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BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE: A NEW NAME OR THE FUTURE OF DSS?
The ISDSS meetings began in 1991, 12 years ago. Over the years, the focus,
rightly, has been on supporting individuals and groups in making decisions,
taking new developments into account. In 1997, in Laussane, for example, I
talked about “Data Warehouses, OLAP, Data Mining, and the New DSS”.
Decision support systems, themselves, go back to the late 1960’s when people
started moving past transactions and MIS, to consider how we should support
the top of the organization. Our early efforts involved such things as the
assumption that managers would use Iverson notation to write their own
systems. Later we recognized that top decision makers would not spend their
valuable time actually writing programs.
By 1982 we had Sprague and Carlson’s (Sprague and Carlson, 1982) insight that
DSS consists of three components:
the (analytic) model
the database
the human interface
where the model was supported at the input by the data and at the output by the
human interface.
We also began to realize that for managers, the modeling and analysis was too
tough and that they had neither the time nor the interest to actually do modeling.
So we changed the paradigm. Managers would use a simplified version of the
DSS that gave them outputs from the data – we called them Executive
Information Systems (EIS) – that consisted mostly of pretty pictures plus some
drilldown capability. As Jack Rockart, I believe, said, senior executives used EIS
to find problems and then told their analysts to use DSS to solve them.
1
EISs were the 1980’s. By the early 1990’s it became clear that DSS groups are
very good at analysis and interface, but generally were deficient in the database
area. Fortunately, in the early 1990’s, data warehouses with their clean, single
truth form of data came along and the buzzword was OLAP, a good name for a
racehorse, but really standing for on-line data processing.
An entire industry was built around these variations on a theme. Vendors
ranging in name from Brio to SAS each doing multimillion dollars in business
each year came on the scene, and some even survive today.
The purpose of this brief retelling of history is not to make you nostalgic for the
past, but to indicate that, over the years, DSS assumed many forms, changing
with both the technology and our understanding of managerial work and work
patterns. Moreover the buzzwords changed. The vendors changed what they
produced very slowly, always claiming they had the latest, whether they did or
not. I recall one firm turning out a 24 page brochure on their executive
information system one year and then turning out a 28 page brochure the next
year telling everyone that they supported OLAP. Of course, their product was
identical from year to year. if you read both brochures, you saw that nothing had
changed. The original 24 pages were reused and a claim was added that they
supported OLAP,
As we go into the early 2000’s, the same situation obtains. We have two “new”1
buzzwords:
Business intelligence
Competitive intelligence
And in recent months, the term “Business Process Management” has come to
the fore. A new buzzword, it looks at developing metrics on how well a business
is performing.
1 The term business intelligence goes back to 1989, when it was coined by the Gartner Group
2
which the same vendors are now selling as their prime product rather than DSS,
EIS, or OLAP but, when we look under the hood, most of the outputs look the
same.
At one level, they are selling something new. At another, it is just an update of
what you and I have called DSS over the last 30 to 35 years.
Let me begin this discussion of what business intelligence is with an interesting,
but discouraging piece of data. When I searched the academic literature for
business intelligence, I had a hard time finding academic publications.
I checked the latest three books on DSS in my library and I found only one, Dan
Power (2002) , who mentioned Business Intelligence, and even that is brief.
Power, however, makes the important distinction that business intelligence is a
form of Data-Driven DSS as distinguished from seven other types of DSS.2
Analyzing business intelligence products and practice shows that existing
systems are broader than data-driven but that data-driven use dominates.
In terms of academic literature, the number of articles is few. Examples of the
references found are shown in Table 1. Of the ten references in the table, eight
deal with competitive intelligence, a branch of BI. One of the eight (Rouibah and
Old-Ali) deals with competitive intelligence even though it uses business
intelligence in its title
Table 1. Academic Articles on Business Intelligence and Competitive Intelligence
Cody et. al.(2002)
Hall (200)
Markus and Lee (2000)
Powell and Bradford (2000)
Rouach and Santi (2000)
Rouibah and Ould-ali (2002)
Teo and Choo (2001)
Vedder and Guynes (2002)
Wiggins (2001)
Weir (2001)
2 Powers’ complete list includes 10 types of DSS: (1) data-driven, (2) model-driven, (3) knowledge-driven,(4) document-driven, (5) communications-driven and group, (6) inter- and intraorganizational, (7 general purpose or function-specific, and (8) web-based.
