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THE HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
SHUBHAM YADAV
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The Human Reproductive
System The gonads-testes and ovaries-are
endocrine glands that secrete sexhormones. However, the primaryfunction of the gonads is not to producehormones but to produce and store
gametes-sperm and eggs.
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Objectives:
1. Identify the major structures of themale and female reproductive system.2. Describe the function of eachstructure of the male and female
reproductive system.
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Reproductive System The Reproductive System, unlike other
systems we have studied, IS NOT ESSENTIAL
to the survival of an INDIVIDUAL. What the Reproductive System is important
to is the Survival of theSPECIES. Reproduction is absolutelyessential to the continuation of theSPECIESSOME OF US MUST REPRODUCE!
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Review The ways in which the Gametes are
released make possible the fusion ofSperm (Male Gametes) and Egg(Female Gametes) in the process ofFERTILIZATION. From a Fertilized
Egg, or ZYGOTE, come all the cells in ahuman body.
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SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT For the First SIX Weeks after
fertilization, human male and femaleEmbryos are Identical in appearance.
During the SEVENTH Week ofdevelopment, major changes occur:
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7th week changes: A. The TESTES, which are the PRIMARY Reproductive Organs
of a MALE, begin to produce Steroid Hormones (Sex) known asANDROGENS. The tissue of the Embryo responds to thesehormones by developing into the MALE REPRODUCTIVEORGANS.
B. The OVARIES, or the PRIMARY Reproductive Organs ofa FEMALE Embryo, produce Steroid Hormones (Sex) known asESTROGENS. The tissue of the Embryo responds to thesehormones by developing into the FEMALE REPRODUCTIVEORGANS.
. Neither Testes or Ovaries are capable of producing ActiveReproductive Cells (GAMETES) until PUBERTY.
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Male Reproductive System
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THE MALEREPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM 1. Males begin to produce Sperm during Puberty, the
adolescent stage of development when changes inthe body make reproduction possible.
2. At this time, the concentration of the hormoneTestosterone is high enough to stimulate spermproduction. Testosterone is the Main Androgen (MaleSex Hormone) produced by the Testes.
3. TheTE
STE
S develop within the AbdominalCavity, just before birth the Testes descend througha canal into an EXTERNAL SAC called theSCROTUM.
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Male Reproductive System 4. The Testes (two egg-shaped
structures) remain in the Scrotum,outside the body, where thetemperature is about 3 degrees CCooler than the body internal
temperature (27 degrees C). 5. Sperm development in the Testes
Requires the Lower Temperature.
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Male Reproductive System
6. The Testes are clusters of hundreds of Tiny Tubules calledSEMINIFEROUS (sehm-uh-NIHF-er-uhs)TUBULES, whichmeans "SEED BEARING". Sperm Form through Meiosis in thespecialized lining of this extensive network of tubules.
7. As the Pituitary Gland begins to release FSH and LH, theseHormones stimulate the Testes to make the PRINCIPAL MALESEX HORMONE TESTOSTERONE.
8. Cells that respond to Testosterone are found all over thebody.
9. Testosterone produces a number of SECONDARY SEX
CHARACTERISTICS that appear in Males at Puberty VoiceDeepens, Beard Grows, and Body Hair.
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Male Reproductive System 10. FSH and Testosterone stimulate the
development of Sperm. When largenumbers of sperm have been producedin the Testes, the development processof Puberty is completed - THE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IS NOWFUNCTIONAL.
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Sperm Development
1. Sperm are derived from Special Cells within the Testes thatgo through the process of MEIOSIS to form HAPLOID NUCLEIfound in Mature Sperm. The Chromosome number drops from46 to 23, Four sperm cells result from each cell that beginsmeiosis.
2. A Mature Sperm consists ofTHREERegions: A. HEAD - which contains the Nucleus (The 23
Chromosomes) and enzymes that help the sperm penetrate theprotective layers that surround and Egg Cell.
B. MID PIECE - packed with energy releasing Mitochondria(Energy Source). The Mitochondria supply the energy that isrequired for sperm to reach an Egg.
C. TAIL Consists of a Single, Powerful FLAGELLUM thatpropels the Sperm.
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Male Reproductive System 4. Although most Sperm remain stored in each
Epididymis, some leave the Epididymis and pass intothrough the VAS DEFERENS, a duct that extends
from the Epididymis. 5. Each Vas Deferens enters the Abdominal Cavity,
where it loops around the Urinary Bladder andmerges with the Urethra. In a Male, both Urine andSperm exit the body through the Urethra.
6. In the Urethra, Sperm Mix with Fluids that aresecreted by Three Exocrine Glands- the SeminalVesicles, Bulbourethral Glands, and the ProstateGland- to produce SEMINAL FLUID -which Protectsand Nourishes the Sperm.
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Male Reproductive System THE COMBINATION OF SPERM AND SEMINAL
FLUID IS KNOWN AS SEMEN
BETWEEN 100 AND 200 MILLION SPERM AREPRESENT IN 1 milliliter OF SEMEN OR ABOUT5 MILLION SPERM PER DROP!
The Penis is the Male Reproductive Organthat makes it possible for Sperm to bedelivered to the body of the Female.
