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1
Management and Conservation
of Water Resources
(Bali Province)
2
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
The current environmental issues which are increasingly widespread and
complex, are suspected to be caused by, among other things, the
development planning which is bias towards economic growth rather than the
ecology. Hence, as its accumulation, during the last decade, there has been
environmental crisis in the form of environmental disaster, an increased rate
of natural resources’ destruction as well as environmental pollution.
Consequently, the costs of environmental impact which must be borne by the
public and government are much greater than the economical benefits gained.
Sustainable development as an operational basis for the implementation of
the development as set out in the Constitution and Laws should be
mainstreamed from the early stage of the development strategy selection
process, either in the planning of periodic development, spatial layout or
sectoral development. It is necessary in order to ensure that the principles of
sustainable development have been used as the basis for and integrated in
the development of a region and or policies, plans and/or programs.
The Province of Bali is a single unit of space and ecosystem in a small island.
In terms of territory, Bali is relatively small and it does not have abundant
natural resources, but it has a comparative advantage with regard to cultural
uniqueness and natural beauty. A harmonious blend of agrarian cultural
potentials and creative human resources along with the support of the natural
3
beauty will constitute a capital base to sustain the competitive advantage of
Bali as a tourist destination. In addition to the aforementioned potentials, the
building of Bali regions is focused on agriculture, tourism and handicraft
industry.
One of the issues faced by Bali in realizing sustainable development, which
includes three aspects, namely the sustainability of economic development,
social and cultural development as well as environmental protection, is
water resources. Currently, the issue of water resources does not only relate
to limited supply in terms of quantity and uneven distribution. The available
water resources tends to be inadequate to be used by humans and other
living creatures because water quality has been declining due to
contamination or pollution by a number of materials and/or substances
hazardous to water resources.
In order to realize sustainable utilization of water resources for the prosperity
of the people to the greatest extent, water resources need to be managed in a
comprehensive, integrated, and environmental-oriented manner. According to
Law Number 4 Year 2007 concerning Water Resources, water resources
management is an effort to plan, implement, monitor, and evaluate the
implementation of water resources conservation, utilization of water
resources, and control of the destructive force of water.
In order to ensure that the principles of sustainable development have
become the basis and have been integrated into the development of an area
and/or policy, plan, and/or program, Local Governments are required to
4
implement Strategic Environmental Assessment (Kajian Lingkungan Hidup
Strategis or KLHS) in the formulation or evaluation of spatial layout plans
(rencana tata ruang wilayah or RTRW) as well as the detailed plans thereof,
long-term development plan (rencana pembangunan jangka panjang or
RPJP) and medium term development plan (rencana pembangunan jangka
menengah or RPJM) of provinces and regencies/municipalities; as well as
policies, plans, and/or programs (KRP) which may potentially have impacts on
and/or risks to the environment, as mandated by Law No. 32 Year 2009
In 2010, the Government of Bali Province conducted KLHS with the facilitation
of the Regional Development Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, by going
through two phases, namely the Screening and Scoping Phases. As the result
of the screening phase of the KLHS implementation in Bali, an agreement had
been reached on the need to formulate alternative refinement of the KRP at
the Provincial and Regency/Municipal levels as mandated by Article 15
paragraph (2) of Law no. 32 Year 2009. The central theme agreed in the
implementation of KLHS of Bali province is Sustainable Water Resources
Management, which supports Bali as a "Green Province" (Bali Green
Province). Whereas as the result of the scoping phase, some materials have
been agreed, namely (1) Priority Strategic Issues; (2) KLHS Goals; (3) KLHS
Period and (4) the Scope of the Area of Studies.
5
1.2. Purpose and Objectives
1.2.1 Purpose
The Strategic Environmental Assessment (KLHS) Workshop II is intended to
be the improvement of the KLHS scoping process implementation by involving
a wider range of stakeholders
1.2.2 Objectives
The Strategic Environmental Assessment (KLHS) Workshop II is the
improvement of the scoping phase of the Water Resource KLHS process in
Bali Province, with the following objectives:
1) To identify "additional" priority strategic issues of sustainable
development related to water resources management as well as the
significant impacts that need to be assessed and taken into account in
KLHS studies;
2) To formulate several sub-objectives of water resources management
KLHS of Bali Province based on the agreed priority strategic issues.
3) To prepare a list of priority development programs for each of the
priority strategic issues and sub-objectives.
1.3. Goal and Output
1.3.1 Goal
The goal of the Water Resources Strategic Environmental Assessment
(KLHS) Workshop II in Bali Province is an agreement on the priority strategic
issues as well as the sub-objectives and priority programs for water resources
development in the context of sustainable development which must be
assessed and considered in policies, plans and program (KRP).
6
1.3.2 Output
The output of the implementation of Water Resources KLHS Workshop II in
Bali province is a Report on the Improvement of Water Resources
Management KLHS Scoping Process in Bali Province.
7
CHAPTER II
APPROACH, PROCESS AND
METHODOLGY OF SCOPING
IMPROVEMENT
1.1. Approach
The approach applied in the improvement of Water Resource KLHS scoping
process in Bali Province was identical to the approach applied in Workshop I,
namely a combination of technocratic and participatory approaches.
a. Technocratic Approach
Technocratic approach in the scoping process of Water Resources KLHS in
Bali province was applied by using scientific thinking method and
framework. The integration of science and the principles of integrated water
resources management in Bali as a single small island ecosystem was based
on data input and valid scientific information to provide various alternatives
and recommendations for decision making, by considering the conditions and
characteristics of social, cultural, economic, institutional and biophysical
environment.
In the process of Water Resources KLHS in Bali province, the formulation of
strategic issues, analysis and assessment of carrying capacity as well as
recommendations of alternative policies, plans and programs (KRP) were
conducted based on the flow of logical framework, by using data and scientific
information, as well as by using relevant analytical models.
8
b. Participatory Approach
Participatory approach in the scoping process of Water Resources KLHS in
Bali was a process of involving public participation, particularly in relation to
the efforts to ensure the representation of community inputs in decision
making (alternative KRP recommendations). This is in line with the principles
of environmental management planning, among other things, by involving the
participation of local communities and other stakeholders to accommodate
people's aspirations. Article 18 paragraph (1) of Law no. 32 Year 2009
concerning Environment Control and Environmental Management also
mandates that the KLHS shall be conducted by involving the community and
stakeholders. The involvement of the community based on norms, standards
and guidelines was implemented through Workshops, Focus Group
Discussions (FGD) and seminars.
1.2. The process of the Improvement of the Scoping and Formulation
of Sub-Objectives as well as Priority Development Programs
The scoping process of Water Resources KLHS in Bali Province in Workshop
II followed the phases which are systematically presented in Figure 1, as
follows:
1) Phase I: Screening of Strategic Issues related to Water
Resources, Environment Issues and Sustainable Development
Issues
The screening of issues for Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was started with a
brief presentation on the implementation of KLHS in Bali province. All FGD
9
participants were community members (representing tourism and industrial
entrepreneurs, agricultural workers and the general community groups) in
addition to stakeholders participating in Workshop I. Each community group
was guided and facilitated in discussing issues of water resources,
environment and sustainable development in Bali as well as identifying
strategic issues of water resources, environment and sustainable
development. This Phase of FGD was expected to generate new strategic
issues which were not identified in the Scoping Phase of Workshop I. The
output of this stage was a set of strategic issues for each community groups
as the result of the FGD.
2) Phase II: Synthesis and Finalization of Priority Strategic Issues
A range of strategic issues generated from the implementation of the FGD
were then synthesized with the priority strategic issues which had been
agreed in Workshop IThe synthesis was conducted through stakeholders’
discussion forum with the same participants as Workshop I. The purpose of
this phase was to improve or to add priority strategic issues based on the
inputs obtained from the FGD. The output was in the form of a final
Formulation of Priority Strategic Issues , which will taken into consideration in
the following KLHS process.
3) Phase III: Formulation of Sub-Objectives
Sub-objectives were then designated for each of the final priority strategic
issues resulting from the synthesis of the FGD and Workshop I. The
formulation of sub-objectives for each priority strategic issues was aimed at
10
determining the analysis of the direction of development policies and/or plans
and/or programs in the following KLHS phases.
The Phase III was implemented trough group discussions followed by panel
discussions in order to agree upon each sub-objective of the strategic issues.
The output from this phase is the Formulation of Sub-objective for each
strategic issue.
4) Phase IV: Formulation of Priority Development Programs
Each sub-objective of each priority strategic issues agreed upon in Phase III
was followed up by the formulation of priority development programs.