3
Thus, although the vendors are pushing it and trade magazines such as
Intelligent Enterprise and DM Review are full of it, business intelligence seems to
have flown under our radar as academics.
My remarks, therefore, are based principally on what is in the trade literature so
that you can gain a picture of what practice is doing and to urge you to do
research that moves forward from where industry is
The purpose of my talk therefore is to tell you what the shouting is all about and
to help you to decide whether business intelligence is simply a new name, a
repackaging if you will of DSS in a more appealing wrapper, or whether it
represents the true future of DSS.
WHAT IS BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE
Whereas many of our previous efforts were focused on the decision and how it is
made, over the years we have come to realize that our real contribution comes
from creating the knowledge climate in which decisions can be made. As a
group we are analysts at heart—trying to find out what the situation is and
presenting it to people who make the choice. Thus, we create knowledge – both
about our own firm and about our competition. That knowledge is intelligence
about where we have been, where we are, where our competitors are, and most
important about where things are moving in our firm, in our competitors, and in
the global business and government that is our environment.
We use the following as a working definition of business intelligence systems:
Business Intelligence systems combine data gathering, data storage, and
knowledge management with analytical tools to present complex corporate and
4
competitive information to planners and decision makers. The objective is to
improve the timeliness and quality of the input to the decision process
Implicit in this definition is the idea (perhaps the ideal) that business intelligence
systems provide
-actionable information and knowledge
-at the right time
-in the right location, and
-in the right form.
Sometimes business intelligence refers to on-line decision making. Most of the
time, it refers to shrinking the information time window so that the intelligence is
still useful to the decision maker when the decision time comes. In all cases,
business intelligence is viewed as being proactive.
SO WHAT IS NEW?
Two fundamental sea changes have occurred:
(1) in the technology and
(2) in the DSS process.
Let’s begin with the essential components of proactive BI( Langseth and Vivatrat,
2003).
1. real-time data warehousing,
2. data mining
3. automated anomaly and exception detection,
4. proactive alerting with automatic recipient determination,
5
5. seamless follow-through workflow,
6. automatic learning and refinement
7. geographic information systems (Sidebar 1)
8. data visualization (Sidebar 2)
When you look at these enhancements you see that they are the result of
advances in technology. For example,
-the data warehouse with its single truth,
-data mining which lets the data tell you rather than requiring you have a
hypothesis
-automatic tasks previously done manually or by face-to-face interaction,
-AI-based tasks using bots
These advances are not just incremental, they are step increases and they
change what can be done.
SIDEBAR 1
A TECHNOLOGY FOR BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE:
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)
In the narrow sense, a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a software
package that links databases and electronic maps. At a more general levels, the
term GIS refers to the capability for analyzing spatial phenomena. These
systems are an important business intelligence tool for exploiting the increasing
amount of two (and more) dimensional data available in a form that can be
understood by analysts and managers.
6
In addition to collecting, storing, and retrieving spatial location data, GIS are used
to identify locations which meet specified criteria (e.g., for new store location),
exploring relations among data sets, assessing alternatives and aiding in
decision making, and displaying elected environments both visually and
numerically. In practice, a GIS consists of a series of layers, each presenting a
particular two-dimensional feature, that can be superimposed accurately on top
of one another. Some examples:
a marketing group overlays customer locations, school locations,
distribution centers and existing retailers selling their own and/or their
competitors products.
A telecommunications company selects the number and location of
switching centers and routes in a communication network. The system
displays such quantitites as traffic, costs, and transmission times. Users
can redefine the network on the screen, can create multiple views, see the
effect of ‘what if’ changes and new data because the system re-computes
for each change, take constraints into account, and see where the
proposed solution fails to meet criteria.
SIDEBAR 2
A TECHNOLOGY FOR BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE:
VISUALIZATION
With the flood of data available from information systems, business intelligence
analysts and decision-makers need to make sense out of the knowledge it
contains. Visualization is the process of representing data as visual images.
Unlike Geographic Information Systems which typically deal with physical
7
spaces, the underlying data could, for example, represent abstract objects, such
as profit, sales, or cost. If the data is abstract, then a visual analog must be
created. And visual analogs today go far beyond the pie chart and the bar chart
(Tegarden 1999).
Visualization has been used to create advanced dashboard in which large
amounts of information are presented on a single screen. Visualization allows:
Exploiting the human visual system to extract information from data,
Provides an overview of complex data sets,
Identifies structure, patterns, trends, anomalies, and relationships in data,
Assists in identifying the areas of "interest"
That is, visualization allows BI analysts to use their natural spatial/visual abilities
to determine where further exploration should be done and where action is
required. .
