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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Current Practice
Bernhard Kohl, MSc
ILF Consulting EngineersHead of ILF branch officeLinz / Austria
Leader of PIARC TC4.2oa unne a e y
. .+43 / 699 / 14 530 158
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Current Practice
on en s o resen a on
n ro uc on
Risk based A roach
Conclusions
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Introduction
a us uo o oa unne a e y(23 rd World Road Congress, Paris 2007)
ynam c eve opmen o me o s an oo s experience, research results and public opinion in many
countries lead to adjustments of regulations and safety
standards there is consensus as regards the necessity of taking an
, but significant differences as regards the methods and
assessment concepts e rec ve on oa unne a e y s e rs s an ar a
international level
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Introduction
c v es:
Several TC 4 working groupsaddress various subjects in their current work
New PIARC reports available in PIARC Virtual Library
http://www.piarc.org/en/technical-reports
Risk Analysis for Road Tunnels
Tools for Tunnel Safet Mana ement Operational Strategies for Emergency Ventilation Human Factors and Road Tunnel Safety Regarding Users
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Introduction
c v es:
Reports in preparation to be presented at the World Road Congress 2011 in Mexico
Improving Safety in Existing Tunnels Good Practice for Road Tunnel Emer enc Exercises Design Fires in Road Tunnels
Fixed Fire Fighting System
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Current Practice
on en s o resen a on
n ro uc on
Risk based A roach
Conclusions
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Principles
as c r nc p e: n egra e pproac
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Principles
eren approac es o roa unne sa e y Prescriptive based approach
if it is designed in line with valid regulations
Specifies particular safety features, actions etc. to be included
Risk based approach
in the design of tunnels, in processes etc. without consideringthe individual characteristics of the tunnel.
a tunnel is safeif it meets predefined risk criteria
allows a structured, harmonized and transparent assessmentof risks for an individual tunnel and the comparison of differentsafety measures coming up with the best additional measures
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n erms o r s re uc on an or cos e ec veness.
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Principles
rescr p ve ase approac
Traditional a roach to tunnel safet :regulations in tunnel design guidelines
xamp es o unne es gn gu e nes a ress ng sa e y aspec s:
German standard RABT 2006 US standard NFPA 502 (2008)
Austrian standards RVS. . , . . , . . French guideline:
Technical Instructions for Safety Dispositions in New Road Tunnels
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Principles
s ase appraoc
What is the purpose of a risk based approach?
to check general consistency of safety planning
to choose betweenalternativesto demonstrate safet in case of deviations from prescriptions
to optimize safety planning in terms of cost-effectivenessa performance based approach for the assessment of safetystandards
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Principles
eren approac es o roa unne sa e y
rescr p ve ase approac an r s ase approac ave o eused as complementary elements of the safety assessment
process.
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Principles
unne sa e y ocumen a on
Includes all safety relevant information of the tunnel Living document Must be updated continously
Design stage
Commissioning stage
Operation stage
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Principle
on en s o sa e y ocumen a on
Description of tunnel infrastructure and access to tunnelDescription of traffic situations, transport of dangerous goodsInformation about tunnel operationS ecific hazard investi ation risk anal sis
Organsiation, ressources for operation and maintenance, system of ee ac o exper ence
Emergency response plan
Evaluation of significant incidents and accidentsEvaluation of safety exercises
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Current Practice
on en s o resen a on
n ro uc on
Risk based A roach
Conclusions
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based Approach
What is Risk Analysis?
