Section : المعمل الشرقي gp : 401:417. Introduction *the immune system is a system of...
Preview:
Citation preview
- Slide 1
- Section : gp : 401:417
- Slide 2
- Introduction *the immune system is a system of biological
structures And processes within an organism that protects against
disease *Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune
diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer Immunodeficiency occurs
when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in
recurring and life-threatening infections. In human
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Drugs affect the immunity system
- Slide 5
- Immunostimulent drugs Natural origin eg :Echinacea
Semi-synthetic Synthetic immunocord eg: Immunosupprresive drugs
semiSynthetic* Azathioprine Synthetic* eg: * cyto toxic drugs
*Cortico steriods *Irradiation *Lympholytic agent
- Slide 6
- Immunostimmulent drugs stimulates the body into producing more
white blood cells It also stimulates the release of interferons
Organ transplant Treat autoimmune diseases or diseases that are
most likely of autoimmune origin(e.g., rheumatoid arthritis,
multiple sclerosis, and ulcerative colitis). Treat some other
non-autoimmune inflammatory diseases (e.g., long term
allergy,asthma control). Immunosupprresive drugs
- Slide 7
- 1)Echinacea 2)Astragalus 3) Himalaya Herbals 4)Garlic 5)Guduchi
6)Ginseng 7)South African Geranium 8)Nigella seed
- Slide 8
- *origin: **The dried rhizome, roots, or other part of any of
three composite herbs (Echinacea Angustifolia, E. Pallida and E.
Purpurea) Family : Asteraceae Flowerheads *Part Used: *Active
Constituents: 1)Poly saccharides : which is responsible for
stimulation of immunity system and founded a lot in the upper part
of the drug 2)Alkamides, Flavonoids and Polyacetylenes 3)Caffeic
acid derivatives 4)Essential oil : which is founded a lot in the
roots :*Uses 1) Immune system stimulant
- Slide 9
- *Pharmaceutical application :
- Slide 10
- Comment: Pharmacological Action: *Echinacea stimulates the body
into producing more white blood cells. It also stimulates the
release of interferons. These are what the body uses as a fighting
weapon *Echinacea also helps to prevent bacteria from producing an
enzyme called hyaluronidase, which works through the membrane, and
invades the tissue *Echinacea also has been known to destroy
viruses, such as the common cold Side Effects: *Echinacea may cause
allergic reactions and shortness of breath Contraindications:
*People with leukemia, diabetes, connective tissue disorders,
multiple sclerosis and during pregnancy or breastfeeding should not
take Echinacea
- Slide 11
- :*Origin The dried root of Perennial herb, Astragalus
Membranaceus and *.Astragalus Mongholicus, Family: Leguminosae (
Fabaceae ) *Part Used: *The roots *Active Constituents: 1)Poly
saccharides 2)Iso-flavonoid compounds 3)Saponins 4)Amino acids
5)Triterpene glycosides *Uses 1)Strengthen and regulate the immune
system
- Slide 12
- *Pharmaceutical application :
- Slide 13
- *Comment: *Pharmacological Action: stimulates immunity system
by stimulation of macrophages, promotion of antibodies formation
and increasing T-Lymphocyte proliferation *Side Effects In over
dose it may be toxic *Contraindications It is contra-indicated in
patients with autoimmune disease because it could worsen the
symptoms of auto-immune diseases
- Slide 14
- *Origin: Septilin from Himalaya Herbals is an ayurvedic
herbo-mineral formulation Uses: 1)Septilin helps increase the
effectiveness of protective white blood cells thereby protecting
the body against infection. 2)Septilin optimizes the body's immuno
modulating mechanisms. 3)Septilin helps cope with modern allergens.
4)Septilin helps the body to strengthen its natural immunity.
5)Septilin helps build resistance. 6)Septilin is an ultimate health
promoting product for all ages.
- Slide 15
- Main components: 1-Guggula 2-Liquorice:*is the root of
Glycyrrhiza glabra from which a sweet flavour can be
extracted.family fabaceae *enhances immunostimulation and increases
macrophage (white blood cells that ingests antibodies) function in
vitro. It is also an antiviral agent and an expectorant, which is
beneficial in asthma, acute or chronic bronchitis and chronic
cough. 3-Guduchi: *tinospora cordifolia, which is known by the
common names Guduchi and Giloy, is an herbaceous vine of the family
Menispermaceae *is a potent antimicrobial that has
immunostimulatory properties, which helps in increasing the level
of antibodies. This helps in building up the bodys resistance to
infections. 4-guggula :is a flowering plant in the family
Burseraceae. (oleo gum resin )
- Slide 16
- Pharmaceutical applications
- Slide 17
- Comment: :Dosage Initially 2 tablets twice daily, followed by 1
tablet twice daily, or as directed by your physician Side effects
and contraindications 1)Septilin is not known to have any side
effects if taken as per the prescribed dosage. 2)Larg doses might
cause diarrhea, anorexia, abdominal pain, and skin rash. Some users
experienced mild gastrointestinal discomfort 3)Finally, as
mentioned guggul is strictly contraindicated for use during
pregnancy. NB. *not take more of this medication than is directed.