Visualization technologies already have been deployed in finance, litigation,
marketing, manufacturing, training, and organizational modeling
BI is also a process that involves humans and how they act, and much research
still needs to be done here. In simple terms, to obtain high-impact analysis
(Morris, 2003) you have to:
1. Recognize the application imperative and focus on an important business
issue.
2. Individualize intelligence to each person who makes decisions
3. Build discipline in the decision making processes
4. Recognize new skills are required for knowledge workers
8
5. Deal with the complexity of closed loop, adaptive systems
Sidebar 3 is a case example of the use of technology and the use of process for
BI. It involves two DSS companies whose names should be familiar to you.
9
SIDEBAR 3
EXAMPLE OF USING BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE FOR AN ACQUISITION
An example of using BI is the acquisition of Execucom of Austin TX by Comshare
of Ann Arbor, MI several years ago. Both firms were arch competitors in
developing and selling 4th generation languages, which are standard business
intelligence products. The President of Comshare at the time, Crandall by name,
used a service that monitored newspaper articles about specific competitors.
One day his screen showed an article that reported an interview with Execucom’s
Chairman, Anderson, in the Austin newspaper in which Anderson unburdened
himself. Anderson discussed the miserable relation between his company and
its owner, a firm in an adjacent state in a different business who had acquired
Execucom to get into the computer business but which, he said, did not
understand what Execucom did. Reading the way Anderson unburdened himself
to the reporter, Crandall recognized that Execucomm could be bought, probably
relatively cheaply. The acquisition would eliminate a major competitor, broaden
Comshare’s product line, and perhaps most important, move a cadre of very
smart people into Comshare. Acting on this intelligence information, Comshare
bought Execucom.
Although the business intelligence led to the acquisition, the end result was
ironic. Comshare rapidly stripped the Austin operation, moved key personnel to
Ann Arbor, and a couple of years later closed down Execucom’s premier product
in favor of its own. Lesson: Good intelligence may not lead to good decisions in
the long term.
10
WHAT DO FIRM’S USE BI FOR?
A survey by the Gartner Group (Imhoffe, 2003) of the strategic uses of
business intelligence, found these uses were ranked by firms in the following
order:
1. Corporate performance management
2. Optimizing customer relations, monitoring business activity, and
traditional decision support.
3. Packaged standalone BI applications for specific operations or
strategies
4. Management reporting of business intelligence.
One implication of this ranking is that ordinary reports about a firm’s
performance and that of competitors, which is the strength of many existing
software packages, is not enough. Extensive analysis is required.
A second implication is that too many firms still view business intelligence
(like DSS and EIS before it) as an inward looking function.
SIDEBAR 4
BI APPLICATIONS
The following examples come out of the special case of business process
management. The data are not publicly available yet, so the company names are
disguised.
A company that provides natural gas to homes created a dashboard that
supports operational performance metric management and allows real time
decision making. In one application of the dashboard, the number of repeat
repair calls was reduced, resulting in a saving of $1.3 million
11
At a large member-owned distributor to hardware stores, using a dashboard
reduced the amount of inventory that must be liquidated or sold as a loss leader
from $60 million to $10 million. Their BI system also allows their member stores
to see their own performance relative to similar stores.
The foregoing examples deal with the special BI case of Business Process
Management. Because the data are not yet publicly available,
the company names are disguised.
RETURN ON INVESTMENTS
Like most information systems, BI up-front costs are high as is upkeep.
Unfortunately, although reductions in information systems costs from business
intelligence efficiencies can be forecast, the IT savings are only a small portion of
the payoff, which comes from the opportunities seized and the difficulties
avoided. It is rare for a BI system to pay for itself through cost reductions.
Costs.
Most firms do some form of business intelligence, although only a few have
complete BI systems. Putting a BI system in place from scratch includes costs of
additional hardware and large amounts of software. In addition to buying a BI
software package, external data needs to be paid for and often a dependent data
mart specifically for Business Intelligence is established. And then, of course,
there are the costs of the analysts and their support staff, the maintenance and
update of hardware and software, and the time spent by the user community
reading and thinking about the outputs of BI.
Benefits.
12
Most BI benefits are soft. The hope is that a good BI system will lead to a
“big bang” return at some time in the future. However, it is not possible to
forecast big bangs because they are fortuitous and infrequent.
Despite the softness of the benefits, companies are willing to invest
because they need to understand what their business and their competitors
business is about.
