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FundedbytheU.S.DepartmentofEnergyandtheU.S.DepartmentofHomelandSecurity|cred-c.org
Smart Grid Control Primer
AnuragKSrivastavaWashingtonStateUniversity
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Smart Grid Goals § PowerSystemOperaFonal
Paradigm(reliability,economics,resiliency,sustainability)
§ Sense
§ Communicate
§ Compute
§ Visualize
§ Control
§ Advancementinphysicalsystem,informaFonnetwork,
control,humanaspects
Sense
Commun
icate ComputeandsendControl
Signal
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ControlObjec-veandMul--scaleDynamicsinPowerSystem
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Centralized Control
Credit: PSERC report
Local/ Decentralized
Control
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Smart Grid Control n Voltage, frequency and
power control n Provide operators with
up-to-date information on the condition of the power systems
n critical quantities are measured
n voltages, currents, power flows, and the state of circuit breakers and switches
n frequency, generator outputs, and transformer tap positions
n the measurements are sent to the control center
n via the telemetry system
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PrevenFveMechanism• ForecasFngandplanning(shortterm,longterm)• Securityanalysisagainstprobablefailures• HumanOperator
CorrecFveMechanism• ProtecFon• Frequency/Voltage/StabilityControl• RemedialAcFonSchemes/SpecialProtecFonScheme• WideAreaControl• SystemrestoraFon• HumanOperator
Preventive and Corrective Control Mechanism
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Distributed,CoordinatedandHierarchal
Fast
Scalable
Sub-OpFmal
Fault-tolerant
SupportsBigdata
SupportsIoT
Centralized
Slow
NotScalable
OpFmal
Pronetofailures
Local
Fast
Non-opFmal
Hardcoded
Mayfailforunexpected
Exis-ngMonitoringandControl EvolvingMonitoring andControl
Existing and Evolving Smart Grid Control
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Local Control: Generation Control Loop
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Local Control
Power System Operation
Automatic Control
Parameter: Voltage, frequency, power flow
Protection Droop Control AVR AGC RAS UFLS
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Centralized Control
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Power System Operation
Situational Awareness
Decision Support
Regulatory Framework: vertical vs market operation
Timeframe: Second, minutes, hours, day, months
Parameter: Voltage, frequency, power flow
Geographical: Area, reliability coordinator, Interconnection
Ownership: Investor owned, public owned, IPP, co-op
Asset: Gen, trans, dist
Centralized Control
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Power System Operation
Situational Awareness
• SCADA o Sensors (CT/PT, PMU,
switch status) o RTU, PDC merging units o Communication system o Data archival, historian
• State Estimation • Control Center Display,
organization • Visualization tool • Alarm, alerts
Centralized Control
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Power System Operation
Decision Support
• Real Time Operational
• Short Term Planning
• Long term Planning
• OPFo UnitCommitmento EconomicDispatcho Hydro-Thermal
Scheduling• SecurityAnalysis• LoadandpriceforecasFng• EnergyInterchange• Marketpoweranalysis
Timeframe: Second, minutes, hours, day, months
Centralized Control
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Operator Tasks
ManaginganenFty(electricity)thatis:• Invisible• Travelsinthespeedoflight• Dangerous/Fatal
• Ensuringthereliabledeliveryofelectricitytocustomers.
• Managethepowergridfromasetofcomputerconsoleswithinacontrolcenter.
• Interactoverthephonewithfieldcrews,generalpersonnel,substaFonpersonnel,andothersystemoperatorswithintheirownuFlityandwithneighboringuFliFes.
InterchangeOperator-monitoringinterchangeacFviFesbetweendifferentbalancingareas.BalancingOperator-adequatepowergeneraFonforexpectedpowerdemandTransmissionOperator-transmissionswitching,monitoringsystemlineloadingandvoltagecondiFons.ReliabilityCoordinator-stabilityandreliabilityofmulFpleareas,coordinaFngtaskswithmulFpleenFFes,andmaintainreliabilityoversuchareas.MarketOperators-separatedfromthereliability-oriented.Purchaseorsellcurrentandfutureenergyassetstomaximizeprofits.UnderstandNERCStandardsandconstraintsRenewableOperator
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Operator Tasks
• Reacttoalarms,i.e.invesFgatethecauseandvalidityofthealarmsandprovidecorrecFveacFons.
• ControlthestaFonandtransmissionsystemvoltagesandensurethevoltageiswithinthescheduleandspecificaFon.
• FacilitatesallscheduledprevenFvemaintenance.• Reacttoothernon-forecastedevents,i.e.carcollidingwithanelectricpolethateither
resultedindamagetothepoleandequipmentorthefiredepartment/policedepartmentorthecityrequesFngthatweremovefromservicethecables.
• Coordinatewithgeneratoroperatorswhentheunitsareeithercomingonlineorofflineorwhenthereisaneedtoadjusttheirloads.
• WorkwithengineeringwhenanexisFngequipmentorcableisapproachingitscapabilityorexceededitscapability.
• PrepareconFngencyplansforscheduleoutage,basicallyevaluateallthe“whatifscenarios”andprovidingcorrecFveacFonforeachscenario.
• Reviewimpactofproposedscheduleoutage.
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Evolving Control: Transactive Control • Transactive energy is a means of using economic signals or incentives to engage all the intelligent devices in the power grid from the consumer to the transmission system to get a more optimal allocation of resources and engage demand in ways we haven’t been able to before.
• Enabled with the communication concepts we get with the smart grid.
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Transactive Control
• Respond to system operation moving from deterministic to stochastic model by fully engaging all resources at all levels
• Use local conditions and global information • Forecast as a feedback and function as incentive
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Transactive Control
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Transactive Control
� Transactive control is distributed way to respond to grid needs � Incentive signal can be from big wind farm, transmission
constraints, demand charges, imported energy � Feedback signal can befrom HVAC thermostat, storage PHEV
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Differences Between Reliability and Resiliency
Resiliency
• Measured in anticipation of some form of threat
• Assessed in extreme disturbance
Reliability
• Measure of operational consistency and performance in meeting connected customers load
• Priority of critical loads is considered
• No classification of load is reflected in measurement of reliability • Resiliency is an indication of
preparedness of a network to withstand or avert damage coming from outside the power system [like weather]
• Reliability accounts for sustainable power lost due to normal operational or equipment damages or external factors. Momentarily outage ignored. • No formal metrics
• SAIDI, SAIFI, MAIFI, etc
Resilient Control
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WeatherImpact- PowerWorldPowerSystemAnalysis- PowerWorld,PSLF
DynamicAnalysisTool- PSS/EControlSystemModeling- Hypersim
ProtecFonModelingTool- CAPE
CyberModelingTool- NS-3,DeterLabConFngencyModelingToolInterfacing
Designing Resilient Control
cred-c.org|22IEEESmartGridControlVision2030
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Future EMS and Control
Energy Management System
• Renewables...forecasFng&variabilitymanagement:StochasFcControl
• DemandResponse&EMSintegraFon• IntegraFonofEMSwithDMS• Growthofphasoranalysis&VisualizaFon• IntegraFngIEDdatamoreintelligently• UFlizingfastercommunicaFon• SynchronousFmeotherthanPMU• ResiliencyMetricandValueinControl• DecentralizedandCoordinated• FaultTolerant• Cyber–resilient,delayaware
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FundedbytheU.S.DepartmentofEnergyandtheU.S.DepartmentofHomelandSecurity
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