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Silver Nanowire Electrodes: Enabling Flexible, Transparent and Cost Effective OLED Lighting
DOE SSL R&D Workshop January 27, 2015
Rahul Gupta Senior Director, Business Development rgupta@Cambrios.com
2 DOE SSL R&D Workshop 2015
Cambrios ClearOhm® Transparent Conductor: Single Crystal Silver Nanowire
Highly ConducKng
Extremely Transparent
Flexible & Formable
Low Temperature SoluKon Process
Available in Large
Volumes
3 DOE SSL R&D Workshop 2015
Lenovo Flex 20 20” AIO
15” POS Monitor
LG ET83 23”
Monitor
BenQ F5
Lenovo A540 23” AIO
Medias X on NTT docomo
Karbonn A29 (India)
Advan S5G 5” and 5.7”
Lenovo A740 27” AIO
Tablets & eReaders Smartphones
POS Monitors LG ET63
23” Monitor
LG V325 23” AIO
HP 23” AIO
Fuhu Nabi 24” Bigtab
Fuhu Nabi 20” Bigtab
Monitors and All-‐In-‐One PC’s
Numerous ClearOhm® Touch Sensor Products In The Market
4 DOE SSL R&D Workshop 2015
Robust Supply Chain In Place
5 DOE SSL R&D Workshop 2015
Transparent Conductor Requirements For OLED Lighting
• Performance – Current spreading to ensure large area with
uniform emission, flexible, transparent – Efficiency and Lifetime – Compatible with light extraction or
improves light extraction • Manufacturability
– Processable – Scalability of process
• Cost structure to enable cost effective OLED lighting
6 DOE SSL R&D Workshop 2015
Options For Transparent Electrodes ITO NW Metal Grid FTO/AZO
Pros • Well established incumbent
• Low cost soluKon process
• Low capex • Scalable • Flexible
• High conducKvity (<1-‐50 ohms/sq)
• Flexible
• 10-‐20 ohms/sq • CompaKb le w i th
glass producKon
Challenges • Limited conducKvity, especially on plasKc
• Bri\le/not flexible
• High CapEx • Expensive
vacuum process
• 5 ohms/sq with >90% transmission
• OpKcally visible • Large openings è
charge spreading • High thickness è
needs dielectric/ planarizaKon
• LifeKme issues: needs passivaKon
• Cost compeKKve only at very high volumes (inline with float glass process)
• Bri\le/not flexible • Roughness • High CapEx • Expensive vacuum
process
70#Ω/�# 9#Ω/�#
7 DOE SSL R&D Workshop 2015
Low Sheet Resistance With High Transmission: Enables Metal Grid Free Large OLED Tiles
Spin coaKng on glass, glass as reference (glass = 100%)
10cm x 10 cm ClearOhm OLED Tile
8 DOE SSL R&D Workshop 2015
Luminance Uniformity : Enabling 20cm x20 cm Tiles Without Metal Grids Variables: Efficiency, Sheet resistance, 2 vs 4 sided contact
-‐ Good luminance uniformity can be achieved with 5-‐10 Ω/□
Luminance = 3000nits
min
max
min
max
1L
LL
LUniformity
+−−
=
Cathode contact
Cathode contact
Anode contact
2 sided anode contact
4 sided anode contact
9 DOE SSL R&D Workshop 2015
Similar Efficiency and Lifetime as ITO
10 DOE SSL R&D Workshop 2015
CAPACITY, SCALABILITY AND COST
11 DOE SSL R&D Workshop 2015
Cambrios Has Capacity To Meet Growing Demand
2013 22,000 L/year
2014 175,000 L/year
12 DOE SSL R&D Workshop 2015
Low Cost Solution Process: Roll-To-Roll Or Sheet Glass Or Plastic Substrates
R2R producKon coater: 3-‐6 Million m2/year capacity Investment $~2 Million
ProducKon sheet slit coater (G4.5) 0.5-‐1 Million m2/year capacity Investment $~1.5 Million
Cambrios 300mm pilot coater; ~$300k
Low Cost Pilot
Low Cost ProducKon
13 DOE SSL R&D Workshop 2015
Printed Silver Nanowire Electrodes Eliminate Cost Of Patterning
14 DOE SSL R&D Workshop 2015
Large Area OLED Tiles With Printed Silver Nanowire Electrodes
