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Seminar on Renewable Energy Technology implementation in Thailand
Experience transfer from Europe
co-organised by the Delegation of the European Union to Thailand and
the Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, Ministry of Energy
Advanced Technologies for Using Energy Crops,
Waste Water and Manure for Biogas
Jan Stambasky
4th October 2012
Outline
• Biogas in the Bio Based Economy
– Biogas potential
– Biogas in Europe
• Biogas Production
• Biogas Utilization
– Combined heat and power production
– Local biogas grids
– Biomethane production
– Fueling the future
Biogas Among Others
Biogas Potential
Big Potential For The World
Biogas = versatile renewable energy source
Energy utilization
space heating, cooking
local power production
automotive fuel
natural gas substitute
Rural area development
sustainable agriculture
nutrient recovery and soil improvement
securing current jobs, new ‘green’ jobs creation
…this is the potential of biogas
10,9 M toe biogas
production in 2010
Average:
20,5 toe/1000 citizen
> 11.870 biogas plants
30.339 GWh electricity
generation from biogas in
2010 (cca. 2x conventional
nuclear power plant)
RENEXPO, Budapest Source: Biogas Barometer 2011
European Biogas
Current Status
Source: Biogas Barometer 2009
36%
12%
52%
Landfill
Sewage
Agriculture & other
European Biogas
Current Status
European Biogas
Current Status
Biogas plants total
11,869 (74% in Germany)
Biomethane plants
177
Biomethane plants feeding the grid
128 (64% in Germany)
Sewage gas
app. 2965
Source: National biogas associations 2011
Biogas in Germany
Biogas in Germany
Biogas Production
Biomass
Biogas
Digestate
Raw Materials for
Biogas Production I.
Wastes of fruit/vegetable origin
• Fruit processing waste
• Canning industry waste
• Fruit press residues
• Refused grain
Wastes of animal origin
• Manure & Slurry
• Slaughterhouse waste
• Food with expired warranty
• Milk industry wastes
Wastes of human origin
• Sewage sludge
• Communal waste
• Kitchen waste
DRANCO-plant Hengelo (The Netherlands)
Raw Materials for
Biogas Production II.
Industrial by-products
• Sugar beet press cake
• Rapeseed press cake
• Raw glycerine from
biodiesel production
• Stillage from alcohol
production
Energy plants
• Maize silage
• Sweet Sorghum
• Topinambur
• Cup plant
Digestate Utilization
Intention to close the carbon and
the nutrient cycle
Digestate = Valuable Fertilizer
• Organic fertilizer
• NPK fertilizer
Recycling Phosphorus
• Sustainable
management od the
least abundant artificial
fertilizer
Biogas at WWTPs
Biogas at WWTPs
Shanghai Municipal Sewerage Company, 208 tDS/ 1 day
(25 m diameter, 45 m height, 12 300 m3 volume each)
Biogas Utilization
Biomass
Biogas
Digestate
Biogas Utilization
Source: KTBL
Quality Requirements
Application H2O H2S Siloxanes CO2
Heating no <1000 ppm
no no
Cooking no yes no no
CHP no condens.
<500 ppm
yes no
High pressure compression
yes yes no recommended
Fuel and grid quality
yes yes yes yes
Hot fuel cell no condensation
yes yes no
Electricity & Heat (CHP)
Biogas: the grid compensation
Electricity & Heat (CHP)
Advantages of CHP
Production
• Efficiency can be high
– 30 to 43% electric (up to 48% on test sites)
– 30 to 55% heat
– Availability factor over 91% (8000 hours) per year
• Electricity grids are available “everywhere”
• Cost of connection is reasonable
• Biogas is storable on a daily basis
– It can cover daily peaks
• In some regions the local grid may not be strong enough…
• Without heat utilization, the overall efficiency is very poor…
Local Heat Utilization
Local utilization on-site or close to BGS
space heating
offices, workshops
stables (breeding piglets)
greenhouses
sometimes even ponds (fishes)
drying
wood
digestate
agro- products
usually quite limited options
Biogas Plant
An Energy Balance
biomass biogas
Electricity:
460 kWh
1 t 200 m3
1 tone of biomass
=
4 tones of water
20 °C to 100 °C
There is a lot of heat
available!!!