A big family of different approaches, methods and complexmo e s com n ng var ous me o o ca componen s or specific taskssystematic analysis of sequences and inter-action effects in potential accidentsthereby identifying weak points in the system and recognising
improvement measuresrisk analysis makes the quantification of
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risks feasible
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based Approach
Risk
Assessment
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based Approach
investigates an overall system in an integrated process, obtaining risk
values for the whole systemInput: Influencing factors
Tunnel length Traffic volume Portion of . . .heavy vehicles
Input: Influencing factors
Tunnel length Traffic volume Portion of . . .heavy vehicles
Modelling of Consequences
Modelling of Consequences
ResultsResults
AbbildungAbbildung
Expected risk value(fatalities/year)
Logical treeinitial event accident scenarios
XRISK s s r u on
(F-N-Curve)
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based Approach
analyses a set of relevant scenarios obtaining information on
frequency/consequences for each individual scenarioSelect
relevantscenarios
Selectrelevantscenarios
Analyse developmentof scenarios
Analyse developmentof scenarios
Investigate effectsand consequences
of scenarios
Investigate effectsand consequences
of scenarios
optimizedesign
optimizedesign
scenario 1scenario 1
scenario 2scenario 2
eg. evacuation
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based Approach
Different types of risk can be addressed in a risk analysis:
Societal risk:harm to a specific group of people
harm to an individual person Economical loss Damage to environment Damage to immaterial values
Focus on societal risk of tunnel users
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based Approach
Societal risk risk indicators:
Expected risk value (EV)long-term average number of statisticall ex ected fatalities
per year 1,00E 01
1,00E+00
agramshows magnitude of
consequences in relationship to1,00E
06
1,00E 05
1,00E 04
1,00E 03
1,00E 02
e r y e a r
the (cumulated) frequency of ahazard
1,00E 11
1,00E 10
1,00E 09
1,00E 08
1,00E 07
1 10 100 1.000 10.000
F r e q u e n c y
/
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Damage [fatalities]
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based Approach
Background to risk evaluation:
Risk analysis scientific process of identification, structuring,quantification of probabilities / consequences of risk
Risk evaluation socio-political process including ethical,political and societal factors
Risk evaluation is strongly influenced by risk perception
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based Approach
Example for a quantitative system based approach:
Frequency analysisFrequency analysis
Logical treeinitial event accident scenarios
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based Approach
Frequency Analysis event tree approach
Initial event accident scenarios
Example for resultingscenario:
- ,HGV, fire (as consequenceof accident)
relative share of accident t esaccident rates
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based Approach
Example for a quantitative system based approach:
Frequency analysisFrequency analysis Consequenceanalysis
Consequenceanalysis
Logical treeinitial event accident scenarios
AbbildungAbbildung
X
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based Approach
Consequence Analysis
Mechanical damage of accidents:a a ase:
accident statistics; tunnel specific influencesare difficult to estimate because
AbbildungeinfgenAbbildungeinfgen
representative tunnel specific accidentstatistics are often not available
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based approach
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based approach
Consequence Analysis
Mechanical damage of accidents:a a ase:accident statistics; tunnel specific influences;difficult to estimate because representative
AbbildungeinfgenAbbildungeinfgen
tunnel specific accident statistics are oftennot available
Consequences of tunnel fires:Many influencing parameters; statistics
requires complex modelling
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based approach
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T h i l C i C 4 R d T l O i
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based approach
Modelling of consequence of tunnel fires in time steps
Fire development Smoke ro a ation influenced b tunnel ventilation initial air
flow in tunnel, detection time, response time of ventilationsystem)
,reaction time, human behaviour, vehicle constellation in tunnel,distribution of people)
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Estimation of consequences
T h i l C i t t C 4 R d T l O t i
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based approach
1st step: Modelling of smoke propagation
Typical smoke distribution for tunnel with longitudinal ventilation
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o n
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based approach
2nd step: Modelling of self rescue of peoplebidirectional tunnel with longitudinal ventilation
Situation after fire break out people start to evacuate
Situation after several minutes: people reach emergency exits
people in
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safe area
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based Approach
provides a description of basic principles and characteristic
presents 6 practical methods and gives recommendations for the useof risk analysis
Contents of Report:
Basic Principles and Practical ApplicationMethodologies for Risk Analysis and Risk Assessment
Presentation of 6 Practical MethodsConclusions
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o n
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o nWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based Approach
demonstrates the practical application of different risk analysis
Austrian Tunnel Risk Model TuRisMoFrance Specific Hazard InvestigationDutch Scenario Analysis for Road TunnelsDutch TUNPRIM ModelItalian Risk Analysis for Road Tunnels
OECD/PIARC DG QRA Model
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o n
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pWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Current Practice
on en s o resen a on
n ro uc on
Risk based A roach
Conclusions
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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C . 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o n
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Wo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y
Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Conclusions
esu s o s or Recommendations for the Practical Use of Risk Analysis
Select the best method available for a specific problem Be aware, that you are using a model, which is a (major)
Use specific data for quantitative methods Risk models inevitably deliver fuzzy results Relative comparison may improve the robustness of conclusions
drawn
Risk analysis should only be performed by experts with sufficientexperience and understanding of the methods they use
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