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Searching for low mass extra Searching for low mass extra solar planets via microlensing.solar planets via microlensing.
Jean-Philippe Beaulieu, Virginie Batista, Arnaud Cassan, Christian Coutures, Jadzia Donatowicz,
Pascal Fouqué, Daniel Kubas, Jean-Baptiste Marquette, Olivier Mousis,
et al. (PLANET/RoboNET, HOLMES)
Europlanet, Potsdam
1-7 kpc from Sun
Galactic center Sun8 kpc
Light curve
Source starand images
Lens starand planet Observer
Target Field in the Central Galactic BulgeTarget Field in the Central Galactic Bulge
A planetary companionA planetary companion
Ep tqt
: 0.3 d, 20 sunE MMt
h 5.110 :Terre
d 110 3 :Jupiter
p5
p-3
tq
tq
Hunting for planets via microlensing
Detecting real time microlensing event : OGLE-III and MOA 2
Selecting microlensing event with good planet detection efficiency Two schools :
- Mainly high magnification events and alerted anomalies (microFUN)- Monitoring a larger number of events (PLANET/ROBONET)
.
Networks of telescopes to do 24 hours monitoring : PLANET/RoboNET, microFUNAccurate photometry (Image subtraction since 2006)Real time analysis and modeling
All data, models, are shared immediately among the microlensing community.Cooperation is the way to go !
OGLE-III has an online anomaly detector (EWS)MOA-II
Detecting anomalies real time :
PLANET collaboration : PLANET collaboration : Probing Lensing Anomaly Probing Lensing Anomaly
NETwork (current NETwork (current members)members)
http://planet.iap.fr http://planet.iap.frM. D. Albrow, J.P. Beaulieu, D. Bennett, D. Bramich, S. Brillant, J. A. R. Caldwell, H. Calitz, A Cassan, K. Cook, C. Coutures, M. Dominik, J. Donatowicz, D. Dominis, P. Fouqué, J. Greenhill, K. Hill, M. Hoffman, K. Horne, U. Jorgensen, S. Kane, D. Kubas, R. Martin, J. Menzies, P. Meintjes, K. R. Pollard, K. C. Sahu, Y. Tsapras,J. Wambsganss, A. Williams, M. Zub Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, INSU CNRS, Paris, FranceUniv. of Canterbury, Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, Christchurch, New ZealandSouth African Astronomical Observatory, South AfricaBoyden Observatory, Bloemfountein, South AfricaCanopus observatory, Univ. of Tasmania, Hobart, AustraliaNiels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, DenmarkUniv. of Potsdam, Potsdam, GermanySpace Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, U.S.A.Perth Observatory, Perth, Australia
Boyden 1.5m
PLANET/RoboNet PLANET/RoboNet
SITESSITESESO Danish 1.54m 2003-2008
Sutherland, SAAO 1m 2002+Boyden, 1.5m, CCD 2006, 2007
Perth 0.6m 2002-2007+Hobart 1m, 2002-2007+Brazil 0.6m, 2007+Robonet : Liverpool 2m, Canary 2005+Faulkes North 2m, Hawaii 2006+Faulkes South 2m, Australia 2007+
Goals at each site : - 1 % photometry, - Adapted Sampling rate - Online analysis.
Boyden 1.5m
OBSERVING STRATEGY, DECISION TAKINGOBSERVING STRATEGY, DECISION TAKING
Homebase checks :- OGLE, MOA alert pages- results from Bayesian PSPL fits to OGLE data (Albrow)- results from K.Horne priority pages- data collected by PLANET/RoboNet and current fits
He can ask for data to be re-reduced to double check anomalies.
Then he decides an observing strategy, sampling rates for different eventsHe issues anomaly alerts to the community.
Homebase should be on the deck 24 hours a day for 2-3 weeks
Real time analysis Real time analysis systemsystem
Data from all site uploaded to Paris every 5 min
http://planet.iap.frRoboNet
SAAOBoyden
Chile
Hobart
Perth
Brasil
Data stored in ParisModels updatedPrediction of future behaviorAlert if anomalies
In Out
AT LAST, A TEXT BOOK MICROLENSING EVENT
Data in the anomaly from : PLANET-Danish, OGLE, MOA-II, PLANET-PerthData outside the anomaly from : PLANET/Robonet, PLANET-Hobart
Gould Loeb 1992, Bennett & Rhie 1996, …
A companion to this frozen super Earth ?
Kubas et al., 2007 submittedExcluding at : 50 % Jupiter over 1.1-2.3 AU 70 % 3 Jupiter over 1.5-2.2 AU Core accretion models by Idal & Lin
Gould et al. 2006, MicroFUN, OGLE, RoboNet
OGLE-2005-BLG-169Lb : a weak Neptune planet signalOGLE-2005-BLG-169Lb : a weak Neptune planet signal
5 microlensing planets, their time scale.
Do gas giants prefer host stars that cause longer events ?Ie more massive ones ?
KB-07-197
PLANET/Robonet/HOLMES (network of 9 telescopes). Now – 200?MicroFUN Now-200?OGLE III and MOA-2- Constraints on Jupiters and low mass planets (down to few Earth mass)- Monitoring of high mag events - Monitoring of any mag events (PLANET/RoboNet, OGLE) Las cumbres plans ?A 1m observing in J from Antartica ?Network of wide field imager Earth Hunter + OGLE-IV + MOA-2 2011+ ?
Statistics on Cool Earth mass planets, possibly habitable zone.NASA mission MPF ( PI Bennett) to be re-submitted ?ESA DUNE mission (cosmic shear + planet search )
Abundance of planets in habitable zone. MPF : 36 months, 200 million stars, 4 fields of 0.66 sq2, FWHM=0.25 arcsec ~100 q Earth, ~6000 q Jupiter (q fraction of stars with planets), Mars detectable
Current status of microlensing planet huntingCurrent status of microlensing planet hunting
CONCLUSION
Microlensing is probing “Frozen” planets.
5 microlensing planets for 3 scenarios : •2 Strong caustic•2 High mag central caustic• 1 Planetary caustic
3 ~Jupiters, 1 ~5.5 Earth, 1 ~13 Earth(Probability of detecting Jupiters is ~50 times larger)Giant planets are rare, suggests 1-15 MEARTH might be common
Giant planets in events with large tE (more massive stars)
Several planets in “stock”… modeling underway.
~Earth mass planets on ~AU orbits to be discovered soon…
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