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8/7/2019 Smart Grid Future
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/smart-grid-future 1/13
Smart Grid:
Transforming the US Power Grid
Wade O. Troxell Associate Dean for Research and Economic Development
College of Engineering
U.S. Electric Power Transmission Grid
8/7/2019 Smart Grid Future
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Centralized Infrastructure
CentralizedPlanning &Operations
kW1
3
2
4
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
End-Use
Appliance
ESCO
Central Power Generation
Average U.S. generating plants are old (avg. 35years)
Wasteful (33% delivered efficiency) and
Dirty (50 times the pollution of the best new distributed generation)
Fundamental flaw in the excessive reliance oncentral generation of electricity
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Electric Power System Transformation
$450B investment needed by2020 to meet load growth withbusiness-as-usual solutions
Volatile pricescreate economicuncertainty andboom-bustconstructioncycles
Massive, fixed assetssized for peak demandsresult in high mortgages &low asset utilizations
Vulnerable tonatural or man-made disruptions
System designedfor linear power andfinancial flows;limits penetration ofnew, alternativetechnologies
Controls, planning& operationsdisconnect atenterpriseboundaries
Consumers arepassive participants
Issues & Uncertainties Surround
Today’s US Electric Power Infrastructure
ProcessProcessControlsControls
$$
kWkW
Planning &Planning &OperationsOperations
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01/24/08 CAISO Snapshot of Power Supply and Demand
Transforming the US Electric Power Infrastructure
ProcessProcessControlsControls
UtilityUtility
RestrucRestruc--
turingturing
AdvancedAdvanced
InformationInformation
TechnologyTechnology
CompetitiveCompetitive
DistributedDistributed
GenerationGeneration
UbiquitousUbiquitous
CommuniCommuni--
cationscations
Planning &Planning &OperationsOperations
$$
disrupts linearpower & monetaryflow network
kWkW
collaborative linkagesexpressing valueopportunities across
enterprise boundaries
opens door for otherdistributed resources
markets or incentives expressingtime- and location-dependentvalue of electricity providesincentive for collaboration
provides the meansof taking advantageof opportunitiesexpressed
agent-based transactivecontrols and operations;diagnostics & prognostics;security & privacy;market monitoring
•• RealReal--time info, etime info, e--business, & market efficienciesbusiness, & market efficiencies
minimize need for inventory & infrastructure,minimize need for inventory & infrastructure,
maximize productivity & asset utilizationmaximize productivity & asset utilization
•• Loads & resources collaborate as aLoads & resources collaborate as a ““societysociety””
with selfwith self--organizing & selforganizing & self--optimizing propertiesoptimizing properties
of free, fair marketsof free, fair markets
•• Stability, security, crisis managementStability, security, crisis management
capabilities enhancedcapabilities enhanced•• Rapid, seamless penetration of DG, storage,Rapid, seamless penetration of DG, storage,
& load management& load management
•• Efficiency &Efficiency & renewablesrenewables competitivecompetitive
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Distributed Energy Resources
DER can be characterized as
- Energy recycling (e.g., combined heat and power)
- Energy producing (e.g., generators)
- Energy consuming (e.g., building control systems)
- Energy monitoring (e.g., meters)
- Energy routing and switching (e.g., switch gear)
- Energy conditioning devices (e.g., power electronics)
Network them together for value-added products and
services
ms sec min hour day week month year
S c a l e
1 0
1 ,
0 0 0 , 0
0 0
+
1
0 0
1 ,
0 0 0
1 0 , 0
0 0
1 0 0 , 0
0 0
Traditional Scada Systems
Manual
Metering
Equipment MaintenanceContracts
AMR
Equipment Repair
DER Communication
And Control A u t o m a t i c M e t e r
R e a d i n g
Real Time
Control Systems
Economic Demand
Response Programs
Conventional
Zone
of Interest
DER Zone
of Interest
We are here today
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Networked Distributed Energy Project
Develop a portfolio of energy management options:
• Device-level efficiency optimization – base load reduction
• Optimize energy use based on rate structure
• Demand-side management (DSM)
• Distributed generation/CHP
• Fuel arbitrage
• Renewables
• Economic demand response (EDR)
• Purchase optimization
• Regional aggregation
Energy Management is best viewed as portfolio optimization
8/7/2019 Smart Grid Future
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Distributed Power Neighborhood Project
AESC Distributed Intelligent Agents for Decision Making (DIADM)
Response to System Failure
Neighborhood Response to System Failure
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Two Power Neighborhoods
A two-neighborhood SD model
Neighborhood A
Neighborhood B
Shared Resource
Qualitative results
Actual power reserves vs. desired power reserves
DER units inactive (C0)
Lag in system response
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Qualitative results
Description of DER Behavior
Two DER units connected in series
n=2
Three DER units connected in series
n=3
Threshold Trigger
Quantitative Results
Positive Effect of DER Connectivity Structure
Variance reduction is faster in parallel-connected systems,
but this difference is transient
8/7/2019 Smart Grid Future
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Information and DER
Firming renewable DG sources with information (and w/ostorage)
Real time emissions monitoring in load centers.