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Male Reproductive System 300 - 400 million Sperm are released in the
Reproductive Tract of a Female during a
single Ejaculation; the chances of a SingleSperm Fertilizing and Ovum (Egg OR FemaleGamete), if one is available, are quit GOOD
Most sperm are Killed by the Acidic
Environment of the Female ReproductiveTrack. Only a few Sperm reach the site ofFertilization.
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Female Reproductive System The Ovaries are located in the Lower
Abdominal Cavity; the Ovaries USUALLY
produce only ONE EGG or OVUM per month. In addition to producing eggs, the female
reproductive system has another importantjob to perform - EACH TIME AN EGG IS
RELEASED, THE BODY MUST BE PREPAREDTO NOURISH A DEVELOPING EMBRYO.
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Female Reproductive System Puberty in females starts with changes in the
Hypothalamus that causes the release of FSH and LHfrom the Pituitary Gland.
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) stimulates cellswithin the Ovaries to produce the HormoneESTROGEN.
Estrogen causes the reproductive system to complete
its development, and also produce SECONDARY SEXCHARACTERISTICS - Enlargement of Breast andReproductive Organs, Widening of the Hips, andgrowth of Body Hair.
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Female Reproductive System Each Ovary contains about 400,000
PRIMARY FOLLICLES, which are clusters of
cells surrounding a single ovum (egg). 2. During her lifetime fewer than 500 Ova
(Eggs) will actually be released, averagingone egg about every 28 days.
When a Follicle has completely matured, theOvum (Egg) is released. THIS PROCESS ISCALLED OVULATION
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Female Reproductive System If TWO Eggs mature, Fraternal, or Non
Identical Twins may result.
Ovulation begins at Puberty and USUALLYcontinues until a female is in her late forties,when MENOPAUSE occurs.
During Ovulation the Follicle literally ruptures,
and the Ovum is swept from the Ovary intoone of the TWO FALLOPIAN TUBES. TheFallopian Tubes provide a way for an egg totravel from the Ovary to the Uterus.
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Female Reproductive System
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Female Reproductive System IT IS DURING ITS JOURNEY THROUGH THE
FALLOPIAN TUBE THAT AN EGG CAN BE
FERTILIZED. An Egg must be fertilized within48 hours of its release - after that, the eggbegins to break down. Unfertilized eggsdissolve in the Uterus.
After a FEW DAYS, the Ovum passes from theFallopian Tube into the UTERUS
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Female Reproductive System Leading from the Uterus (CERVIX) to
the outside of the body is a musculartube called the VAGINA or Birth Canal.
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Menstrual Cycle THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE IS THE SERIES OF
CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN THE UTERUS
EACH MONTH. The Menstrual Cycle has FOURStages: THEFOLLICULAR PHASE, OVULATION,THELUTEAL PHASE AND MENSTRUATION
These Stages are Regulated by the Hormonesof the Endocrine System
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Menstrual Cycle During the 1st Stage-THEFOLLICULAR
PHASE, the Egg Matures, and the Lining of
the Uterus GROWS THICKER, many tinyBlood Vessels grow into the thickened lining,in preparation for receiving a Fertilized Egg.
The development of an Egg in this stage of
the Cycle takes about 14 DAYS
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Menstrual Cycle The 2nd Stage, OVULATION, the
shortest phase in the Cycle (3-4 DAYS),
is the release of an egg from a rupturedfollicle. Following Ovulation, an egg isswept into a fallopian tube, where ittravels toward the uterus awaiting
fertilization. The Egg has enoughstored nutrients to survive about 48hours.
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Menstrual Cycle The 3rd Stage, LUTEAL PHASE, lasts
about 14 Days, the Cells of the
Ruptured Follicle grow larger and fill thecavity, forming a New Structure called aCORPUS LUTEUM. The Corpus Luteumbegins to secrete large amounts of
PROGESTERONE and ESTROGEN. TheIncrease levels cause the PituitaryGland to stop Secreting LH and FSH.
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Menstrual Cycle Progesterone causes the lining of the Uterus to
become even thicker
The Lining is prepared to receive the Embryo four orfive days after the Egg is released from the Ovary.
An Embryo that settles into the lining of the uterus,the Corpus Luteum continues to release Hormonesthat causes the Uterus to maintain its thickened
lining. Most of the time, no embryo arrives, and the Corpus
Luteum begins to produce Less and Less Estrogenand Progesterone
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Menstrual Cycle The Decrease in Levels of Estrogen and
Progesterone causes the Blood Vessels in the
uterine lining to begin closing and then Break. The Cells of the Uterine lining DO NOT
receive adequate blood supply and comeloose from the inside of the uterus
The mixture of Blood and the Cells that madeup the lining of the uterus is calledMENSTRUAL FLUID.
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Menstrual Cycle The passage of this Fluid through the Vagina
and out of the body is called
MENSTRUATION ORTHE MENSTRUALPERIOD THE LAST STAGE. IT USUALLYLASTS FROM THREE TO SEVEN DAYS. At theend of the Period, a NEW Cycle Begins- THE
FOLLICULAR PHASE. The AVERAGE Menstrual Cycle is 28 DAYS
LONG.
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Menstrual PeriodAlmost ALL Women START their
Menstrual Period 14 DAYS AFTER
Ovulation occurs.
The length of the First stage of thecycle, the period when the Follicle is
growing, DIFFERS from women towomen.
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