1.44 GJ
District Heating Grids (DHG)
biogas production close to municipality
negotiations with owners
cost intensive (about 100 Euro per 1 m)
heat losses
efficient when connected to an existing DHG
Biogas upgrading
high-tech engineering
very efficient
very cost intensive
tends to large production sites
no world-wide biomethane market (yet)
no world-wide standards (yet)
Remote Energy
Utilization
Local Biogas Grids
(Biogas “Microgrids”)
CHP
CHP
CHP
CHP
Local Biogas Grids
no heat losses
large distances
no limits on locations
quite cheap
(20 Euro per 1 m)
EUSEW, Brussels, 25 March 2010
Local Grid Trebon,
Czech Republic
13
Local Grid Trebon:
Project Location
BGP
SPA Aurora
4,3 km
Local Grid Trebon
Biogas Production
Biogas plant (2009)
12 000 m3/day
CHP on-site
175 kWel
223 kWth
Local Grid Trebon
The Local Grid
Biogas pipeline
Length: 4.4 km
Diameter: 160 mm
Delta P: 40 / 20 kPa
Q: 420 Nm3 BP/h
18 pcs of drainers
Local Grid Trebon:
“bio” Heating Plant
Power plant at local spa
building noise level 36 dB
CHP Jenbacher
844 kWel
843 kWth
heat accumulation 2x 100 m3
16
Local Grid Trebon
Heat Supply
Bioplyn TřeboňLázně Aurora - Diagram trvání tepelného výkonu (2005)
Zemní plyn
642 GJ
Nevyužité teplo
(Rezerv a pro klimatizaci)
2 931 GJ
Zemní plyn
8 124 GJ
Bioplyn
17 286 GJ
990
kW
MWh
tis. m3
Instalovaný el. výkon
Spotřeba ZP kog. a kot.
0
GJ/rok
tis. m3
Výroba elektřiny
Užitečná dodávka
285
5 300
Současný stav
2 x 150
Spotřeba bioplynu 2 500
1 144
703
26 00026 000
Budoucí stav
744kWInstalovaný tep. výkon
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
den
GJ/
den
66%
32%
2%
Aurora spa saves 500 000 m3/a of natural gas
Local Grid Trebon
Economical Details
Economical details
total investments
biogas plant 3.4 M€
biogas pipeline 0.5 M€
heating plant incl. CHP 1.3 M€
operational costs
biomass 583 k€
O&M 300 k€
financing 392 k€
Specific heat supply costs
3.5 GJ.a-1.M€-1
Local Biogas Grids
Role in Europe
Biogas is a precious, high quality energy carrier
thermal power of biogas plants in Europe reaches 2 500 MW
we have 54 000 TJ/a at hand (80% available, 7 500 h/a)
we can easily save 1.5 billion m3/a of natural gas
we can save even more when replacing more nasty fuels
more economic and energy efficient compare to heat transport
less investment intensive compare to biomethane
energy efficiency may be the same, but generally lower
Local biogas grids have a great potential to enhance
the degree of the biogas primary energy utilization,
with extensive savings on fossil fuels on top of it!
Biogas Utilization
Source: KTBL
Quality Requirements
Application H2O H2S Siloxanes CO2
Heating no <1000 ppm
no no
Cooking no yes no no
CHP no condens. <500 ppm
yes no
High pressure compression
yes yes no recommended
Fuel and grid quality
yes yes yes yes
Hot fuel cell no condensation
yes yes no
Biogas Upgrading
Biogas cleaning
Removal of trace impurities from the biogas like
sulphane, ammonia, siloxanes etc.
Removal of water droplets and moisture
Biogas upgrading
Removal of carbon dioxide
Removal of nitrogen in some special cases (landfill gas)
Biomethane
Fully upgraded biogas up to the identical chemical and
physical parameters of natural gas
Suitable for grid injection, or vehicle fuel applications
Biogas Upgrading Principal Technologies
Source: www.biogasmax.eu
Upgrading
Technologies
Physical adsorption
pressure swing adsorption
(PSA)
Absorption in liquids
water scrubbers
glycol-based scrubbers
MEA scrubbers
Membrane separation
based on membrane ultra-
filtration processes
Cryogenic separation
very suitable for getting pure
liquefied streams (LBG, CBG)
Number of Biogas
Upgrading Plants
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
DE SE CH AT NL ES FR UK
47
38
15
6 4 4 3 1
DE – Grid Connection
Annual Increase
Source: Fachverband Biogas, Biogas Journal
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
2 3
7
16 16
Upgrading Technologies
by Number
Source: IWET 2009
38.4%
37.2%
10.5%
8.1%
4.7% 1.2%
PSA
Water scrubbing
Chemical absorb.