One indicator that firms believe the benefits are worth it is the shift from
providing BI for specialists to providing BI for the masses of employees as a way
of closing the gap between operations and analysis. Established analytic
practice, especially with online analytic processing (OLAP) typically involves a
solitary user exploring data in what’s usually a one-off experience (Russom,
2003). Decisions are made at many organizational levels not just the executive
level, the emergence of new analytic tools purports “BI for the masses”. Rolling
out BI tools like data mining to the masses has shown improvement (McKnight
2003). Examples of large deployments include deploying BI tools to 70,000 at
France Telecom, 50,000 users at US Military Health System, and to several other
firms at the 20,000 user level (Schauer 2003).
COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE
Competitive intelligence (CI) is a specialized branch of Business
Intelligence. It is “no more sinister than keeping your eye on the other guy, albeit
secretly” (Imhoff, 2003). A more formal definition is given by the Society of
Competitive Intelligence Professionals (http://www.SCIP.org 3) Yes, there is such a
society!
SCIP’s Definition:
Competititve Intelligence is a systematic and ethical program for
gathering, analyzing and managing external information that can affect your
company’s plans, decisions and operations.
3 http://www.scip.org/ci/ “What is CI?”
13
In other words, CI is the process of ensuring marketplace competitiveness
through a greater understanding of competitors and the overall competitive
environment. “You can use whatever you find in the public domain to ensure that
you will not be surprised by your competitors.” (Imhoff 2003).
SIDEBAR 5
EXAMPLES OF COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS
*Texas Instruments made a $100 million acquisition based on their
knowledge of a competitions potential bid, (Lavelle, (2001)).
* Merck & company developed a counter strategy to its competitor’s forth-
coming product based on competitive intelligence reports, a savings of $200
million, (Imhoffe, 2003)
* Illuminet, a company that delivers advanced network, data base, and billing
services, stayed a step ahead by using a vendor (QL2 software) to retrieve
information posted on their competitors web sites (Moores, 2002)
Competititve intelligence is not as difficult as it sounds. Much of what is
obtained comes from sources available to everyone, including:
* Government information
* online databases,
* Interviews or surveys,
* special interest groups (such as academics, trade associations, and
consumer groups),
* private sector sources (such as competitors, suppliers, distributors,
customer)
* media (journals, wire services, newspapers, financial reports, public
speeches by competitor executives)
The challenge is not lack of information; it is the ability to differentiate
useful competitive information from chatter or even disinformation.
14
Of course, once you start practicing competitive intelligence, the next
stage is to introduce countermeasures to make the CI task about you more
difficult for others. The game of measure, countermeasure, counter-
countermeasure, and so on to counter to the nth measure is played in industry
just as it is in politics and in international competition.
THE MARKET AND THE VENDORS
AMR research estimates the current BI market at $6 billion with projection to
reach $12 billion by 2006 (Darrow, 2003). At a time when demand for most IT
products is soft, demand for BI applications continues to grow. Gartner forecasts
that this growth will push demand for consulting and systems integrators pushing
the worldwide market for professional and support services from $10.5 billion in
2002 to $15.6 billion in 2006, a 10% average annual increase (Soejarto 2003)
As we indicated earlier, a large number of firms are involved in aspects of the BI
business. For example, ratings of companies to watch business intelligence in
2003 published in Intelligent Enterprise (Stodder,2003) included Aydatum, Brio
software Decisions, Cognos, Crystal Decisions, E-Intelligence, Fair Issac,
Hyperion, MicroStrategy, ProClarity, Siebel, and Spotfire. In the over-all category
of “most influential” the companies4 rated were Teradata, SAS, IBM, Outlook
Soft, Business Objects, Microsoft, Manhattan Associates, PeopleSoft, Oracle,
Ilog Inc., Insight Software, and Open Souce/Linux.
Whereas in the past a large number of companies built their own systems, the
trend is toward buying packages. Gartner Research found a reduction in the
number of firms that plan to manage their BI integration internally dropped from
49% in 2001 to 37% in 2002 (Soejarto, 2003). The reason for this change is that
the traditional custom design, build, and integrate model for BI systems takes too
4 Companies were listed only once, rather than the same company being repeated in several categories, which some might well have been.
15
long (at least six months) and costs too much (2 to 3 million) (Rudin and Cressy,
2003). In contrast, pre-built analytic applications result in lower total cost of
ownership. Implemented quickly, they deliver rapid return on investment, and
provide, performance, scalability, and flexibility (Rudin and Cressy, 2003).
MANAGERIAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Is business intelligence an oxymoron? A shorthand for cloak and dagger
spying on competitors and government? An important, legitimate activity?
Despite its name, business intelligence is about trying to understand your
own position, your customers, and your competitors. It is neither ethical nor legal
to spy on competitors. BI is an important part of a firm’s planning and operational
decision making.
2. What is new about today’s business intelligence compared to previous
systems?
Business intelligence is a natural outgrowth of a series of previous
systems designed to support decision making. The emergence of the data
warehouse as a repository, including the advances in data cleansing that lead to
a single truth, the greater technical capabilities of hardware and software all
combine to create a richer business intelligence environment than was available
previously
3. What types of business intelligence are there?
Business Intelligence is used to understand:
The capabilities available in the firm;
the state of the art, trends, and future directions in the markets,
the technologies, and the regulatory environment in which the firm
competes; and
the actions of competitors and the implications of these actions.
16
4. What will you be able to do if you invest in BI?
Business Intelligence systems present complex corporate and competitive
information to planners and decision makers. The objective is to improve the
timeliness and quality of the input to the decision process.
5. Who uses BI?
Business intelligence is used by managers throughout the firm. At senior
managerial levels, it is the input to both strategic and tactical decisions. As lower
managerial levels, it helps individuals to do their day-to-day job.
6. How do you gather and transfer BI?
Business intelligence is a form of knowledge. The techniques knowledge
management for generating and transferring knowledge (Davenport and Prusak
1995) apply. Some knowledge is bought (e.g., scanner data in the grocery
industry) while other knowledge is created by analysis of internal and public data.
Knowledge transfer often involves disseminating intelligence information to many
people in the firm. For example, sales people need to know market conditions,
competitor offerings and special offerings.
7. Do you need a separate organization for BI?
Most medium and large firms assign people, often full time, for planning
and for monitoring competitor action. These people are the ones who form the
core groups for business intelligence initiatives. Whether they are centralized or
scattered through SBU’s is a matter of organizational style.
8. What technologies are available?
Most of the technologies needed for business intelligence serve multiple
purposes. For example, the World Wide Web is used for both knowledge
generation and knowledge transfer. However, specialized software for doing
analysis is the heart of business intelligence. This software is an outgrowth of the
17
software used for decision support and executive information systems in the
past. It incorporates many of the technological advances that we discussed
above.
FINAL THOUGHTS
We titled this article “Business Intelligence: A New Name Or The Future Of DSS?”. I
hope this paper gives you enough insight that you can answer this question for
yourself. However, I’m sure you would like to know where I think we are.
My view is that both alternatives are true. Much of what is going on is the result of new
technology, particularly data technology, being made available, for the kinds of studies
that DSS performed, and performed well, over the years. So, in one sense, the
business intelligence name is simply a replacement for the DSS name that overcomes
the old view in industry that DSS is principally about modeling. A new name gives us a
new skin—and makes people think about us in a different way. Semantics matter.
Yet, there is also something deeper going on.
We are getting better at solving business problems and becoming more aligned
with the imperatives of the firm.
We are better at dealing with the really large amounts of high quality data
becoming available and in incorporating new technologies and new analysis
methods.
We are democratizing the dissemination of our results and moving to support
people from the bottom to the top of the organization.
I therefore view business intelligence and competitive intelligence as steps along the
way. The terms are the short term future. However, as we become more adept at the
business intelligence function we will inevitably find new ways of thinking about
decision problems and new technologies to incorporate. We will have new names for
our field but, at heart, we will be solving the next generation of decision support
problems.
18
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Davenport, Thomas H. and Laurence Prusak (1998) Working Knowledge: How
Organizations Manage What They Know Boston, MA: Harvard Business School
Press
Darrow, Barbara (2003) ”Making The Right Choice—Solution providers are
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intelligence”, Computer Reseller News, Feb. 3, 2003, pp. 16
Hall, Hazel (2000) “Online information sources: Tools of business intelligence?”,
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Imhoff, Claudia (2003) “Keep your friends close, and your enemies closer,” DM
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19
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20
Sprague, Ralph H. and E.D. Carlson Building Effective Decision Support
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Tegarden, David P. (1999) “Business Information Visualization” Communications
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Competitive Intelligence”, Information Systems Management, Vol. 19(4), pp. 49-
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Management, Winter 2000, pp. 41-46.
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21(5), pp. 397-398.
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