmits the information1 2 Our services
includemeasurements
Continuous recording, analysis, monitoringand management system
3 We analyse it and search forthe points of improvementof your electricity consumption4
You can consult thatinformation through the webor download it to your computer
Luz
Fuerza
Medición
BUS 485
Clima
Conversora TCP
GEM
Ethernet / WIFI
Internet
ZigWave
Internet
Ethernet
GNRGYSystem
Power Analysis
ZigBee Wireless
Remote & LocalManagement
Power Automation
BillingSmartphone Access
Mesh Topology
Energy ProvidersAPI
Batteries
BMSiSocket
BidirectionalDC/ACInverter
V2GCharge Point
PLCModem
Mennekes
EthernetConnector
CAN/232
GRIDBatteries
BMS
DC AC
iSocket
BidirectionalDC/ACInverter
PLCModem
ModbusTCP
Control board
P, Q
Fig. 90. Adapted electric vehicle and the V2G recharge point developed. Details of the recharge point (p. 124)
Fig. 89. Details of the structure of the control and communications components (p. 122)
Fig. 88. Connection diagram of the charger with the recharge point (p. 122)
Fig. 87. The EUGENE HOME systemFig. 86. Diagram of the GNRGY system (p. 118)
Fig. 85. Socket adapter of the GNRGY system
Fig. 84. Diagram of the GREENWAVE system
Fig. 83. The EUGENE PROFESSIONAL system
Fig. 82. Description of ENEFGY (p. 115)
163INDEX OF FIGURES
INSTAL. POWER (kw)391,820
CONT. DEM. (kw)527,044
Remote controls36
ICC monitored210
Subestations7
DSs568
MV Lines85
Number of customers49,790
Domestic42,865
Services6,367
Industrial568
50
40
30
20
10
0
–10
–20
–30
–40
%
Consumption reduced (>10%) Increased consumption (>10%)Constant consumption
4418
4145
4177
4393
4394
4391
4169
4397
4168
4422
4172
4175
4416
4142
4399
4181
4426
4148
4395
4400
4390
4388
4389
4396
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
001/10/2012
0:0001/11/2012
0:0001/12/2012
0:0001/01/2013
0:00
Daily Average Monthly Average
25
20
15
10
5
0
01/10/20120:00
01/11/20120:00
01/12/20120:00
01/01/20130:00
Daily Average Monthly Average
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
001/10/2012
0:0001/11/2012
0:0001/12/2012
0:0001/01/2013
0:00
Daily Average Monthly Average
Fig. 99. Deployment of smart meters in Búzios, Brazil
Fig. 98. Areas of work in Búzios, Brazil (p. 139)
Fig. 97. Smartcity Barcelona. Scope and figures (p. 138)
Fig. 96. Smart Grid Service Center. Smartcity Barcelona (p. 138)
Fig. 95. The consumption trends obtained (p. 131)
Fig. 94. Improvement in energy efficiency (p. 131)
Fig. 93. Reduction of CO2 emissions (p. 129)
Fig. 92. Increase in the use of renewable energy (p. 129)
Fig. 91. Conversion equipment of the vehicle to V2G
SMARTCITY MALAGA164
AlmacenamientodistribuidoGAD
Tarificación variable
Inteligencia de Red distribuida
Generación distribuida
Automatización de REDTelegestión
Sensores IEDs
Smart-meters
Generación y
almacenamiento
TIC
Electrónicade
potencia
OptimizaciónOperacióny Controlde Red
20/20/20Energías
Renovables
VehículoEléctrico
Nuevas necesidades
clientes
Eficiencia
Tarificación
Servicios
Necesidades
Funcionalidades
Tecnología
DEPÓSITO SUPERIOR
CASETA DE VÁLVULAS
CASETA DE VÁLVULAS
TUBERÍAS REFORZADAS
PUERTO DE LA ESTACA
CENTRAL HIDROELÉCTRICA
CENTRAL DE BOMBEOy SUBESTACIÓN MICROEÓLICA
CENTRAL DIÉSELLLANOS BLANCOS
DEPÓSITO INFERIOR
PARQUE EÓLICO
VALVERDE
Población
ParqueEólico
Grupo Diesel
Depósito superior
Depósito inferior
Estación deBombeo
CentralHidroeléctrica
Desaladora
Fig. 103. Smart grids (p. 146)
Fig. 102. Graph of the elements that comprise the hydro-wind power plant on El Hierro
Fig. 101. Scheme of the first prototype Smartcity of Chile (p. 143)
Fig. 100. Diagram of the hydro-wind power plant on El Hierro (p. 141)
165INDEX OF TABLES
Table 1. Number of DS per MV line ................................................................. 25
Table 2. Characteristics of the DSS developed ................................................. 110
Table 3. Characteristics of the recharge point .................................................. 121
Table 4. Principal values, El Hierro ................................................................... 140
Index of Tables
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