*Too much licorice could be dangerous. Also, do not take licorice
for longer than 6 weeks. *The use of licorice at high doses (over
50 g per day) and/or for longer than 6 weeks may cause low blood
levels of potassium, high blood levels of sodium, water retention,
increased blood pressure, heart problems, and blood problems.
- Slide 18
- :* origin The fresh or carefully dried consists of main bulb
with secondary bulbs (cloves)of allium sativum Family (alliaceae)
*Active constituents: 1)Volatile oil :sulpher containing compounds
including (Alliin, terpenes) 2)Enzymes 3)Protein, minerals and
amino acids *uses 1)Anti bacterial 2)anti-carcinogen in both
prventation and treatment 3)Antioxident 4)Strengthen the immune
system (Se,Gr,Zn and vitamins)
- Slide 19
- Pharmaceutical applications
- Slide 20
- *Comment: :*Side effects There are signs of an allergic
reaction while taking garlic (the active ingredient contained in
Garlic Oil) as difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips,
tongue,burning in your mouth or throat. :*Conrtaindicationds
1)Therapeutic doses of garlic may interfere with existing
hypoglycaemic and coagulant therapies 2)Garlic may potentiate the
antithrombotic effects of anti- inflammatory drugs such as aspirin
3)Garlic should not be used prior surgery since it can prolong
bleeding time
- Slide 21
- :*Origin Botanical name: Tinospora Cordifolia Family:
Meninspermaceae Geographical origin: North and south India *Part
Used: *Stem *Active Constituents: 1)Diterpene compounds
2)Polyphenols 3)Polysaccharides, including arabinogalactan
polysaccharide :Uses 1)Guduchi boosts the body's defense mechanism
(immunity) 2)Guduchi helps in building the body's own defense
mechanism (immune system)
- Slide 22
- Pharmaceutical application :
- Slide 23
- Comment: Pharmacological action: *improves the phagocytic
function without effecting the humoral or cell mediated immune
system *It also induces macrophage activation as macrophages are
known to represent the first line of defense against invading
microorganisms *Caution: 1)Diabetic patient should be careful
2)Avoid during pregnancy and lactation *Recommendations *Clinical
trials to support dosing are limited, with 300 mg of a standardized
aqueous Tinospora stem extract taken 3 times daily for up to 6
months
- Slide 24
- *Origin: *Dried roots of Panax Ginseng plant, Family:
Araliaceae *Part used *Root *Active Constituents: -Ginsenosides
-Rich in amino acids -Minerals as: aluminum, arsenic, copper, iron
-Vitamin B (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6), vitamin C
- Slide 25
- Pharmaceutical application :
- Slide 26
- Comment: Pharmacological action: it stimulates the activity of
immune cells in the body, improve the effectiveness of antibiotics
in people with acute bronchitis, and enhance the body's response to
influenza vaccines Dosage: 800 mg to 2g per day depending on the
individual's needs Caution: The dose should be decreased in case of
increased blood pressure
- Slide 27
- :*Origin: Latin name: Pelargonium Sidoides DC Family:
Geraniaceae Geographical origin: South Africa Part Used: Roots
(dried) Active Constituents: 1)Coumarins 2)Tannins of the
proanthocyanidin type 3)Simple phenolic compounds Uses: 1)Host
immune stimulation
- Slide 28
- Pharmaceutical application :
- Slide 29
- Comment: Contraindications: 1)Hypersensitivity to the active
substance or to the excipient 2)Increased tendency to bleeding and
risk of coagulation-inhibiting drugs 3)Severe hepatic and renal
diseases 4)Pregnancy and lactation 5)Children < 6 years Side
Effects: 1)Gastro-intestinal complaints such as stomach pain,
heartburn, nausea or diarrhea may occur 2)In rare cases mild
bleeding from the gingiva or nose may occur
- Slide 30
- :*Origin *The dried ripe seed of Nigella Sativa, Family:
Ranunculaceae *Part Used: *Seeds *Active Constituents: 1)volatile
oil: 1.4% ;thymoquinone and its dimer are the major constituents
2)Fixed oil : a)unsaturated fatty acids : oleic 23%, linoleic acid
(omega 6), linolenic acid (omega 3) b)saturated fatty acid as