Phase IV was implemented by holding focus group discussions which were
followed by panel discussions to agree on priority programs for each strategic
issue and each sub-objective. The output of this phase was the formulation of
Priority Development Programs for each strategic issues and sub-objectives.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
BRIEFING ON KLHS MATERIALS BY CONSULTANT
Identification of Additional Strategic
Issues from the Community Groups
Collection of Strategic Issues related to
Water Resources, Environment and PB
Phase I
11
Scoping Improvement Process, Formulation of Sub-Objectives and Priority
Development Programs in Water Resources KLHS in Bali Province
Syntehsis and Finalization of
Priority Strategic Issues Prioritas
PRIORITY STRATEGIC ISSUES AGREED ON IN
WORKSHOP I
Description of Final Priority Strategic
Issues
Formulating Sub-objectives for each Priority
Strategic Issues
• DESCRIPTION OF FINAL PRIORITY STRATEGIC ISSUES
• KLHS OBJECTIVES • COVERAGE AREA
STUDIES • TERM OF STUDY
Formulation of Sub-objective for each
Priority Strategic Issues
Formulation of Priority Programs
Phase II
Phase III
FGD
Stakeholder
Discussion
Group Discussion &
Formulation of Priority Development Programs for each Sub-objectives and
Strategic Issues
Phase IV • DESCRIPTION OF FINAL PRIORITY STRATEGIC ISSUES
• KLHS OBJECTIVES • COVERAGE AREA
STUDIES • TERM OF STUDY • SUB-OBJECTIVES
FOR EACH STRATEGIC ISSUES
Group Discussion &
12
1.3. Methodology
The Improvement of scoping in Water Resources KLHS in Bali Province
applied several methods, namely:
1) Brainstorming method.
A method of exchanging thoughts with many people in a meeting in
order to listen to various types of information/alternatives in relation to
the topics discussed. Each participant of the discussion, based on the
principles of equality, transparency and democratcy, were facilitated to
freely convey their opinions and proposals/suggestions in discussing a
particular topic. The brainstorming method was used in the scoping
improvement process is used in the entire phases of activity
2) Meta plan method.
Meta plan method in the process of KLHS scoping improvement in Bali
Province was used in the identification or mapping of water resources
issues, environmental issues and sustainable development issues in
the FGD. Each participant of the discussion wrote or conveyed their
ideas concerning water resources issues, environmental issues and
sustainable development issues on several sheets of paper. Each
issue was written on a piece of paper. The issues raised on each sheet
of paper were subsequently grouped, categorized and paired with each
other and an agreement was then endeavored in order to produce a
series of water resources issues, environmental issues and sustainable
development issues. The meta plan method was used in this scoping
13
process in order to reduce barriers of verbal communication in the
discussion process.
3) Overlay method
Overlay method is a method in which several maps are overlaid in
order to see the tendency. Technically, this method uses a number of
thematic maps of physiographic and other geophysical factors in Bali
Province, the region's ecosystems, hydrology, land use and spatial
layout planning, as well as several socio-economic aspects, as well as
social and cultural aspects. Overlay method was used in the
formulation of sub-objectives and priority development programs.
4) Matrix method
The matrik method was used in order to see the relationship between
one group and other groups. The matrix method was used in the
improvement of the KLHS scoping process in the finalization of priority
strategic issues, sub-objectives formulation and priority development
programs.
5) Network/Flowchart method
Network/flowchart method was used to see an impact of one group on
other groups, both directly and indirectly. The method was used in the
finalization of priority strategic issues, sub-objectives formulation and
priority development programs.
14
6) Analogy method
Analogy method is the making of a prediction based on similar
conditions occurring in a different place/time. Analogy method was
used in the improvement of the scoping process in identifying
additional water resources issues /environmental issues and the
formulation of strategic issues and priorities.
15
CHAPTER III
BRIEF PROFILE OF BALI PROVINCE
Based on the explanations of the resource persons in the Scoping
process of Water Resources KLHS in Bali Province (Workshop I), the
following is a brief profile of Bali Province in relation to land resources,
climate, hydrology and forest.
1.1. Area and Administration
Bali Province is one of the provinces in Indonesia established by virtue of Law
Number 64 year 1958. Geographically, Bali Province is located in the central
part of Indonesia at 8o.03’.40” South Latitude - 8o.50’.48” South Latitude and
114o.25’.53” - 115o.42’.40” East Longitude. Bali Province is a part of the
Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. While, the boundaries of Bali
Province are, as follows:
• North : The Java Sea
• East : Lombok Straits
• South : The Indian Ocean
• West: Bali Straits.
Bali province consists of Bali island as the main island and several small
inhabited islands, namely Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, Nusa Ceningan,
16
and Serangan Island and uninhabited island of Menjangan Island. The total
area of Bali Province is 563,666 ha (0.29% of Indonesia).
Administratively, Bali Province is divided into 8 (eight) regencies and one
municipality, 57 sub-districts and 713 villages. The number of sub-districts in
each District/Municipality is ranging from 4 to 10 sub-districts. The
Regencies/Municipality in Bali Province are as listed in Figure 2, namely,
Jembrana, Tabanan, Badung, Gianyar, Klungkung, Bangli, Karangasem,
Buleleng Regencies and Denpasar Municipality.
Source: BPS Bali Province (2009)
Figure 2. Size, Number of sub-districts and number of villages in Bali
Province by Regency/Municipality
17
1.2. Physiography
1.2.1. Topography
The relief of Bali Island constitutes a range of mountains extending from the
West to the East. Among those mountains, there are active volcanoes,
namely Mt. Batur (1,717 m) and Mt. Agung (3,142 m). Because of the range
of mountains which stretches along Bali island, the morphology of Bali Island
is divided into several units of different topographies and physiographies,
namely mountainous areas in the central part of Bali Island stretching from the
west to the east, the lowlands and the ramps which are relatively widespread
in southern areas, narrow lowland on the foot of hills and mountains in the
northern area, and hilly terrains on the southern tip of Bali island and small
islands (Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan) (Figure 3).
Adapted from the Topographic Map of Indonesia (1993)
18
Figure 3. Topographic Map of Bali Province
1.2.2. Morphology
Because of the range of mountains and hills stretching across Bali province,
the slope of land is dominated slopes of more than 15%. Lands with a slope
ranging from 15 to 40% cover 171,932 ha or 30.50% of the island and the size
of land with a slope of more than 40% is 160,908 ha (28.55%). Slopes of 15-
40% are dominant in the central part of Bali Island, covering the mountain
range stretching from the west to the east, namely Jembrana, Tabanan,
Klungkung, Bangli and Karangasem. Areas with slopes of more than 40%
include the hills and soe parts of Nusa Penida Island. Whereas lands with a
slope of 0-2% only cover 106,775 ha (18.94%) and lands with a slope of 2-
15% cover 124,051 ha (22.01%). The land dominated by slopes of less than
15%, include Denpasar City, and Gianyar and Badung Regencies (Figure 4).
Adapted from Source: Bali Province Regional Planning and Development Agency (Bappeda) (2006)
19
Figure 4. Map of Land Slopes in Bali Province
1.2.3. Geological Structure
The regional geological structure of Bali was initiated activities in the sea
during the Lower Myosin producing pillow lava and breccias which were
interrupted by limestone. In the southern part, there was a limestone
sedimentation which subsequently formed the Southern Formation. In the line
which bordered on the northern edge, there was a more subtle sedimentation.
At the end of Pleistocene Time, the entire sedimentation area emerged above
the sea level. At the sama time as the elevation, there was a shift causing
various parts were faulting with one another. Generally, these faults were
covered by younger organic or sedimentary rocks. In this matter, during the
Pliocene Time, a sedimentation occurred in the sea to the North of the area,
in the form of materials originating from sediments which subsequently
resulted in the Asah Formation. In the Northwest, at least parts of the rocks
emerged above sea level. Meanwhile, the sedimentation process of carbonate
rocks was increasingly dominant further to the West. At the end of Pleosin
period, the entire line was lifted and faulted, and an elevation occured.
Volcanic activities mostly occurred on land which created volcanoes from
west to east. It was in line with the occurrence of two calderas, namely first
the Buyan-Beratan caldera and then followed by the Batur caldera. The island
of Bali is still experiencing movements which cause elevation/uplifting in the
northern part. As the result, Palasari formation was elevated to above the sea
level and the island of Bali generally has a asymmetrical South – North
20
crosssection. The south is lower than the north. The geological conditions of
Bali are presented in Figure 5.
Regional stratigraphy based on the Geological Map of Bali (Purbo-
Hadiwidjojo, 1971) in Bappeda Bali Province (2006), Bali geology is relatively
young. The oldest rocks was probably formed during the Middle Miocene. Bali
stratigraphy based on the Geological time is as follows:
• Quarter, spreading over the southern, northern and central part of Bali
Island. This formation is comprised of:
- Tuffs and Buyan-Beratan and Batur sediments.
- Mt. Batukaru volcanic rocks.
- Mt. Batur volcanic rocks.
- Mt. Agung volcanic rocks.
- Volcanic rocks of the subrecent peaks of Mt. Pohen, Mt.
Sangiang, Mt. Lesung.
- Lava from Mt. Pawon
- Alluvial sediment, particularly along the coast, Buyan lakeside,
Beratan and Batur Lakes.
• Lower Quarter, spreading over the western part of Bali Island. The
formation is comprised of:
- Jembrana Volcanic rocks: lava, breccia and tuffs from Mt.
Klatakan, Mt. Merbuk, Mt. Patas and combined rocks..
- Palasari Formation: conglomerate: sandstone, limestrone reefs.
- Mt. Seraya Volcanic rocks.
21
• Pliocene, present along the northern coast from Temukus up to Cape
of Pulaki, and also in the eastern part of Buleleng region. The
Formation includes:
- Prapat Agung Formation, among other things, limestone,
sandstone of limestone and marl.
- Pulaki Volcanic rocks : lava and breccia.
- Sorga Formation: tufa, marl and sandstone.
- Asah Formation comprising lava, breccia, tuffs, pumice with the
stuffing of limestone.
• Miocene-Pliocene, including: South Formation: particularly, limestone
• Middle-Upper Myosin, including: Sorga Formation: tuffs, marls,
sandstone.
