View
225
Download
1
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
OverviewOverview
Sentence building jargonThe basic types of sentencesWhat NOT to doThe Comma RulesThe Semicolon
Every sentence must have these three things
Every sentence must have these three things
SubjectVerbComplete idea
Grammar TalkGrammar Talk
PhraseClause
A bunch of words with NO subject or verb
A bunch of words with a subject and verb.
Clauses come in many types
Clauses come in many types
Independent Can stand alone. Can be called a sentence.
Dependent Cannot stand alone.Not a sentence because they
DEPEND on an independent clause.
Dependent clauses have specific names depending
on their function
Dependent clauses have specific names depending
on their functionNoun clauses act as nouns.Adjective clauses act as adjectives.
Adverb clauses act as adverbs.
We need to know the grammar talk to use commas and other
punctuation correctly.
We need to know the grammar talk to use commas and other
punctuation correctly.
The comma rules!
How do we use independent and
dependent clauses in sentences?
How do we use independent and
dependent clauses in sentences?There are three
types of sentences.
Do you know their names?
Simple1 independent clause
Simple1 independent clause
The Grand Canyon is in Arizona.It is one of the most visited national parks in the country.
Compound2 or more independent
clauses
Compound2 or more independent
clausesIt is one mile deep, and it is over 200 miles long.
Mario will visit in May, but Erin isn’t going until September.
Complex1 independent clause and
at least 1 dependent clause
Complex1 independent clause and
at least 1 dependent clauseWhile they were there, they hiked a
lot.They had to carry a lot of water
because the temperature reached 100 degrees.
The trail, which was created by Indians, leads to the Colorado River.
Coordinating conjunctions“Little words”
Coordinating conjunctions“Little words”
F A N B O Y S For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, SoThese words are used to combine two things: independent clauses, nouns, or verbs
Use a comma to combine two independent clauses
Subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions
When, while, after, Although, because, since, before, etc.
These words often begin dependent clauses
Use a comma at the end of an introductory clause.
Relative Pronounsaka Adjective Pronouns
Relative Pronounsaka Adjective Pronouns
WhoWhichThat
WhomWhoseWhat
The Most Common Relative Pronouns
The Most Common Relative Pronouns
Who = people onlyWhich = things onlyThat = either
Nelson Mandela, who had been the most widely known figure in the struggle against apartheid, became the first democratically elected president of South Africa.
South Africa, which is located at the southern most region of Africa, has experienced a different history from other nations in Africa due to its early immigration from Europe and the strategic importance of the Cape Sea Route.
No Comma before THATNo Comma before THAT
The country that thrived on the trans-Sahara trade is Guinea-Bissou when it was part of the Mali empire.
Burkina Faso hosts a popular Pan-African film festival that attracts filmmakers from across the continent.
,THAT,THAT
The Republic of Congo, whose capital lies directly on the equator, is 2/3 rainforest.
The diamond mines of Angola, whose value cannot be overestimated, employ thousands.
Whose does not always pertain to people
Whose does not always pertain to people
Conjunctive Adverbs or transition words – “big
words”
Conjunctive Adverbs or transition words – “big
words”therefore, however, consequently, as a result, moreover, furthermore, namely, similarly, on the other hand, overall, in conclusion.
These words are set off on both sides with punctuation.
Transition words can go in the beginning, middle, or
end.
Transition words can go in the beginning, middle, or
end.Therefore, we should review our work frequently.
We should, therefore, review our work frequently.
We should review our work frequently, therefore.
Combining SentencesCombining Sentences
Sentences can only be combined one of two ways:
With comma and a FAN BOYS
OrWith a semicolon
Your turn, then compare
Your turn, then compare
Write four sentences: one simple, one compound, and two
complex (one with a subordinating conjunction and
one with a relative pronoun
The Guide to Grammar and Writing
The Guide to Grammar and Writing
Look at the second oval on the right. Click on the drop down
arrow and choose 170+ Interactive QUIZZES.
Try # 64: Types of Sentences
http://grammar. ccc.commnet.edu/
grammar
Bad (incorrect) sentencesBad (incorrect) sentences
Run-on – 2 independent clauses combined with no punctuation. Also called a fused sentence.
Comma splice – 2 independent clauses combined with only a comma.
Fragment – Not a sentence. Missing a subject, verb or complete idea.
What’s the problem?What’s the problem?
As for African Americans themselves, in Montgomery.
They showed the world that they could organize brilliantly and work courageously to reach their goals.
The old passivity was gone an exuberant new sense of dignity and destiny replaced it.
The news from Greensboro hit home for a whole generation of black students, the pictures on TV of the Greensboro sit-in galvanized many of them into action.
In the first two weeks after Greensboro.
There were sit-ins against segregation laws in fifteen other southern cities, by April, it was seventy-eight cities, and by year’s end, 70,000 people had taken part in demonstrations.
The Guide to Grammar and Writing
The Guide to Grammar and Writing
Look at the second oval on the right. Click on the drop down
arrow and choose 170+ Interactive QUIZZES.
Try # 68: Fragments and Run-ons
http://grammar. ccc.commnet.edu/grammar
The comma rules The comma rules SeriesCompound sentenceIntro word, phrase, clauseExtra info (appositive)QuotesDouble adjectives and Misc.
Every day on the computer I check my email, use PowerPoint, and revise excel sheets.
Using a computer makes my work easier, but I still seem to have a lot to do.
Personally, I couldn’t live without a computer
In the beginning, I had trouble working with the mouse.
Although I’ve learned a lot, I’ve discovered that there’s always more to know about computers.
Mr. Attey, one of the computer teachers, has been very patient working with the students.
The Semicolon has two uses
The Semicolon has two uses
#1To combine two closely related sentences
Access helps to collect and arrange information; it’s a database program.
#2To combine “monster lists”
Last year, Fatima visited Abidjan, Ivory Coast; Conakry, Guinea; Dakar, Senegal; and Nouakchott, Mauritania.
The ColonThe Colon
The colon introduces something: a word, phrase, or even a complete sentence.
It only goes where a period could go.
For exampleFor example
Mikey would only eat one thing for breakfast: Cherrios.
He hated everything: eggs, waffles, juice.
He only made one demand: “Give me Cherrios!”
--The Dash----The Dash--
Sets off items when a comma is inappropriate.
It also adds drama because it draws attention.
For exampleFor example
Michael Jordon – the greatest living basketball player of the world – is my son’s idol.
He was not corrupted by money – unlike many of his contemporaries.
The Guide to Grammar and Writing
The Guide to Grammar and Writing
Look at the second oval on the right. Click on the drop down
arrow and choose 170+ Interactive QUIZZES.
Try # 85: Punctuation
http://grammar. ccc.commnet.edu/grammar
The Guide to Grammar and Writing
The Guide to Grammar and Writing
Look at the bottom left oval. Click on the drop down arrow and choose PowerPoint
Presentations. Review this lesson by studying the following PowerPoint
Presentations: Clauses: Essential Building Blocks, The English House of Commas,
Your Friend the Semicolon, and any others that strike your fancy.
http://grammar. ccc.commnet.edu/grammar
Recommended