myristic, palmitic acids 3)protein : composed of nine essential
amino acids (not formed by the body) and arginine (amino acid used
for infant growth) 4)vitamins (B1, B2, B6), minerals (Ca, Fe, Zn,
Cu), carbohydrates hexoses and pentoses *Uses:
1)Immunostimulant
- Slide 31
- Pharmaceutical application :
- Slide 32
- Comment: Pharmacological Action: *Expressed oil has
immunostimulant activity, it stimulates the immune system through
stimulation of natural killer cells and phagocytic cells. * The oil
has antitumor activity due to stimulating the immune system Side
effects and toxicity: In large quantity, the seeds induce abortion
Recommendations 1-2 soft-gel capsules twice or three times
daily
- Slide 33
- *Origin: Dried ripe fruit of Vaccinum Angustifolium Family:
Rosaceae Part Used: Fruits Active Constituents: 1)Anthocyanins
2)Flavonoid 3)Polysaccharide 4)Minerals 5)Vitamins 6)Tannins
- Slide 34
- Pharmaceutical application : CranBlu active, 100 ml Cranberry
extract with particularly high content of proanthocyanidins (40 mg
per daily intake recommendation of 20 ml ). The extract of fresh
cranberries is enriched with high concentrates of 13 herbs and
fruits. As a result, CranBlu is palatable and digestible. CranBlue
contains many natural proanthocyanidins (PAC) and vitamin C from
acerola cherry. Vitamin C supports the immune system and protects
the cells from oxidative stress. CranBlu active, 100 ml - Product
data Food supplements - Cranberry special tonic Ingredients:
Aqueous plant extract (from hawthorn fruits, elderberries,
Pomeranzenschalen, lemon balm leaves, horsetail, green oat herb,
rosemary leaves, lemon grass, sage leaves, gentian root, wormwood,
centaury), pear juice concentrate, agave syrup, cranberry juice
concentrate 2.5%, Preiselbeersaftkonzentrat 2.5%, blueberry juice
concentrate 2.3%, Acerolasaftkonzentrat, proanthocyanidinreicher
cranberry dry extract 2.2%, coloring plant extract (from carrot and
blueberry), stabilizer guar gum and xanthan gum, natural flavor
Content is not chemically preserved. per 100 ml amount per daily
dose (20 ml)% of the reference amount * (per daily dose )
Recommended dosage: 2 x daily in the morning and in the evening
(with enclosed measuring cup) drink before going to bed 10 ml and
then a glass of water or tea. Tastes very well diluted with 1/2
glass of mineral water. Please close immediately after opening well
and refrigerate. Once opened, consume within 2 weeks. Keep out of
the reach of small children. Shake the bottle well before
use..
- Slide 35
- Comment: Pharmacological Action: *Supports the macrophage
activity, thus stimulating the innate immune system Special
Precautions: *Be careful with pregnant breast-feeding woman
Recommendations *The appropriate dose of blueberry depends on
several factors such as the user's age, health, weight and several
other conditions
- Slide 36
- :Origin *The root-tuber of Curcuma Aromatica Salisb Family:
Zingiberaceae Part Used: *Dried rhizome Active Constituents:
1)Curcuminoids, which include curcumin 2)Volatile oil 3)Brown
colouring matter 4)Gum 5)Starch 6)Chloride of calcium
- Slide 37
- Uses 1)Immunomodulator and anti-inflammatory Pharmaceutical
application : Gufic Imunocin Syrup Indication Natural health
supplement to enhance the host defence mechanism. Improve host
defence mechanism singly and concomitantly with anti-biotic therapy
in Upper and lower respiratory tract infections Tuberculosis Skin
and soft tissue infections Genito-urinary tract infections in
female children Enteric fever Fever of unknown origin Burns
Immuno-compromised conditions Composition Each 5 ml Syrup contains:
Extracts derived from Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) 135 mg Tulsi
(Ocimum sanctum)135 mg Neem (Azadirachta indica)135 mg Haridra
(Curcuma longa) 65 mg Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) 65 mg
Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa) 55 mg Pippali (Piper longum)10 mg
Syrup Base q.s. Dosage 2 teaspoonfuls twice a day till symptomatic
relief is obtained.