• Lower-Upper Myosin, including: Ulakan Formation: volcanic breccia,
lava, tuffs with an infix of limestone.
22
Adapted from the source: Bappeda Bal Province (2006)
Figure 5. Geological Map of Bali Province
1.2.4. Types of Soil
There are five main types of soil spreading throughout Bali Province,
according to Reconnaissance Soil Map of Bali (1970). Those five types of
soilare (Figure 6):
1) Alluvial, comprising Alluvial Hidromorf and Grayish Brown Alluvial. This
type of soil covers an area of 27.456 ha (4,8%), scattered in the
Regencies of Jembrana, Klungkung, Buleleng and Karangasem.
2) Regosol, comprising Grayish Brown Regosol, Grey Regosol, Brown
Regosol and Humic Regosol. This type of soil covers an area of
224.869 ha (39,9%), scattered in the Regencies of Badung, Denpasar,
Gianyar, and Jembrana.
3) Grayish Brown Andosol, This type of soil covers an area of 22.976 ha
(4,1%) scattered in the Regencies of Buleleng, Tabanan and Badung.
4) Latosol, comprising Yellowish Brown Latosol, Brown Latosal, Reddish
Brown Latosol and Litosol. The type of this soil dominates Bali region in
an area of 251.185 ha (44,6%) in the Regencies of Buleleng, Tabanan,
Badung, Denpasar, Jembrana, and Klungkung.
5) Mediteran, comprising Brown Mediteran and Reddish Brown
Mediteran. This type of soil covers an area of 37.180 ha (6,6%),
scattered in the Regencies of Jembrana, Badung and Klungkung.
23
Adapted from source: Bappeda Bali Province (2006)
Figure 6. Map of Soil Type in Bali Province
1.3. Climate
1.3.1. Type of Climate
Generally, the conditions of weather and climate in Bali region are highly
influenced by several matters, among other things, ocean-atmosphere
interaction, convergence activities, the meeting of air masses from the
northern and southern hemisphere, the growth of a low pressure center and
the influence of local conditions. Based on the data of average monthly
rainfall, Bali region has a pattern of monsoon rainfall. Monsoon pattern occurs
due to the air circulation process which changes direction for every six months
which pass in the territory of Indonesia, known as the west monsoon and the
northeast monsoon. The west monsoon generally causes a lot of rain (rainy
24
season) taking place around January, and the east monsoon generally leads
to less rainfall (dry season) taking place around August.
Based on the classification of Schmidt-Ferguson, Bali has a climate type
ranging from types C to F climate as shown in Figure 7. The type F climate is
generally scattered in the northen and eastern coastal areas of Bali, as well
as some hilly areas in thesouthern Bali and Nusa Penida. Meanwhile, the type
C climate exists at the center of Bali Island and type D is at the central and
the western parts of Bali Island.
Source: Bali Province Bappeda (2006)
Figure 7. Map of Schmidt-Ferguson Climate Types in Bali Province
1.3.2. Rainfall
The average annual rainfall in Bali during 2008 was 1,956.04 mm.
Meanwhile, the average annual rainfall by Regency/Municipality was ranging
25
from 1,660.42 – 2,436.56 mm, where the highest rainfall took place in
Tabanan Regency and the lowest was in Klungkung Regency (Figure 8).
Adapted from source: BBMKG Region III Denpasar (2009)
Figure 8. The Average Annual Rainfall by Regency/Municipality in Bali
Province Year 2008
The average monthly rainfall in Bali was ranging from 6.04 – 406.54 mm,
where the wettest month occurrs in February and the driest month occurrs in
July. Wet months, with monthly rainfall of more than 100 mm in Bali in 2008
lasted for 6 months, among other things, in January, February, March,
October, November and December (Figure 9). Jembrana, Tabanan,
Karangasem Regencies and Denpasar Municipality had seven wet months
while the other regencies had six wet months during 2008.
26
Adapted from source: BBMKG Region III Denpasar (2009)
Figure 9. The Average Monthly Rainfall in Bali Province Year 2008
1.3.3. Air Temperature
The average monthly temperature in Bali province in 2008 ranged from 25.0 -
27.1 oC. The highest average monthly temperature was in October and the
lowest was in July (Figure 10). October had the highest average monthly
temperature throughout the Regencies/Municipalities, where in that month,
the average monthly temperature by Regency/Municipality was ranging from
20.1 - 28.6 °C, the highest was in Buleleng Regency and the lowest was in
Tabanan Regency. In July, low temperatures took place throughout Bali with
the average monthly temperature by Regency/City ranging from 18.0 - 26.3
°C, the highest was in Buleleng Regency and the lowest was in Tabanan
Regency. Tabanan Regency had an average monthly temperature which was
relatively low throughout the year compared to other regencies/municipalities,
namely ranging from 18.0 - 20.1 oC. Meanwhile, Buleleng Regency had an
average monthly temperature which was relatively higher throughout the year
with the average monthly temperatures of around 26.1 - 28.6 °C (Figure 11).
Adapted from source: BBMKG Region III Denpasar (2009)
Figure 10. The Average Monthly Temperature In Bali Province Year 2008
27
Figure 11. The Lowest and Highest Average Monthly Temperature by
Regency/Municipality in Bali Province Year 2008
1.4. Hydrology and Water Resource Potentials
1.4.1. Rivers
In Bali Province, it is recorded that there are 401 rivers and 162 of them
empty into the sea. Out of the 162 rivers, there are only 11 rivers which have
watershed of more than 100 km2. Based on the characteristics of river flows,
most of the rivers are intermittent and annual rivers. Accordingly, the
utilization of water from these rivers cannot be expected throughout the year.
Only less than 11% of the rivers have water during dry seasons.
River systems in Bali are flowing from the north or the south as the result of
the division of Bali Island by the mountains stretching from the west to the
east of the island. Rivers in the south part of the mountains flow to the south
and generally their length is twice the length of rivers flowing to the north in
the north part of the mountains.
Watershed (Daerah Aliran Sungai or DAS) is the basis for the management of
river ecosystems and surface water resources. Watershed is defined as an
Adapter from source: BBMKG Region III Denpasar (2009)
24,4
18,0
26,0
26,1
26,2
25,9
25,5
26,1
26,1
27,4
20,1
27,6
27,9
28,1
28,1
28,0
28,6
28,2
05
101520253035
Jem Tab Bad Gia Klu Bang Kar Bul Den
Suhu
(der
ajat
Cel
sius
)
Terendah Tertinggi
24,4
18,0
26,0
26,1
26,2
25,9
25,5
26,1
26,1
27,4
20,1
27,6
27,9
28,1
28,1
28,0
28,6
28,2
05
101520253035
Jem Tab Bad Gia Klu Bang Kar Bul Den
Suhu
(der
ajat
Cel
sius
)
Terendah Tertinggi
28
area bordered by natural topography, where all rainwater falling in it will flow
through a river and comes out through an outlet on the river, or a hydrologic
unit which describes and uses physical-biological units and units of social and
economic activities for planning and managing natural resources.
Combination of several Watersheds becomes a Unit of River Area. The
importance of watershed as a complete planning unit is a logical consequence
for maintaining the sustainable use of the forests, soil, and water resources.
River systems in Indonesia are divided into 90 River Basin Units (Satuan
Wilayah Sungai or SWS) pursuant to Decree of the Minister of Public Works
No. 39/PRT/1989 including, more than 5,590 watersheds. Rivers in Bali
province as a whole, form a single River Basin Regional Unit (SWS) or
Regional River Unit, namely the River Region of Bali-Penida with SWS code
of 03:01. The rivers are in Bali-Penida River Region which are divided into 20
sub SWS, namely (Figure 12):
Miniterial Decree PU No. 39/PRT/1989
29
Figure 12. Map of River and Sub Unit of River Region in Bali Province
1) Sub SWS 03.01.01. Includes Denpasar Municipality, Badung,
Tabanan, Gianyar and Buleleng Regencies, with an area of 555,64
km2. Most of the large rivers which are included in this Sub SWS are of
Perennial River, except the rivers which are in Hill area (Kuta Selatan
Sub-district). The greatest or dominating Watershed in this Sub SWS is
Ayung Watershed. The Area of Ayung Watershed ± 288.37 km2
passing three Regencies of Badung, Denpasar Municipality and
Gianyar Regency. The average annual rainfall in the Watershed is
relatively high, reaching 2000 mm per year.
2) Sub SWS 03.01.02. Includes Badung, Tabanan and Buleleng
Regencies with an area of 601,75 km2. Rivers in this Sub SWS are
mostly of the parennial types. The area of the rivers are dominated by
Tukad Yeh Empas Watershed with an area of 100,82 km2 and Tukad
Yeh Ho Watershed with the area of 135,76 km2, where Tabanan
Regency located. The river flow continues throughout the year, with the
rainfall around 2.200 mm per year. Other major watersheds in the area
of this river is Tukad Yeh Penet of which area flows area, include
Tabanan and Badung Regencies.
3) Sub SWS 03.01.03. Includes Tabanan Regency with an area of 288,34
km2. The area of this river is dominated by Tukad Balian Watershed
with the area of 152,9 km2. The the river flow continues throughout the
year, with a rainfall of around 2.000 mm per year. In addition to Tukad
Balian, rivers included in Sub SWS 03.01.03, are, among others, Tk.
30
Yeh Otan, Tk. Putrina, Tk. Timus, Tk. Pedungan, Tk. Payang, Tk.