Grid stability by aggregating large numbers of heterogeneousDER sources.
Power grid security for critical power applications.
Market based models using real time pricing, demand responseand other information dependent rate structures enabled by DER.
Power quality and performance contracting including
improvement verification. Power grid constraint relief using DER.
Basic Smart Grid Tenets Information technology is an enabler to unlock the value of
distributed energy devices
Better information leads to better decision making at alllevels of the electrical system
Transparency of value allows market participants to developand deploy economical solutions that cross enterprise andregulatory boundaries
Distributed decision making provides resilience of complexsystems to avoid system-wide failures
Timely information and decisions enhances the security andreliability of the system
8/7/2019 Smart Grid Future
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Why Smart Grid Matters…
Smart Grid provides for
- less reliance on vulnerable centralized power
generation, transmission and distribution systems,
- Integration of renewable generation,
- an increase in the overall system efficiency,
- the ability to match power quality to end user needs,
- a more robust electrical system, and
-ability to recover under utilized and wasted energy.
Working Towards a
Robust and ReliableElectric Grid
InteGrid – Grid Simulation Laboratory - Megawatt-scale in situ physical grid simulation capability.- Tests and validates computer simulations with actual physical system dynamics
when renewable generation sources (e.g., wind and solar) and other forms of distributed generation and loads are integrated into the electric power grid.
- Partnership with Spirae - a Colorado business, CSU’s Engines & Energy Conversion Laboratory, and the Northern Colorado Clean Energy Cluster.
FortZED- Zero energy demonstration of DER for demand management from two
substation feeders located in Fort Collins Old District that feeds a variety of users including commercial, CSU facilities, and city and county governmentoffices.
- FortZED system will demonstrate the ability to reduce peak demand by engaging a variety of distributed generation and load shedding practices throughcomprehensive dispatch and control.
East Coastblackout, 2003
BuildingLoads
480/277Volts
208/120Volts
ExistingService
750 KVA
G GG
ActiveLoadBank
DumpLoad
Control
SynchronousCondenser
Controller,Synchronizing&Protection
Package
PLC
Full ServicePlan
ReactiveLoad
Small Generators
CapacitiveLoad
480/277 Volt Bus
480/277 Volt Bus
ProtectionSymbols
50-InstantaneousOvercurrent51-Time Overcurrent
50N-Instantaneous Residual Overcurrent51N-Time Residual Overcurrent
32-Directional Power67-Directional Current
G G G
480/277 Volt Bus
Controller,Synchronizing&Protection
Package
PLC
50
51
50N
51N
UtilityMeter
32 67
NewService Backto Substation
Large Generators5 MW total
5000 KVA
G
Small Load Banks
ActiveLoadBank
DumpLoad
Control
ReactiveLoad
CapacitiveLoad
LargeLoad Banks
SynchronousCondenser
480/277 Volt Bus
Protection
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CSU Green Power Project
Research test bed integral to
production wind plant
Power Plant
- 100MW + capacity with proximity to
energetic resource and transmission
11,000 acre Maxwell Ranch NW of Fort Collins and Windsor
May provide renewable power supply to CSU and other higher educationinstitutions in Colorado.
Smart Grid Colorado
FortZED – PRPA and FCU
Smart Grid Boulder – Xcel
Solar City Denver – Xcel
Renewable Energy Communities - NREL
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