- Slide 38
- :Comment Pharmacological Action: *Curcumin modulates immune
system by suppressing T-cells, proliferating number of B-cells and
reducing proliferation of immature B-cell lymphoma cells *The herb
may also benefit sufferers of inflammatory conditions such as
ulcerative colitis. *Turmeric may help prevent, control or even
kill several types of cancer including breast, colon Side Effects:
*large doses of turmeric may cause upset stomach or in rare cases,
ulcers Contraindications: *It shouldnt be used in case of
obstruction of biliary tracts *Curcumin is also contraindicated in
breast cancer patients treated with cyclophosphamide until the
significance of an in vivo model of breast cancer, which found that
curcumin reduced the tumour regression effects of chemotherapy, is
clarified
- Slide 39
- Origin: The prepared leaves and leaf buds of camellia sinensis
Family: Theaceae Part used : Leaves, buds and stem. Active
constituents : 1.polyphenols 2.catechins 3. Alkaloids :caffeine
4.Volatile oil 5.Flavonoids 6.Triterpenoid saponins
- Slide 40
- :Uses 1)It has a positive effects on the immune system. 2)It
prevent autoimmune disorders. 3) antioxidant. Pharmaceutical
application :
- Slide 41
- Comment: Side effects : 1)headache 2)constipation 3)nervousness
Drug Interaction : 1)Diazepam 2)Lorazepam special Precautions : *It
should be taken in small amounts During pregnancy and breast
feeding, about 2 cups per day.
- Slide 42
- *Spirulina is one type of blue-green algae *It is very high in
protein and is also a rich source of essential fatty acids,
vitamins and minerals Active Constituents: *Protein *Carbohydrates
*Vitamins: -Vitamin A (100% as Beta-Carotene) -Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)
- Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) -Vitamin B3 (Niacin) - Folic Acid *Fatty
acids: -Omega 6 -Omega 3 *Minerals: -Calcium -Magnesium -Zinc -Iron
Uses: 1)Improve the ability of the immune system
- Slide 43
- Comment: Pharmacological Action: *Spirulina increases
production of antibodies, infection-fighting proteins, and other
cells that improve immunity and help ward off infection and chronic
illnesses such as cancer Side Effects: *Contaminated blue-green
algae(spirulina) can cause in large dose liver damage stomach pain
nausea vomiting, weakness Contraindications : *People with a
metabolic condition called phenylketonuria (PKU) should avoid
taking Spirulina *If you have an autoimmune disease, such as
multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, or lupus, you should
avoid Spirulina Recommendations: *Spirulina should be taken once a
day, or in smaller doses, multiple times per day *It is not
recommended to exceed the highest dose mentioned above, as no clear
benefits have been noted beyond that level.
- Slide 44
- :Name *Ganoderma lucidum Family: Polyporaceae Common Name(s)
*Reishi, ling chih, lingzhi spirit plant, Active Constituents:
1)complex of carbohydrates 2)amino acids 3)Ganoderic acids
4)Proteins Uses: 1)anti-tumour, immune modulating and blood
pressure lowering effects.,
- Slide 45
- Pharmaceutical application :
- Slide 46
- Comment: :Dosing *The Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of
China recommends 6 to 12 g reishi extract daily. Ganopoly (a
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide extract) in doses up to 5.4 g
daily (equivalent to 81 g of the fruiting body) for 12 weeks has
been used in a few clinical trials. Dosage Traditional
practitioners recommend 0.5 to 1 g daily, 2 to 5 g daily for
chronic illness, and up to G. lucidum 15 g extract daily for
serious illness.
- Slide 47
- Scientific Name(s): Ananascomosus Family: Bromeliaceae Common
Name(s): Pineapple,bromelain, Phlogenzym, Debridase Uses
1)Anti-inflammitoryAntimicrobial 3)Immunomodulation
- Slide 48
- Pharmaceutical application :
- Slide 49
- Comment: Contraindications *Hypersensitivity to any of the
components in pineapple. Cross-reaction with honeybee venom, olive
tree pollen, celery, cypress pollen, bromelain, and papain have
been reported. Toxicology *Bromelain ingestion is associated with a
low incidence of adverse reactions, including diarrhea,
menorrhagia, nausea, skin rash, and vomiting. Angular
stomatitis/cheilitis can result from eating large amounts of the
fruit. *Bromelain has very low toxicity. Special Precautions &
Warnings: 1)Surgery: Bromelain might increase the risk of bleeding
during and after surgery. Stop using bromelain at least 2 weeks
before a scheduled surgey 2)Pregnancy and breast-feeding
3)Allergies: If you are allergic to pineapple, latex, wheat,
celery, papain, carrot, fennel, cypress pollen, or grass pollen,
you might have an allergic reaction to bromelain.
