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Sewage sludge – nutrient-rich fertilizer or
hazardous waste?Kohtla-Järve
27th April, 2010
Lembit Nei and Egge Haiba Tallinn University of Technology
Merike Lillenberg Estonian University of Life SciencesKarin Kipper and Koit Herodes
Tartu University
Tartu College
Tartu College
Our first students in
2005
Introduction (1)
The amount of sewage sludge increases all over the world
Sewage sludge compost may be used as a fertilizer. Heavy metals, E. coil and helmints’ eggs are of concern.
Sludge contains traces of several pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics
Maximum residue limit for pharmaceuticals in manure is 100 μg/kg and 10 or 1 μg/kg in soil.
Introduction (2)
The accumulation of pharmaceuticals into plants depends on many factors and mainly on their soil concentrations
No limits have been set for drugs in plant products at present
Even small amounts of antibiotics in everyday food may generate resistant bacteria, provoke allergy and affect the liver
Antibiotics in sewage sludge (1)
Traces of tetracyclines (TCs), fluoroquinolones (FQs) and sulfonamides (SAs) were analyzed from sewage sludge and its compost from two Estonian wastewater treatment plants
Pressurized liquid extraction followed by solid phase extraction and LC-MS analysis method for simultaneous determination of 7 antibiotics in sludge were developed and validated
Antibiotics in sewage sludge (2) Sludge from two sewage treatment plants of Estonian largest cities, Tallinn and Tartu
426
162
3821
6
111 110
3922
40
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
CIP NOR OFL SDM SMX
Tallinn
Tartu
Manure
Soil
μg/L
Samples
FQs and SAs traces and their uptake by lettuce from soil mixed with aqueous solution of pharmaceuticals were analyzed
Lettuce samples after 40 days.
Antibiotics in plants (1) Chromatograms of the analysed antibiotics in lettuce root.
Sulfadimethoxine
Sulfamethoxazole
Norfloxacin
Antibiotics in plants (2)
Ciprofloxacin
Ofloxacin
Antibiotics in plants (3)Antibiotics content in dry lettuce
(μg/kg)
Samplec (soil) [mg/kg] SMX SDM NOR CIP OFL
Roots 10 7830 2050 498 383 454
Leaves 10 446 175 n.d. n.d. 107
Roots 1 400 47 n.d. 53 39
Leaves 1 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 7
Roots 0,5 411 242 155 61 21
Leaves 0,5 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 13
Roots 0,1 103 58 n.d. 79 n.d.
Leaves 0,1 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
Antibiotics in plants (4)
Sulfamethoxazole concentrations in lettuce samples
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Concentration in soil [mg/kg]
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n i
n p
lan
ts [
μg
/kg
]
RootsLeaves
Publications Lillenberg, M.; Yurchenko, S.; Kipper, K.; Herodes, K.; Pihl, V.; Lõhmus, R.; Ivask, M.; Kuu, A. ; Kutti,
S.; Litvin, S. V.; Nei, L. (2010). Presence of fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides in urban sewage sludge and their degradation as a result of composting. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 7(2), 307 - 312.
Lillenberg, M.; Herodes, K.; Kipper, K.; Nei, L. (2010). Plant Uptake of some Pharmaceuticals from Fertilized Soils . Proceedings of 2009 International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, 5p [in press]
Lillenberg, M.; Herodes, K.; Kipper, K; Nei, L. (2010). Fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides in sewage sludge and its compost. In: Abstract book: SETAC Europe 19th Annual Meeting, Seville:, 2010. [in press]
Lillenberg, M.; Yurchenko, S.; Kipper, K.; Herodes, K..; Pihl, V.; Sepp, K.; Lõhmus, R.; Nei, L. (2009). Simultaneous determination of fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides and tetracyclines in sewage sludge by pressurized liquid extraction and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1216, 5949 - 5954.
Nei, L.; Kruusma, J.; Ivask, M.; Kuu, A. (2009). Novel approaches to heavy metals bioindication in soils contaminated by oil shale wastes. Oil Shale, 26(3), 424 - 431.
Kipper, Karin; Lillenberg, Merike; Yurchenko, Sergei; Herodes, Koit; Pihl, Viljar; Sepp, Kalev; Lõhmus, Rünno; Nei, Lembit (2009). Determination of antibiotic residues in sewage sludge by pressurized liquid extraction and LC-ESI-MS. In: Book of Abstracts: 5th Conference by Nordic Separation Sciense Society, 26.-29. Aug., 2009, Tallinn, Estonia. , 2009, 102.
Nei, Lembit; Lillenberg, Merike (2009). Reoveesettest valmistatud komposti peab hoolega kontrollima. . Keskkonnatehnika, 7, 12 - 13.
Lillenberg, Merike; Yurchenko, Sergei; Kipper, Karin; Herodes, Koit; Nei, Lembit (2008). Degradation of antibiotic residues during sewage sludge composting. In: Abstract Book: SETAC North America 29th Annual Meeting, Tampa. , 2008, 197.
Lillenberg, M.; Herodes, K.; Yurchenko, S.; Kipper, K; Sepp, K.; Nei, L. (2008). Antibiotic residues in some fertilizers. In: Abstract Book: SETAC Europe 18th Annual Meeting, Warsaw. , 2008, 79 - 80.
Conclusion
Method for determination of antibiotic residues in plants was developed
Uptake of ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, sulfadimethoxine and sulfamethoxazole was demonstrated in lettuce
Detected levels of the studied pharmaceuticals in leaves were
relatively low if compared to soil concentrations
Concentrations in lettuce roots were 4 to 18 times higher than in leaves
Further studies are needed to determine the uptake of pharmaceuticals by various crop plants
Acknowledgements
Present work was funded: Estonian Environmental Investment Centre Estonian Science Foundation (grant no 7127) Estonian research target project SF 0180058s07
Thank you for your attention!
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