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Session 15 Polities of the Early Middle Ages A review The High Middle Ages Its features. T h e A m e r i c a n U n i v e r s i t y o f R o m e HST 201 - Survey of Western Civilization I. R O M E. Biz e. 500. HRE X. 800. I. 1000. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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T h e A m e r i c a n U n i v e r s i t y o f R o m e HST 201 - Survey of Western Civilization I
Session 15
Polities of the Early Middle Ages
A review
The High Middle Ages
Its features
800
500
1000
1400
Biz e
I
HRE X
OE
1918
R O M E
The Middle Ages: the events
> Constantine’s division of Empire
> Fall of Rome
> Justinian
> Rise of Islam
476/565 800 1300 1453/1492
Early MA > High MA > Late MA
Renaissance < Fall of <
ConstantinopleEnd of 100 <
years war Americas <
“Reconquista” < of Spain Battle of <
Lepanto
Holy Roman Empire
Monasteries
Plagues
Universities
Schism
Romanic architecture >Gothic architecture
age of cathedrals >Rennaissance of Greco-Roman art?
1000
“The Renaissance of the 12thCentury”
>The building of Western Law
>Intercontinental commerce
800
500
1000
1400
I
HRE X
OE
1918
Biz eR O M E
The Byzantine empire
> Its start? Technically, the division of the R empire… Diocletian? Constantine?
> The Roman revival of Justinian, with a twist of Latin in B 527-565> Germanic Lombards conquer the Italy 568> Ascension of emperor Heraclius, fully Greek rulers Defeats the Persians, captures Jerusalem 610-641> Arabs occupy Byzantine territory and attack C 650-717> Anatolia under B rule 717-750> Iconoclastic movement (in the same vein as Islam? Against monasteries…political as well, against pretensions of Charlemagne and Leo III) 700-850> Palace intrigues and complots & strong, regulated administration
based on control over trade, new industries & strategic position
> Stalemate between Arabs and Byzantium 750-950> Russia converts to orthodoxy 911-989 > Successful campaigns against Abbasid rulers & B reconquers most of Syria 950-1000> Annexation of Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia 1015-1025> Schism of the Christian Church (and definite distinction E vs W… importance of B for the W overshadowed) 1054> Seljuk Turks (Ottoman) overrun eastern Byzantine provinces… start of
the defensive state & decline 1071 > Reign of Alexius Comnenus (against Normans, treaty with Turks, Crusade, takes Anatolia but independent crusader
states 1081-1118> First Crusade, Jerusalem (>1187) 1095-1099> Fourth Crusade, capture of C by Venice:
the Latin empire 1204-1261> Fall of Constantinople 1453> Trebizond, last capital of the minuscule Byzantine empire
Constantinople
Trebizond
Constantinople
Trebizond
> Sources of stability: administration of the territories, not succession traditions. Strong trade, at least until 11th c. Important agricultural base, and in the post-roman period presence of a strong base of independent farmers, but then they will be part of large estates (nobles & monasteries).
>Byzantine religion: doctrinal disputes & the sense of “mission” of Byzantines monks. The loss of territories will reinforce this need for a strong religious base. The contact with Islam for example…Iconoclastic controversy
> Byzantine culture: no intellectual freedom in universities (in contrast with Europe)> Byzantium and the Western Christian world
800
500
1000
1400
Biz e
I
HRE X
OE
1918
R O M E
G
Spread of Islam > Expulsion of Muhammad from Mecca (Hijrah) 622> Return of Muhammad to Mecca 630> Death of Muhammad 632> Abu-Bakr becomes caliph 632> Umar becomes caliph 634> Arabs occupy Antioch, Damascus and Jerusalem 636> Arabs reach Persian capital 637> Arabs invade Egypt and then North Africa 646-711> Arabs conquer Persian empire 651> Umayyad dynasty 661-750> Sunni-Shiite schism 661> Arabs invade Spain 711> Arabs defeated at Poitiers by Charles Martel 732> then stopped near Lyons 739> Abbasid dynasty 750> Arabs stopped at Ostia800
Cordoba, Islam, and the cultural hub of Europe
800
500
1000
1400
Biz e
I
OE
1918
G
HRE X
R O M E
The Carolingian empire
> The Rise of the Carolingian Empire 717-814 > Charles Martel becomes mayor of the palace 717> The Carolingians (Charles, Pepin and Carloman) share power with the Merovingian 717-751> Charlemagne succeeds Pepin 768> Charlemagne is crowned Holy Roman emperor 800> Louis the Pious becomes emperor813> Charlemagne dies 814> Division of the empire
How do we interpret the phenomenon of the birth of the HRE? Its formation and rapid division?
The Indian Ocean in Eurasian and African World-Systems before the Sixteenth Century, Philippe Beaujard, Journal of World History, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2005
7th-9th c.
The Indian Ocean in Eurasian and African World-Systems before the Sixteenth Century, Philippe Beaujard, Journal of World History, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2005
1st-3rd c.
MA
B I C
Short revival with J
Gregory I
Birth and strong growth
Creation of the HRE
Muslim Spain
Cordoba
Legacy?
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
In Europe: political systems of the Middle Ages
> Society moved from a world of tribes and chiefdoms - in which rights of property were mainly defined through membership of a kin-group - to a society in which lordship over all land and men was increasingly assumed by state rulers. > A situation typical in an “intermediate” period and normal among the barbarian tribes that were settling the old lands of the Roman empire.> The so-called feudal state of the Middle Ages was an institution that represented a limited territorialization of power, wherein a king's ability to govern and rule his kingdom depended to a large extent on the cooperation of his vassals (p. 65, Elias 1982, 16-17).
> This is NOT the situation that Charlemagne (CtG) will create, but the situation that will develop from one more event of a partition of an empire and the evolution of the MA.
> There is no more striking a demonstration of this process than the dramatic collapse of the Frankish kingdom in the early Middle Ages, when the extended kingdom of Charlemagne disintegrated into a 'mosaic of autonomous duchies and principalities‘. (p.66)
Feudalism
> Political system? Centralized? Decentralized?
> Confrontation Monarchy vs. Nobility?(their different aims and powers)
> Power relations? Allegiance& contract
> Property system? Special land-tenure system?
> European system
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