Gayam, Tk. Yeh Matan, Tk. Yeh Putek and Tk. Mluang.
4) Sub SWS 03.01.04. Includes Tabanan and Jembrana Regencies with
an area of 392,37 km2. The rivers in this region are parennial rivers,
including Tk. Selabih, Tk. Yeh Leh, Tk. Yeh Sumbul, Tk. Yeh
Satang,Tk. Gumbrih, Tk. Pengyangan, Tk. Bakung, Tk. Pulukan, Tk.
Kayu, Tk. Medewi and Tk. Lebah. Most of the rivers pass forest areas,
particularly the middle and upstream areasparts, while in the
downstream they pass rice fields.
5) Sub SWS 03.01.05. Includes Jembrana Regency with an area of
158,92 km2. The main rivers in this Sub SWS are Tk. Yeh Embang, Tk.
Bilokpoh and Tk. Buah, which are parennial rivers. The upstream areas
of the rivers are in protected forest areas, while the middle parts pass
plantations and the downstream are in rice fields.
6) Sub SWS 03.01.06. Includes Jembrana Regency and covers an area
of 228,44 km2. The rivers are dominated by Tukad Sowan Watershed
with an area of 135,32 km2. Rainfall in the Watershed area is
approximately 1,900 mm per year with the no flow of river or semi-
permanent flow throughout the year. During monsoon time, the areas
are frequently flooded. Other rivers in this Sub SWS are Tk. Titis, Tk.
Mendoyo and Tk. Dalem. The downstream of the rivers are in
protected forest areas, while the middle parts pass through plantations
land and the downstream are in rice fileds and settlement areas.
7) Sub SWS 03.01.07. Includes Jembrana Regency which covers an area
of 243,52 km2. The areas are dominated by Tukad Daya Barat
31
Watershed. Other rivers, among others, are Tk. Sangyiang Gede, Tk.
Melaya, Tk. Sari Kuning, Tk. Klatakan. The wáter flow of Tukad Daya
Barat, Tukad Sanghyang Gede and Tukad Melaya is not thorughout
the year or semi permanent, while Tukad Klatakan is an intermitten
river. The land utilization in the upstream areas is in the form of forests
and the middle part up to the downstream are used for seasonal dry
agricultural fields.
8) Sub SWS 03.01.08. Includes Buleleng regency with an area of 367,22
km2. The rivers in this raea are intermitten rivers which are relatively
short, the flow of which passes through hilly areas and mostly in the
form of critical land, in Gerokgak Regency, hence the Watershed is
relatively in a critical condition. The rivers are, among others, Tk.
Sumaga, Tk. Gerokgak, Tk. Musi, Tk. Tinga-tinga, Tk. Yeh Biu, Tk.
Banyupoh, Tk. Pengunbahan and Tk. Pule. The lands in the upstream
areas are in the form of forests, while the downstream are used as as
dry rice fields.
9) Sub SWS 03.01.09. Includes Buleleng regency with an area of 222,39
km2. This area is dominated by Tukad Saba Watershed with an area of
130,09 km2. Other rivers in this area are Tukad Banyuraras and Tukad
Gemgem.
10) Sub SWS 03.01.10. Includes Buleleng regency with an area of 114,24
km2. The rivers located in this area are generally semi permanent or
intermitten rivers. The rivers in Sub SWS 03.01.10 are, among other
things, Tk. Manuk, Tk. Bengkala, Tk. Jebol, Tk. Tampekan, Tk. Binong,
32
Tk. Mendaum, Tk. Langking and Tk. Anakan. Land in this river area is
mostly used as dry rice fields.
11) Sub SWS 03.01.11. Includes Buleleng Regency with an area of 243,48
km2. The rivers included in this Sub SWS are, among others, Tk
Tengah, Tk. Batupulu, Tk, Serumbung, Tk. Asangan, Tk. Buleleng, Tk.
Banyumala, Tk. Baas, Tk. Penarukan, Tk. Yeh Taluh, Tk. Buus, Tk.
Munduk, Tk. Sangsit, Tk. Pengong and Tk. Taluk. The rivers are
generally semi permanent rivers. The land in the upstream areas of the
rivers is used for forest and the downstream areas are in the form of
densely populated residential areas in Singaraja Municipality as well as
rice fields.
12) Sub SWS 03.01.12. Includes Buleleng Regency with an area of 311,65
km2. The area along this river is dominated by Tukad Daya Sawan
Watershed which reaches 107,25 km2 , the land in the upper couse of
Watershed is utilized for forest and in the middle of the downstream is
dominated by wet rice fields and plantations. Erosion rate at the
beginning of the rainy season is relatively high considering cover of
vegetation at the beginning of the rainy season which has not been
functioning effectively to restrain the flow of surface water.
13) Sub SWS 03.01.13. Includes Buleleng, Karangasem and Bangli
Regencies which covers 357,14 km2. The rivers in this area are in
general small and short rivers because they flow through hilly areas
which are close to costal areas. The land utilization in the upstream
areas is forest area and the middle parts up to the upstream areas are
dominated by critical land and dry rice fields. The rivers are mostly
33
intermitten rivers. The rivers in Sub SWS 03.01.13 are, among others,
Tk. Batang, Tk. Bangka, Tk. Ketungan, Tk. Puan, Tk. Sumegen, Tk.
Baturiti, Tk. Linggah, Tk. Tutung, Tk. Abu, Tk. Maong, Tk. Dalam, Tk.
Pangandangan, Tk. Lebahcelagi, Tk. Sapta, Tk. Trukuk, Tk. Cili, Tk.
Sayung, Tk. Batang, Tk. Bakalan, Tk. Nusu, Tk. Pale, Tk. Embahapi,
Tk. Dadak, Tk. Melaka, Tk. Grembeng, Tk. Dalem, Tk. Pilian, Tk.
Sringin, Tk. Daya, Tk. Bumbung, Tk. Timbul, Tk. Santer, Tk.
Karanganyar, Tk. Karobelahan, Tk. Legawa, Tk. Bungbung, Tk.
Telaga, Tk. Selahu, Tk. Jaka,Tk. Luwah, Tk. Gelar, Tk. Sidepana, Tk.
Yeh Bau, Tk. Bonriu, Tk. Tembok, Tk. Bulakan.
14) Sub SWS 03.01.14. Includes Karangasem Regency which covers an
area of 295,38 km2. The rivers in this Sub SWS are, Tk. Mantri, Tk.
Seraya, Tk. Pitpitan, Tk. Bangas, Tk. Bunutan, Tk. Tibidalem, Tk.
Belong, Tk. Itam, Tk Buah, Tk. Pangkuh. Tk Titis, Tk. Kutumanak, Tk.
Kusambi, Tk. Batukeseni, Tk. Bluhu, Tk. Desa, Tk Pangkung and Tk.
Aya. The rivers are mostly intermitten rivers and passing through
critical land around Mt. Seraya. The land is dominated by critical land
and seasonal dry agricultural fields.
15) Sub SWS 03.01.15. Includes Karangasem Regency which covers an
area of 272,53 km2. Rivers in this area are flowing throughout the year
and their watersheds are dominated by rice fields. The three main
rivers in Sub SWS 03.01.15 are Tk. Pedih, Tk. Bangka and Tk.
Nyuling. Another river is an intermitten one, namely Tk. Ringuang. The
condition of the Watershed is relatively critical and land use is
dominated by dry seasonal dry agricultural fields.
34
16) Sub SWS 03.01.16. Includes Karangasem Regency which covers an
area of 342,08 km2. This area is dominated by Tukad Jangga
Watershed which covers 70,125 km2. The land is dominated by rice
fields. The rivers are located in the lava watershed area of Mt. Agung,
namely Tukad Jangga. The rivers included in Sub SWS 03.01.15 are,
among others, Tk. Prakpak, Tk. Buwatan, Tk. Mengereng, Tk. Jangga,
TK. Telincicing, Tk. Tanahampo, Tk. Buhu, Tk. Sampiang, Tk.
Karangan and Tk. Alas.
17) Sub SWS 03.01.17. Includes Karangasem, Bangli and Klungkung
Regencies with an area of 257,78 km2. The area is dominated by
Tukad Unda Watershed in an area of 220,52 km2. Other rivers are Tk.
Bugbugan, Tk. Paang, Tk. Cau, Tk. Betel, Tk. Unda, Tk. Lombok, Tk.
Pegatepan. The rainfall in this area is relatively high which reaches
3000 mm per year. The rivers are flowing throughout the year, the land
is mostly used for wet rice fields, while the areas in the upstream areas
are in the form of forest areas. Most of the rivers in this area are
flowing in the course of Mt. Agung lava. The sedimentation caused by
volcanic materials from Mt. Agung is still dominating the rivers’
condition in Tukad Unda watershed. In addition to high rainfall, there
are many springs in Tukad Unda Watershed, which have large
potentials namely Telaga Waja, Surya, Arca, Tirta Gangga, and so
forth.
18) Sub SWS 03.01.18. Includes Gianyar, Bangli, Karangasem and
Klungkung Regencies which covers an area of 48,84 km2. The main
rivers in this river area are Tk. Jinah, Tk. Melangit, Tk. Bubuh, Tk.
35
Sangsang and Tk. Pakerisan, which are parennial rivers, and the
watersheds are mostly used as rice fields.
