Segregation and part-time work: Obstacles to adequate employment:

FENICs

Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts

Segregation and part-time work:

Obstacles to adequate employment:

Stephanie Steinmetz (ssteinmetz@mail.com)

Johann Handl (jhandl@phil.uni-erlangen.de)

Institute of Sociology,

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU) ,Germany

February 2003

FENICs

Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts

„Segregation“ in the European and Scientific Context

• Political Argument:

The EU focused on various „gender gaps“:

Sex-specific occupational segregation

important reason for the wage-gap and women‘s lower occupational status.

• Scientific Argument: Various problems as to the quality of data:

Debate on the question of measurement no agreement about the amount of occupational segregation and their historical change over time.

FENICs

Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts

Theoretical and Methodological Concept

Theoretical concept measured by…used classification

“Segregation": generic term which includes the aspects of…

Sex-typing of occupations

Standardised Index of Dissimilarity (DST)

ISCO88 3-digit

Sex-specific occupational chances

Index of Dissimilarity (D) ISCO88 3-digit

Sex-specific inequalities

Aritmethic mean, variances ISEI 3-digit

Used data-set: European Labour Force Survey (ELFS) for the years 1992-2000.Central variables: “hww”, "country", "sex", “education”, “ISCO88”, “ISEI”.

FENICs

Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts

Correlation between Dst und D Country-Typology 2000

Regessionslinie

R2 = 0,26

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

58

60

62

42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62

Dst (%)

D (

%)

ITGR

ESPT

NLLU

BE

FI

SE

UKFRDE

mean Dst

mean DAT

IEDK

Source: ELFS, Zig-DHT4, own calculations

FENICs

Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts

Main hypotheses concerning the influence of different variables on the level of sex-typing and the occupational

status of employees

• A reduction of working time increases the tendency to work in a „female-dominated“ occupation and reduces the attained occupational status.

• The tendencies described above can also be expected when the educational level is reduced.

• Both of these tendencies are strengthened for women (interaction effects).

FENICs

Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts

Main effects on the tendency to work in a „female-dominated“ occupation; ES, DE, UK and SE; 2000

-0,5

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

Spain Germany UK Sweden

Part-timeSex

ESDE

SE

UK

DE

DE

ES

UK

SE

Marginal-time Edu med. Edu low

UK

ES ES

SESE

SE

DE

DE

ES

UK

UK

Source: ELFS, Zig-DHT4, own calculations

FENICs

Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts

Main- and interaction effects on the tendency to work in a „female-dominated“ occupation; DE and ES; 2000

-0,5

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

GermanyME GermanyIE SpainME SpainIE

DE/IE

DE/ME

ES/IE

ES/ME

Part-timeSex Marginal-time Edu med. Edu low

Source: ELFS, Zig-DHT4, own calculations

FENICs

Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts

Differences in occupational status of female working time groups in seven EU-Countries 2000: ISEI3 (arithm. mean)

Source: ELFS, Zig-DHT4, own calculations

25

30

35

40

45

50

55IT

DE

ES

FRNL

UK

SE

marginal-time part-time full-time total

FENICs

Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts

Main Results I

• Dimension of sex-typing:Part- and marginal-time: In all countries the tendency to work in a „typical“ female occupation is strengthened (except of SE for marginal-time).

Educational level: Division between countries: A reduction in education increases the tendency to work in a „typical“ female occupation in UK and DE, whereas education has nearly no effect in ES and SE.

Sex: In all countries women tend to be more employed in „typical“ female occupations. The interaction effects increase the tendency described above (except of SE and UK for marginal-time)

FENICs

Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts

Main Results II

• Dimension of sex-specific inequalities:

Part-time: Differentiation between countries: The average

status of female part-timers is close to that of female full-time

workers in DE, ES, FR and NL, whereas big differences exist

between the status of female part- and full-time work in UK

and SE.

Marginal-time: leads in all countries to the lowest

occupational status of women.