Newly developed printed transparent electrode can replace ITO
15 DOE SSL R&D Workshop 2015
Cost Savings by using ClearOhm® Electrodes for OLED/PV • Solution process for coating vs vacuum process
for ITO: Depreciation <$0.1-0.6/m2 vs ~$9/m2
• Printing to eliminate expensive photo patterning – Photo-patterning costs ~15-20/m2 at G4.5 – Or use low cost laser patterning or screen printable
etchants
• Metal Grid Free OLED Lighting Tiles – Eliminates metal grid – Eliminates bank structures/passivation layers
16 DOE SSL R&D Workshop 2015
Improved Process Window For Higher Yields Scalability to Gen 5/8 Sheets or R2R
• No coherent reflection from Nanowires è no micro-cavity effect
• Color does not change with thickness of stack – Wider process Window even for Gen 5 – No need to bin products based on location on substrate
~3% Change in stack thickness Large change in color with ITO Anode No change in color with ClearOhm Anode
10 nm change in stack thickness 10 nm change in stack thickness
17 DOE SSL R&D Workshop 2015
Controlled by OLED Maker
Controlled by Substrate maker
Integrated Substrates With Nanowires
Substrate
External light extracKon film
Index/sca\ering/planarizing layers
Anode
HIL HTL
EML
ETL
Cathode Top encapsulaKon
• Low temperature process for nanowires • Opens up choices for low cost planarizaKon layers on top of
sca\ering/high index layers • Can combine sca\ering/high index materials with nanowires
18 DOE SSL R&D Workshop 2015
Controlled by OLED Maker
Controlled by Substrate maker
Silver Nanowires Allow OLED Makers To Optimize Internal Light Extraction
Substrate
External light extracKon film
Index/sca\ering/planarizing layer
Anode
HIL HTL
EML
ETL
Cathode Top encapsulaKon
• Allows matching of light extracKon layers to OLED stack to opKmize performance
19 DOE SSL R&D Workshop 2015
ENABLING TRANSPARENT FLEXIBLE & FORMABLE PRODUCTS
Clothes
Furniture
Walls/Glass/Buildings
Automobiles
20 DOE SSL R&D Workshop 2015
ClearOhm® Material: Excellent Performance As Top Transparent Electrode
Acknowledgements: Matthew White, Markus Scharber, Lucia Leonat, Michael Drack, Martin Kaltenbrunner, Siegfried Bauer, and Serdar Sariciftci
21 DOE SSL R&D Workshop 2015
Fully printed Transparent OLED
ON state
OFF state
ZnO
PEDOT:PSS ITO-‐PET
SPW-‐111
ClearOhm®
1cm2
450 500 550 600 650 700 7500
20
40
60
80
100
TOLED
Tran
smis
sion
[%]
Wavelength [nm]This project has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 314233 - http://inlight-project.eu/
22 DOE SSL R&D Workshop 2015
Flexible and Bendable: passes 100,000 cycles at 3mm bend radius
Data Courtesy Nissha PrinKng Co.
23 DOE SSL R&D Workshop 2015
Flexible Transparent OPV Modules with Silver Nanowires
24 DOE SSL R&D Workshop 2015
Summary
• ClearOhm adopted as the transparent conductor of choice by leading touch panel makers
• ClearOhm enables cost effective production of OLED’s – Large size tiles without metal grids eliminates process steps
– Printing eliminates etching
• Improved performance and scalability for manufacting – Wider process window enables scaling to G5/8 or R2R production
– Control and design freedom to improve light extraction
• ClearOhm enables key differentiating features for OLED lighting – Flexible, formable and transparent devices
• Available in large volumes to support production
25 DOE SSL R&D Workshop 2015
Thank You
Cambrios ConfidenKal
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