19) Sub SWS 03.01.19. Includes Gianyar, Bangli, Badung and Denpasar
Regencies in an area of 102,19 km2. This river area is dominated by
Tukad Oos watershed which covers an area of 116,52 km2. The other
rivers are Tk. Sangku, Tk. Kutul, Tk. Petanu, Tk. Singapadu, Tk.
Jerem, Tk. Blahbatuh and Tk. Sekatu. The rivers have continuous flow
throughout the year, while the land is mostly used for wet rice fields.
The rivers have high banks with long channels, where vertical erotion
in all rivers is relatively high.
20) Sub SWS 03.01.20. Located in Nusa Penida Island with an area of
208,87 km2. The rivers located in Nusa Penida Island are entirely
intermitten rivers, namely rivers which only flow during rain, an hour
after the rain, the flow will cease. The land in this area is mostly used
for seasonal dry agricultural fields.
1.4.2. Lakes, Dams and Small Reservoirs
Bali Province has four lakes, namely Batur Lake in Bangli Regency, Beratan
Lake in Tabanan Regency, Buyan Lake and Tamblingan Lake in Buleleng
Regency (Table 2 and Figure 12). Batur Lake is the largest lake in Bali with
the surface area of 16,05 km2. Lakes in Bali are all volcanic lakes located in
the mountain chains at the height of 1000 – 1200 m above the sea level. With
such position, the four lakes are the support for the water systems in the
downstream areas as well as the surrounding areas.
Table 2.
36
The Characteristics of Lakes in Bali
No
Name of
Lakes
Regency/
City
Fishing
area
(km2)
Surface
area
(km2)
Average
Depth
(m)
Length
(km)
Widht
(km)
Water Vol
(m3million)
1 Batur Bangli 105,35 16,05 50,8 7,7 2,7 815,38
2 Beratan Tabanan 13,4 4,38 12,8 2,0 2,0 49,22
3 Buyan Buleleng 24,1 3,67 31,7 3,7 1,5 116,25
4 Tamblingan Buleleng 9,2 1,15 23,5 1,8 0,9 27,00
Total 1.007,85
Source: Bali Province Bappeda (2009)
Dams and small reservoirs are man made lake constructed for various
purposes, such as supply of irrigation water, raw water for clean water, flood
control and others. In Bali Province, there are five dams/small reservoirs,
namely Palasari Dam in an area of 87 ha located in Jembrana Regency,
Gerokgak Dam in an area of 350 ha located in Buleleng Regency, Telaga
Tunjung Dam in an area of 17 ha located in Tabanan regency, Muara Dam in
an area of 35 ha located in Denpasar Municipality and Badung Regency, and
Seraya Small Reservoir in an area of 2 ha located in Karangasem Regency
(Public Works Service Office of Bali Province, 2008) (Table 3 and Figure 13)
Table 3.
The Characteristics of Dams and Small Reservoirs in Bali Province
No Name of
Dam/Reservoir
Regency/
Municipality
Catchment
Area
(km2)
Surface
area
(ha)
Depth
(m)
Water
Vol
(juta
m3)
1 Palasari Dam Jembrana 4.230 87 29 8,00
37
2 Gerokgak Dam Buleleng 2.850 350 42 3,75
3 Telaga Tunjung
Dam
Tabanan 950 17 33 1,26
4 Muara Dam Denpasar 2.255 35 2 0,42
5 Seraya Small
Reservoir
Karangasem 250 2 4 0,10
Total 13,53
Source: Bali Province Bappeda (2009)
Figure 13. Map of Lakes, Dams and Small Reservoirs in Bali Province
1.4.3. Springs
Spring is a point where ground water flows out to land surface naturally,
caused by an interruption of groundwater flow by the local topographic form
38
and comes out of rocks. Generally, spring appears on foothills or slopes,
valleys and plains. Springs that come out to land surface are mostly caused
by topographic changes and are affected by the differences between
permeable layer of volcanoes and impermeable layer (lava chunks) in the
form of seepages. According to Prastowo in Arsyad and Rustiadi (2008), the
presence of springs are in general affected by geological factors, such as
morphological, lithological and geological structure conditions as well as local
land use.
Based on the JICA report (2005) in the Regional Planning and Development
Agency of Bali Province (2009), there are 1,273 springs in Bali Province
(Table 4). The largest number of springs exist in Bangli Regency, namely 423
springs, followed by Buleleng Regency which have 327 springs, Tabanan
Regency with 177 springs and Karangasem Regency with 138 springs.
Regencies having relatively small area of lowland have relatively small
number of springs, such as in Jembrana Regency, which has 61 springs,
Badung with 30 springs, Gianyar 79 springs, Klungkung 38 springs, as well as
Nusa Penida which has 9 springs.
The distribution of several springs in Bali Province is presented in Figure 14.
Table 4.
The Condition of Springs in Bali Province
No Regency/
Municipality
Number of Springs
(piece)
Total Discharge
(litre/second)
Average Flow
(litre/second)
1 Jembrana 61 85,1 17,0
2 Tabanan 177 3.080 73,2
39
3 Badung 30 1.291 184,4
4 Gianyar 79 2.981 56,2
5 Klungkung
(mainland)
29 202 40,4
Klungkung (Nusa
Penida)
9 522 104,1
6 Bangli 423 2.736 48,0
7 Karangasem 138 9.808 102,3
8 Buleleng 327 6.603 71,3
Total 1.273 27.063 75,4
Source:JICA (2005) Bali Province Regional Planning and Development
Agency (2006)
Those 1,273 springs have various flowrate, ranging from one litre/second to
several hundred litres/second. The total flowrate of springs in the entire Bali is
27,063 litres/second with the average flowrate of 75,4 litre/second (Table 4).
40
Figure 14. Distribution Map of Several Springs in Bali Province
1.4.4. Groundwater Basin (Cekungan Air Tanah or CAT)
Ground water is water in layers or rocks under the ground level. Groundwater
is found in aquifers. The main characteristics that distinguish ground water to
surface water is its slow movement and very long stay time which can reach
tens or even hundreds of years. Because of the very slow movements and
long stay time, it will be difficult for ground water to recover, in case of
contamination.
The condition of groundwater in Bali is very dependent on its geological
conditions. Basin is a place where groundwater can be found, which is formed
through geological processes, and limited by hydrogeological boundaries.
Based on the results of a research conducted by the Department of Energy
and Mineral Resources (2005), ground water basins in the province of Bali is
divided into 8 groups of basins as shown in Table 5.
Table 5.
The potentials of ground water in Groundwater Basins in Bali Province
Source: Bali Province BLH (2009)
41
Source: the Department of Energy and Mineral Resources (2005) in Bali
Province Bappeda (2009)
1.4.5. Potentials of Water Resources
The potential of river water according to the River Basin Sub Unit in Bali is
196.4 m3/second or 6,195.3 million m3/year. The largest water potential is
contained in Sub SWS 03.01.02, namely 29.09 m3/second (Tabel 6).
Table 6.
The Potentials of River Water by Sub-Units of River Area in Bali Province
No
Sub SWS
Catchment
Area
Average
Rainfall
Annual Runoff of All the River Basins
Total Runoff Depth
(km2) (mm/year) (mil.
m3) (m3/sec) (mm)
1 03.01.01 555,64 2.078 718,5 22,78 1.293
2 03.01.02 601,75 2.450 917,4 29,09 1.525
3 03.01.03 288,34 2.582 501,7 15,91 1.740
4 03.01.04 392,37 2.360 406,5 12,89 1.036
5 03.01.05 158,92 2.112 198,7 6,30 1.250
6 03.01.06 228,44 1.978 278,2 8,82 1.218
1 Denpasar-Tabanan 208.000 1500 - 3500 894 82 Gilimanuk 13.130 1000 - 1500 30 13 Negara 41.850 1500 - 2000 73 44 Singaraja 50.520 1000 - 2500 215 35 Danau Batur 75.050 500 - 2000 188 36 Amlapura 19.982 1000 - 2000 60 27 Nusa Dua 9.911 1500 - 2000 38 -8 Nusa Penida 19.790 500 - 1000 79 -
Jumlah 438.233 - 1.577,00 21% thd Bali 77,75
No Tak-tertekan (juta m3/thn)
Cadangan Air Tanah (CAT) Luas (Ha) Hujan (mm) Tertekan (juta
m3/thn)
42
7 03.01.07 243,52 1.583 237,2 7,52 974
8 03.01.08 367,22 1.365 328,8 10,42 895
9 03.01.09 222,39 2.096 305,8 9,70 1.375
10 03.01.10 114,24 1.704 169,5 5,37 1.484
11 03.01.11 243,48 2.005 383,1 12,15 1.574
12 03.01.12 311,65 1.792 255,7 8,11 820
13 03.01.13 357,14 1.798 164,6 5,22 461
14 03.01.14 295,38 1.911 144,7 4,59 490
15 03.01.15 272,53 1.629 276,2 8,76 1.013
16 03.01.16 342,08 2.237 476,0 15,09 1.392
17 03.01.17 257,78 2.337 374,9 11,89 1.454
18 03.01.18 48,84 2.700 - - -
19 03.01.19 102,19 1.809 - - -
20 03.01.20 208,87 1.079 57,8 1,83 277
Total/average 5612,77 1.980 6.195,3 196,42 1.014
Source: Bali Province Bappeda (2009)
The total volume of lake water throughout Bali is 1,007.85 million m3, 80.9% of
which is in Batur Lake, 11.5% in Buyan Lake, 4.9% in Beratan Lake and 2.7%
in Tamblingan Lake (Table 2).