- Slide 50
- *It consists of the pure,cold pressed and refined fixed oil
from freshly ground wheat embryo Active Constituents: 1)Vitamin E
2)Poly unsaturated fatty acids Uses 1)Preserve integrity of all
cells especially free cells of short life span e.g:RBCs &WBCs
so can be used in case anemia to increase immunity
- Slide 51
- Pharmaceutical application : LiquiVive Is a Whole Food
Supplement and Contains NO Gluten, Sucrose, Starch, Wheat, Yeast,
Artificial Colors, Flavors or Sweeteners. 100% Natural and 100%
Vegetarian Supercharged Energy With This Immune System Boosting,
Liquid Vitamin Nutritional Supplement? This Comphrehensive Liquid
Vitamin Supplement Containing More Than 200 Total Nutrients May Be
The Answer To Providing You With Your Basic Nutritional Foundation
For Optimal Health and Well Being. Just One Ounce Of LiquiVive
Liquid Vitamins Nutritional Supplement Per Day Covers Your Basic
Nutritionalliquid vitamins Needs, Gives You the Highest Possible
Bodily Absorption, and Helps You Keep Your Immune System Running In
Tip-Top Sha Supplementation of this plant derived liquid vitamin
supplement may be the secret you have been searching for to keep
your immune system strong, protect you and your family against
illness, staying healthy and looking and
- Slide 52
- Comment: :side effects If you're allergic to wheat (eg. Celiac)
Iti s an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine Dose: One
teaspoonfull daily
- Slide 53
- * the leaf has been used medicinally in various times and
places. Active Constituents: 1)Olive leaves contain high amounts of
oleuropein 2)one of nature's most powerful antioxidants :Uses
1)have a broad-range of immune-enhancing properties. 2)powerful
antioxidant that can help give support to the healthy immune
system, cardiovascular system, and joints
- Slide 54
- Pharmaceutical application : Product Description Ingredients
Olive Leaf Extract Directions As a dietary supplement take one (1)
capsule 2 times a day before meals with water Olive Leaf Extract is
derived from the leaves of the Mediterranean olive tree. This
extract is standardized for % Oleuropein, a powerful phytonutrient
Indications: Supports immune health Head-to-toe antioxidant
Standardized to 15% oleuropein
- Slide 55
- Comment: Olive Oil Dosages According to FDA, the daily olive
oil dosage can be ranged from 25 mL to 40 mL and 8 g to 70 g
without reported side effects. Olive oil at dosages of 30 mL is
usually used as a laxative. Pregnancy/Lactation Generally
recognized as safe (GRAS) when used as food. Avoid dosages above
those found in food because safety and efficacy are unproven.
Contraindications Contraindications have not been identified.
Interactions None well documented.
- Slide 56
- Azathioprine (semi synthetic) Commerical name :imuran
Ingrediants: *azathioprine *lactose *magnesiam stearate *potato
starch Uses 1)is used after organ transplants to prevent the body
from the transplanted organ rejection 2) is used in the treatment
of autoimmune diseases are self-such as inflammation of the bowel
disease
- Slide 57
- Comment: side effects Get emergency medical help if you have
any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty
breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Stop
using azathioprine and call your doctor right away if you have any
of these symptoms of lymphoma: 1)fever, night sweats, weight loss,
tiredness; 2)feeling full after eating only a small amount; 3)pain
in your upper stomach that may spread to your shoulder; 4) pale
skin, feeling light-headed or short of breath, rapid heart rate; or
nausea precautions * Before taking azathioprine, tell your doctor
or pharmacist if you are allergic to it, or if you have any other
allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can
cause allergic reactions or other problems..
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
*http://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Fmedicine
docs%2Fen%2Fq%2F&h=VAQHkDK3z
http://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Fmedicine
ds%2Fen%2Fd%2FJs4927e%2F&h=VAQHkDK3z
http://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fherbpathy.com%2FActiono
f-Immunity-Booster-Cid178&h=hAQGnJib5 * 2.Black AJ, Mc Leod HL,
Capell HA, Powrie RH, Matowe LK, Pritchard SC, et al Thiopurine
methyltransferase genotype predicts therapy-limiting severe
toxicity from azathioprine. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:716-8. *Herbal
medicines *pharmacognosy 3 (204) *pharmacognosy 2 (204) *PDR herbal
medicines -German Commission E Monograph, Ginseng radix
-Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China Clinical aspects
of immunology by fachmann peteres part 2