Physical absorb.
Membrane
Cryogenic
Biogas Upgrading Units
Upgrading Technologies
by Capacity
Source: IWET 2009
26.9%
56.4%
8.7%
3.8% 1.4% 2.8%
PSA
Water scrubbing
Chemical absorb.
Physical absorb.
Membrane
Cryogenic
Carbotech PSA
Source: Carbotech
Biogas Upgrading Costs
Size Matters!
Source: Frauenhofer
UMSICHT 2008
Biomethane Production
Facility Göteborg
• Göteborg Energi
• PURAC Chemical
absorbtion
• 2007
• 900 Nm3/hour raw
gas capacity
BMC Technology
MT-Energie GmbH
Biogas Upgrading
Indicative Numbers
Capacity range: 60 – 5.500 Nm3/hour raw biogas
Methane loss: < 0,1 – 3,0 %
Investment: 1,2 – 1,5 M EUR (1.000 Nm3/hour raw gas)
0,5 – 0,8 M EUR (250 Nm3/hour raw gas)
Upgrading costs: 7 – 13 EUR/MWh (1.000 Nm3/hour)
13 – 17 EUR/MWh (250 Nm3/hour)
Electricity
consumption: 0,12 – 0,3 kWh/Nm3 raw gas
Source: Biogas Journal; www.biogasmax.eu
Biomethane In Europe
> 177 biomethane producing units
Injection into natural gas grid in > 9 countries
(AT, FR, DE, LX, NL, NR, SE, CH, UK)
Biomethane used as vehicle fuel in > 5 countries
(SE, FR, CH, DE, AT)
Limitation on grid injection for bimethane produced from landfill and
sewage gas in several countries (e.g. AT, FR, DE, CH)
Rapid development on its way
» Technologies becoming more efficient,
» Small-scale solutions evolving,
» Number of grid connection points increasing,
» Number of CNG vehicles resp. gas fuelling stations growing
Biogas from sewage sludge upgraded to grid quality – Didcot/Oxfordshire
Which Way To Go ?
First off all: consult the experts, rely on their knowledge and
experience
1. Integrate your biogas plant into the local agricultural
environment – source and consumption in one place =
decentralised energy supply, local biogas grids
2. If source and consumption can not be locally united:
1. go to grid
2. One more (probably the best) option: produce motor
fuel for local/regional consumption
Biogas Utilization
Source: KTBL
Why Fuel?
Biomethane has very low emissions
Car engines are less noisy
No distribution infrastructure is needed, grids are available
Biomethane can be blended with natural gas at any ratio
For long transport distances, trains, ships LBG/LNG is
available
WWTP Fuels Cars
BIOGASMAX Examples
Source: www.biogasmax.eu
Certain Political Will
is Needed
Stockholm has decided to treat 35% of the municipal organic waste in a biological way by 2010
Lille aims to feed the Organic Recovery Centre with the source-separated household organic waste issued from 50% of the citizens
Linköping has set up a “pay-as-you-through” fee for household waste collection (encourages source separation)
Rome decided to develop the source-separated biowaste collection in various types of housing areas
Göteborg has developed the Biogas Väst cooperation project: new industry development, fueling 20% of the road transport by 2020
Source: www.biogasmax.eu
GHG Reduction
Biogas Highway
Göteborg - Stockholm
500 km
12 biomethane
fuelling stations
Live Cycle
Optimization
Use of Co-substrates in Bern, biogas production increased by 21% through adding biowaste substrates with high energy content
Distribution and transport:
Grid Injection:
Bern, Göteborg
Local Pipes:
Falkoping, Stockholm
Storage tanks:
Lille
Mobile storage:
Stockholm-Vasteras
Going Off-Grid
What to do if there is no local grid available?
AGA Concept
Fueling the Future
Audi A4 226 mph 2009
Seminar on Renewable Energy Technology implementation in Thailand
Experience transfer from Europe
co-organised by the Delegation of the European Union to Thailand and
the Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, Ministry of Energy
Advanced Technologies for Using Energy Crops,
Waste Water and Manure for Biogas
Jan Stambasky
4th October 2012
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