The total volume of dam and reservoir water in Bali is 13,53 million m3
covering Palasari Dam with a volume of 8.00 million m3, Gerokgak Dam with
a volume of 3.75 million m3, Telaga Tunjung Reservoir 1.26 million m3, Muara
Reservoir 0.42 million m3, and Seraya Pond with 0.10 juta m3 (Table 3).
Those 1,273 springs have various flowrate, ranging from one litre/second to
several hundred litres/second. The total flowrate of springs in the entire Bali is
27,063 litres/second with the average flowrate of 75,4 litre/second (Table 4)
43
Unpressured ground water potential in groundwater basins in Bali Province is
1.577,00 million m3 / year and the pressured groundwater is 21 million m3 /
year.
1.5. Forest Areas
1.5.1. Size and Distribution of Forest Area
Forest areas in Bali in 2008 covered 130,686.01 hectares (ha) or 23.19% of
its juridiction. Forest areas in Bali have not reached an ideal size yet in order
to optimize the environmental benefits of at least 30% of the size of the island
pursuant to Article 18 paragraph (2) of Law Number 41 Year 1999 concerning
Forestry. The spread of forest areas in Bali is presented in Table 7.
Forest areas in Bali are not evenly distributed among the regencies/cities. In
fact, in Gianyar Regency, there is no stipulaton of forest area. The largest
forest area is in Buleleng Regency, however, Jembrana Regency has the
largest percentage of forest area to the total area. Only Jembrana and
Buleleng Regencies have the percentage of forest areas to the size of
regency/munipality which have met the required minimum 30% forest areas .
Table 7
The Size of Forest Areas and the Percentage of Forest Areas to the Size of
Territory by Regency/Municipality in Bali Province 2009
No Regency/
Municipality
Size
(Ha)
Forest
Area
(Ha)
Percentage (%) of Forest Area to
Size of
Reg/Muni
Size of
Province
Size of Province
Forest Areas
1 Jembrana 84.180 42.156,27 50,08 7,48 32,26
44
2 Buleleng 136.588 51.436,21 37,66 9,13 39,36
3 Tabanan 83.933 9.969,15 11,88 1,77 7,63
4 Badung 41.852 1.779,87 4,25 0,32 1,36
5 Denpasar 12.778 734,5 5,75 0,13 0,56
6 Gianyar 36.800 - - - -
7 Bangli 52.081 9.341,28 17,94 1,66 7,15
8 Klungkung 31.500 1.048,50 3,33 0,19 0,80
9 Karangasem 83.954 14.220,23 16,94 2,52 10,88
Bali Province 563.666 130.686,01 23,19 23,19 100,00
Source: Forest Service of Bali Province (2010)
State forests in Bali Province are spread in 22 forest areas (Table 8). The
largest forest area in Bali is the West Bali Forest area, which covers Buleleng
and Jembrana, namely 62% of the entire forest areas. Several forest areas
which size is more than one thousand hectares are Mt. Batukau Mountain, Mt.
Abang, Mt. Agung, Penulisan-Kintamani, Yeh Leh-Yeh Lebah, Mt. Batur Bukti
Payang, Prapat Benoa, Mungsu Mountain, and Mt. Seraya.
Table 8
Forest Areas in Bali in Year 2009
No Forest Area RTK Regency/
Municipality Size (Ha)
Percentage
(%)
1 Puncak Landep 1 Buleleng 590.00 0.45
2 Mt. Mungsu 2 Buleleng 1.134.00 0.87
3 Mt. Silangjana 3 Buleleng 415.00 0.32
4 Mt. Batukau 4
Buleleng-Tabanan-
Badung 15.153.28 11.60
5 Munduk Pengajaran 5 Bangli 613.00 0.47
45
No Forest Area RTK Regency/
Municipality Size (Ha)
Percentage
(%)
6 Mt. Batur Bkt. Payang 7 Bangli 2.528.00 1.93
7 Mt. Abang Agung 8 Bangli-Karangasem 14,817.01 11.34
8 Mt. Seraya 9 Karangasem 1.111,00 0.85
9 Prapat Benoa 10 Badung-Denpasar 1,373.50 1.05
10 Yeh Ayah 11 Tabanan 575.73 0.44
11 Yeh Leh-Yeh Lebah 12
Tabanan-Jembrana-
Buleleng 4195.30 3.21
12 Bali Barat 19 Buleleng-Jembrana 80,995.27 61.98
13 Penulisan-Kintamani 20 Bangli-Buleleng 5,849.25 4.48
14 Sangeh 21 Badung 13.97 0.01
15 Nusa Lembongan 22 Klungkung 202.00 0.15
16 Bunutan 23 Karangasem 126.70 0.10
17 Bukit Gumang 24 Karangasem 22.00 0.02
18 Bukit Pawon 25 Karangasem 35.00 0.03
19 Kondangdia 26 Karangasem 89.50 0.07
20 Tanjung Bakung 27 Klungkung 244.00 0.19
21 Suana 28 Klungkung 329.50 0.25
22 Sakti 29 Klungkung 273.00 0.21
Total 130,686.01 100.00
Source: Bali Province Forest Service (2010)
1.5.2. Forests based on their functions
Based on their functions, there are 3 (three) types of forests, namely
protected forest, conservation forest, and production forest. Based on the
abovementioned functions of forests, forest areas can be distinguished into
preservation, conservation and production forests.
46
1) Protected Forest: a forest area which main function is for the
protection of life supporting systems in order to manage water systems,
to prevent flooding, to control erosion, to prevent sea water intrusion,
and to maintain soil fertility.
2) Conservation Forest: a forest area having particular characteristics,
which has essential function of preserving the diversity of plants and
animals as well as ecosystems. Conservation Forest includes Nature
Reserve Forest, Nature Preservation Forest and Hunting Park. Nature
Reserve Forest is divided into Natural Conservation Areas and Wildlife
Conservation Areas. While, Nature Preservation Area is divided into
National Parks, Forest Parks and Natural Tourism Parks.
3) Production Forest: a forest area having the essential function of
producing forest products. Production forest includes Limited
Production Forests and Permanent Production Forests.
Based on the above-mentioned functions of forests, forest areas in Bali
comprise protected forest, conservation forest which include Natural
Reserves, National Parks Area, Natural Tourism Parks, Grand Forest
Park (Tahura), and Production Forest areas include Limited Production
Forest and Permanent Production Forest.
The size of forest areas based on their functions by regency/municipality is
presented in Table 9 and Figure 15, as well as forest areas based on their
functions is presented in Table 10.
47
Table 9
Forest Areas Based on their Functions by Regency/Municipality in Bali Year
2009
No Reg/
Muni
Preservati
on Forest
Limited
Producti
on
Forest
Permanent
Production
Forest
Natural
Reserve
National
Park
Forest
Tourism
Park
Grand
Forest
Park
Total
1 Jembrana 32.974,97 2.610,20 383,10 - 6.188,00 - - 42.156,27
2 Buleleng 31.936,32 3.207,95 1.524,00 1.004,40 12.814,8
9 948,65 - 51.436,21
3 Tabanan 8.668,24 - - 758,40 - 542,51 - 9.969,15
4 Badung 1.126,90 - - - - 3,97 639,00 1.779,87
5 Denpasar - - - - - - 734,50 734,50
6 Gianyar - - - - - - - -
7 Bangli 6.239,01 453,00 - - - 2.649,27 - 9.341,28
8 Klungkun
g 804,50 244,00 - - - - - 1.048,50
9 Karangas
em 14.016,12 204,11 - - - - - 14.220,23
Bali 95.766,06 6.719,26 1.907,10 1.762,80 19.002,8
9 4.154,40 1.373,50
130.686,0
1
Percentage (%) 73,28 5,14 1,46 1,35 14,54 3,18 1,05 100,00
Source: Bali Province Forest Service (2010)
Based on their functions, forest areas in Bali comprise protected forests in an
area of 95,766.06 hectares (ha) or 73.28% of the total area of forests,
production forests in an area of 8626.36 ha or 6.60%, and conservation forest
in an area of 26293.59 ha (20.12%). The largest protected forests are located
in Jembrana and Buleleng Regencies, while in the municipality of Denpasar
and Gianyar Regency there is no protected forest.
48
Source: Bali Province Forest Service (2010)
Figure 15. Map of Forest Areas based on Functions in Bali Province Year
2009
Several forest areas serve three functions at the same time (protection,
production and conservation functions), namely the forests of Mt. Abang-
Agung (protected forest, limited production forest and natural park); and forest
area of West Bali (protected forest, limited production forest, permanent
production forests and National Parks.
Forest areas serving the protection and conservation functions, namely
Batukau Mountain forest area (preservation forest, Natural Park and Nature
Reserves). Forest areas which only serve the protection function, are Landep
Puncak area, Mungsu Mountain, Silangjana Mountain, Munduk Pengajaran,
Seraya Mountain, Yeh Ayah, Yeh Leh-Yeh Yeh Lebah, Nusa Lembongan,
49
Bunutan, Gumang Hill, Puncak Pawon, Kondangdia, Suana and Shakti.
While, forest areas which do not serve the function of preservation, namely
Batur-Hill Payang (limited production forests and Natural Park), Prapat Benoa
(Forest Park), Sangeh (Natural Park), and Tanjung Bakung (limited production
forest) (Table 10).
Table 10
Forest Areas Based on their Functions by Forest Areas in Bali Province Year
2009
No Forest
Area
Protected
Forest
Permane
nt
Producti
on
Forest
Limited
Producti
on
Forest
Natural
Conser
vation
National
Park* TWA Tahura Total
1 Puncak
Landep
590,00 - - - - - -
590.00
2 Gunung
Mungsu
1,13,.00 - - - - - -
1,134.00
3 Gn.
Silangjana
415,00 - - - - - -
415.00
4 Gunung
Batukau
11,899.32 - - 1,762.80 - 1,491.16 -
15,153.28
5 Munduk
Pengajaran
613.00 - - - - - -
613.00
6 Gn.Batur
Bkt Payang
- - 453.00 - - 2,075.00 - 2,528.00
7
Gunung
Abang
Agung
14,038.63 - 204.11 - - 574.27 - 14,817.01
50
No Forest
Area
Protected
Forest
Permane
nt
Producti
on
Forest
Limited
Producti
on
Forest
Natural
Conser
vation
National
Park* TWA Tahura Total
8 Gunung
Seraya
1,111.00 - - - - - -
1,111.00
9 Prapat
Benoa
- - - - - - 1,373.50
1,373.50
10 Yeh Ayah 575.73 - - - - - - 575.73
11 Yeh Leh-
Yeh Lebah
4,195.30 - - - - - - 4,195.30
12 Bali Barat 54,452.68 1,907.10 5,632.60 - 19,002.89 - - 80,995.27
13 Penulisan-
Kintamani
5,663.70 - 185.55 - - - - 5,849.25
14 Sangeh - - - - - 13.97 - 13.97
15 Nusa
Lembongan
202.00 - - - - - -
202.00
16 Bunutan 126.70 - - - - - - 126.70
17 Bukit
Gumang
22.00 - - - - - -
22.00
18 Bukit
Pawon
35.00 - - - - - -
35.00
19 Kondangdi
a
89.50 - - - - - -
89.50
20 Tanjung
Bakung
- - 244.00 - - - -
244.00
21 Suana 329.50 - - - - - - 329.50
22 Sakti 273.00 - - - - - - 273.00
Total 95,766.06 1,907.10 6,719.26 1,762.80 19,002.89 4,154.40 1,373.50 130,686.01
*) Including, waters in an area of 3,145 ha
51
Source: Forestry Service Office of Bali Province (2010)
Protected forest
Protected forest areas in Bali in 2008 was 95,766.06 hectares or 73.28% of
the total forest area. Details and location of each area of protected forest
areas are, as follows:
1) Puncak Landep protected forest, covering an area of 590 ha, located in
Buleleng Regency (Sukasada Regency).
2) Mt. Mungsu protected forest, covering an area of 1134 ha, located in
Buleleng Regency (i.e. Sukasada and Banjar Regencies).
3) Mt. Silangjana protected forest, covering an area of 415 ha, located in
Buleleng Regency (i.e. Sawan and Sukasada Regencies)
4) Mt. Batukau protected forest, covering an area of 11899.32 ha, located
in Buleleng Regency (Regencies of Sawan, Kubutambahan, Banjar
and Sukasada), Tabanan Regency (Regencies of Selemadeg,
Penebel, Baturiti and Pupuan), and Badung regency (Petang Regency)
5) Munduk Pengejaran protected forest, covering an area of 613 ha
located in Bangli District (Subdistrict Kintamani).
6) Protected forest of Mt. Abang, Mount Agung, covering an area of
14,038.63 ha located in Bangli District (Subdistrict Kintamani) and
Karangasem District (District Abang, Kubu, Bebandem, Rendang and
Selat).
52
7) Yeh Ayah protected forest, covering an area of 575.73 hectares,
located in Tabanan Regency (Penebel Subdistrict).
8) Protected forest of Mt. Seraya, covering an area of 1,111.00 ha,
located in Karangasem Regency (Sub-District Karangasem).
9) Protected forest of Bukit Gumang, covering an area of 22 ha, located in
Karangasem Regency (Bebandem Sub-District).
10) Protected forest of Bukit Pawon, covering an area of 35 ha, located in
Karangasem Regency (Bebandem Sub-District).
11) Protected forest of Kondangdia, covering an area of 89,5 ha, located in
Karangasem Regency (Abang Sub-District).
12) Protected forest of Bunutan, covering an area of 126,70 ha, located in
Karangasem Regency (Abang Sub-District).
13) Protected forest of Yeh Leh-Yeh Lebah, covering an area of 4.195,30
ha, located in Tabanan Regency (Sub-District of Selemadeg, Pupuan),
Buleleng Regency (Busungbiu Sub-District) and Jembrana Regency
(Pekutatan Sub-District).
14) Protected forest of West Bali, covering an area of 54.452,68 ha,
located in Jembrana Regency (Sub-District of Melaya, Mendoyo and
Pekutatan) and Buleleng Regency (Sub-District of Gerokgak, Seririt
and Busungbiu).
53
15) Protected forest of Penulisan Kintamani, covering an area of 5.663,70
ha, located in Buleleng Regency (Tejakula Sub-District) and Bangli
Regency (Kintamani Sub-District).
16) Protected forest of Nusa Lembongan is a mangrove, covering an area
of 202 ha, located in Klungkung Regency (Nusa Lembongan, Nusa
Penida Sub-District).
17) Protected forest of Suana, covering an area of 329,50 ha and protected
forest of Sakti with an area of 273 ha, both of them are located in Nusa
Penida Sub-District, Klungkung Regency.
Production Forest
The size of production forests in Bali in 2008 was 8,626.36 ha (6,60%),
comprising permanent production forest in an area of 1,907.10 ha and limited
production forest with an area of 6,719.26 ha. Fixed production forest is in the
forest area of West Bali, including Buleleng Regency (Sub-Districts of
Gerokgak and Seririt) with an area of 1,524.00 ha and Jembrana Regency
(Melaya Sub-District) in an area of 383,10 ha. While, limited production forest
is in the forest area of West Bali for 5,632.60 ha (83.93 %), including
Jembrana Regency (Melaya Sub-District) covering an area of 2,610.2 ha and
Buleleng Regency (Sub-District of Gerokgak and Seririt) in an area of 3.022,4
ha. Furthermore, production forest is in forest area of Gunung Batur Bukit
Payang with an area of 453.00 ha located inKintamani Sub-District (Bangli),
forest area of Gunung Abang Agung with an area of 204.11 ha located in
Kubu Sub-District (Karangasem), forest area of Penulisan-Kintamani with an
54
area of 185.55 ha located in Tejakula Sub-District (Buleleng), and forest area
of Tanjung Bakung for 244 ha, located in Nusa Penida Sub-District
(Klungkung).
Reserve Forest
Reserve forest can only be found in forest area of Batukau Mountain Batukau
with an area of 1.762,80 ha, including in Buleleng Regency (Sub-District of
Banjar and Sukasada) with an area of 1,004.4 ha, and Tabanan Regency
(Sub-District Baturiti and Penebel) with an area of 758.40 ha.
National Park Forest
The area of National Park in Bali is 19,002.89 ha, including water territory of
3,415 ha, located in forest area of West Bali, including Jembrana Regency
(Melaya Sub-District) with an area of 6,188.00 ha and Buleleng Regency
(Sub-District of Gerokgak) for 12.814,89 ha.
Natural Park
Natural Park in Bali is in the area of 4154.4 ha, scattered on several forest
areas, namely:
1) Natural Park-Lake Buyan-Danau Tamblingan which covers an area of
1,491.16 ha, located in Banjar Sub-District with an area of 442.35
hectares, an area of 506.3 ha for Sukasada Sub-District, and Baturiti
Sub-District with an area of 542.51 ha.
2) Natural Park of Batur Bukit Payang Mountain with an area of 2,075 ha
located in Kintamani Sub-district;
55
3) Natural Park Penelokan in forest areas of Abang Agung forest,
covering an area of 574.27 hectares located in the Sub-district of
Kintamani;
4) Sangeh Natural Park which covers an area of 13.97 hectares located in
Abiansemal Sub-District, Badung Regency.
Grand Forest Park (Taman Hutan Raya or Tahura)
Taman Hutan Raya is the only forest existing in the forest area of Prapat
Benoa which covers an area of 1,373.5 ha, of which area of 734.5 ha located
in South Denpasar Sub-District and 639 ha is in Sub-Districts of Kuta and
Kuta Selatan. The area of this forest is in the form of mangrove forest.
56
CHAPTER IV
REVIEW OF SCOPING RESULTS AT
WORKSHOP I
Several formulations had been agreed upon in the Water Resource KLHS
Workshop I in Bali Province which are used as reference materials in the
subsequent KLHS process. The formulations agreed in Workshop I are, as
follows:
1.1. Description of Priority Strategic Issues
The description of priority strategic issues with regard to water resources,
environment and sustainable development in Bali province is presented in
Table 11.
57
Table 11.
Description of Priority Strategic Issues Agreed in Workshop I
No Priority Strategic Issues Location Causal Factor Impact/Implication/
Consequence
A PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL
ASPECTS
1 Decline in the flowrate of
surface water
Spring water, river, lake, small
reservoir, and dam located in Bali
Forest destruction, change in
land use, sedimentation,
reduce in the water catchment
area
Lack of water during dry season
2 Decline in surface water
quality due to contamination
(solid and liquid waste)
All rivers and lakes located in Bali Lack of public awareness,
weak law enforcement, limited
waste disposal location
Decline in water efficiency,
occurrence of sickness, flood,
disruption in water biota
3 High conversion of agricultural
land to non-agricultural land
All Regencies/Municipalities in Bali
High level of population
growth, investment
requirements, weak control of
land use, no land policy
Open space becomes narrow,
lack of water catchment area,
decline in environmental carrying
capacity
58
No Priority Strategic Issues Location Causal Factor Impact/Implication/
Consequence
4 High level of ground water
exploitation
All over Denpasar, Badung
Selatan, Badung Tengah, Tourism
areas in Karangasem, Lovina and
Singaraja Municipality, Melaya
Sub-District, Negara Sub-District
and Jembrana Sub-District,
Payangan, ubud, Sukawati,
Gianyar, Blahbatuh
Limitation in Public water
supply capacity, cheaper
cost/fee of ground water, good
quality of ground water
Threat of groundwater surface
reduction, subsidence of soil
layer
5 Intrution of sea water in
several areas in Bali
Denpasar Selatan, Kuta, Legian,
Seminyak, Nusa Dua, Tanjung
Benoa, Jimbaran, Canggu, Seseh,
Cemagi, Lebih, Kota Singaraja,
Lovina, Perancak, Loloan,
Gilimanuk
Excessive exploitation of
ground water
Declining ground water quality
B. BOLOGICAL ASPECTS
59
No Priority Strategic Issues Location Causal Factor Impact/Implication/
Consequence
1 High level of forest
destruction/disturbance (state
and comunity forests)
Rendang and Selat Sub-District,
Kintamani, Sukasada, Gerokgak,
Melaya, Belimbingsari, Nusasari,
Pupuan, Baturiti, Jatiluwih,
Petang, surroundings of TPA
Suwung and TNBB
Economic pressure,
investment requirements and
lack of livelihood alternatives
Damage to the hydrological
system, declining biodiversity
C. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
ASPECTS
1 weak law enforcement in
managing Natural Resource
All Regencies/Municipalities in Bali Poor discipline and
commitment among law
enforment officials, unoptimal
law enforcement system
Numbers of violation, no
detterence effect
2 Inequality in the distribution
and access of the community
to natural resources
Badung : Bukit, Pecatu, Petang;
Buleleng : Gerokgak,
Kubutambahan; Bangli :
Kintamani; Karangasem : Kubu,
Western part of Abang, eastern
No source of water,
topography, distribution
network infrastructure and lack
of water storage
Community basic needs have not
been optimally fulfilled,
disturbance of community health,
proverty problems can not be
solved, decline in economic
60
No Priority Strategic Issues Location Causal Factor Impact/Implication/
Consequence
part of Karangasem, Klungkung :
Nusa Penida; Gianyar : Desa
Kertha (Payangan)
growth
3 Conflict of interests in water
resource utilization
All Regencies/Municipalities in Bali Competition in the utilization of
limited water, unclear
distribution system, control
over water resource
unilaterally
Occurrence of public unrest,
compromised security, damage
to water resources
D. ECONOMIC ASPECT
1. Incentive and disincentive
programs for downstream
areas which are not yet
optimal .
Bangli, Badung, Tabanan,
Karangasem, Buleleng Regencies
Unavailability of policy
regulation
Accumulation of destruction in
downstream areas
61
1.2. The Goals of Water Resources KLHS in Bali Province
The Goals of Water Resources KLHS in Bali Province are to maintain water
resources conservation for Bali’s sustainable development and to support Bali
as “Green Province”.
1.3. The Coverage of the Study
The Water Resources Strategic Environmental Assessment in Bali province
covers all Regencies/Municipalities in Bali Province, namely: Jembrana,
Tabanan, Badung, Gianyar, Klungkung, Karangasem, Bangli, Buleleng
Regencies and Denpasar Municipality (Figure 16).
Figure 16. The Coverage of the Water Resources Strategic Environmental
Assessment in Bali Province
62
1.4. The Period of the Study
The period of the Water Resources KLHS in Bali Province is adjusted to the
long term development planning and spatial planning, namely applicable for
20 (twenty) years.
63
CHAPTER V
THE RESULTS OF THE SCOPING
IMPROVEMENT AND THE FORMULATION OF
SUB-OBJECTIVES AND PRIORITY
DEVELOPMENT PROGRMS AT WORKSHOP II
1.1. The Results of Water Resources and Environmental Issues
Identification in FGD
The FGD implemented by involving tourism and agricultural enterpreuners,
and the general public generates a series of strategic issues for each group,
as presented in Table 12.
Table 12.
Collection of Strategic Issues Identified by Tourism and Agricultural
Enterpreunersas well as the General Public
Tourism & Industrial
Group General Public Group Agricultural Group
1 The infrastructure
of the local water
company are not
ready when the
government raised
ABT Tax
1 Decline in the
quantity and quality of
water resources (river
and lake)
1 Difficulties in the
handing of forest
protection from any
disturbance
(clearing/logging/en
croachment)
64
Tourism & Industrial
Group General Public Group Agricultural Group
2 Charging of fees
by BU PAL to
hotels in the
amount of Rp
100,000/month for
each hotel room is
considered
expensive
2 Decline in river water
quality
2 Limited capacity
(funding/human
resources) in
adaptation and
mitigation of global
warming which
resulted in water
reserve reduction
3 Existence of
uniteral control or
monopoly of
spring water
resources /water
resources by
bottled water
companies
3 Decline in ground
water resources in
coastal area due to
excessive utilization
of ABT
3 High rate of
population growth in
Bali causing the
decline in natural
Resources support,
infrastructure and
facilities
4 Existence of
conflict of interests
in water utilization
between
4 Lack of clean water in
urban areas
4 Weak spatial
utilization caused by
weak government
apparatus’s capacity
65
Tourism & Industrial
Group General Public Group Agricultural Group
community and
the hotel
5 Large amount of
ABT Tax raise
which reaches
1000%
5 Occurrence of flood
due to forest clearing
in downstream areas
5 High contamination
of chemical fertilizer
and water plants
population resulted
in sedimentation in
lakes
6 Leniency in the
issuance of
permits for the
construction of
hotels in Denpasar
and Badung
6 Lack of water
resource
conservation
6 Changed function of
flood control areas
resulted in
increased load of
river
7 Lack of
maintenance of
drainage channels
in Kuta, resultin
flooding during
rainy seasons.
7 Inequality in the
distribution of clean
water for the
community.
7 unoptimal
contribution of
service users for the
management of
river basins
8 Lack of parks and 8 Lack of green open 8 Lack of water quality
66
Tourism & Industrial
Group General Public Group Agricultural Group
the number of
infiltration
wells/biopori at
hotels
areas as a water
catchment areas
control due to
human resources,
costs and laboratory
(hazardous
materials and
certain chemicals)
9 Low supply of
PDAM resulting in
the increase of the
use of ABT
9 lack of respect for
local traditions &
wisdom of Bali’s
community related to
the environmental
management
9 The absence of
certain legal
umbrella to protect
subak land use
10 The absence of
tax imposition
mechanism
related to waste
water for
entrepreuners
discharging their
waste directly into
the environment
10 Lack of involvement
of community
members (customary
and traditional
communities in Bali)
in the protection and
management of the
environment
10 Low level of
awareness of the
community in the
conservation and
utilization of water
resources and
control of water
contamination
67
Tourism & Industrial
Group General Public Group Agricultural Group
11 Continuously
decreasing quality
of water
11 Non-maximum
transparency and
protection and
management of the
environment, either
between the
government and
investors and Bali’s
community members
11 Lack of supervision
on the issuance of
permits for water
resources utilization
(surface water and
ground water)
12 Lack of
information
service concerning
weather to rafting
companies
12 The occurrence of
excessive exploitation
of ground water by
the tourism industry
12 Decline in
biodiversity level
13 Inadequate
resevoires
constructed for
containing rainfall
13 Declining quality of
river water caused by
excavation of Type C
Mining Materials in
bodies of water
68
Tourism & Industrial
Group General Public Group Agricultural Group
14 Lack of PDAM
infrastructure in
the effort to
reduce the use of
ABT
14 Declinie in the quality
of the environment
and soil surface
subsidence caused
by excessive use
15 DSDP Process
Result is not
maximized
15 Lack of conservation
of natural resources
used for ceremonial
purposes
(plants/fruits)
16 Lack of optimum
involvement of
indigenous
peoples in the
waste
management
16 Lack of public
awareness in the
management of
waste /waste water
affecting water quality
17 No shift of
paradigm in the
disposal
ceremonial waste
into the sea and
17 Minimum
Environmental
education at the
community and
school level.
69
Tourism & Industrial
Group General Public Group Agricultural Group
rivers by utilizing
landfill (by giving
tirta/ destruction
water to the
ceremony waste
by a religious
ceremony/Bendes
a custom)
18 weak supervision
by the government
on
businesses/activiti
es disposing
garbage/waste
into the
environment
18 Lack of information,
communication and
education concerning
environment
1.2. Synthesis of Water Resources and Environmental Issues (FGD
Results) with Priority Strategic Issues (Workshop I Result) and
Finalisation of Strategic Issues
70
The collection of water resources issues and environmental issues resulting
from the FGD were synthesized with priority strategic issues agreed in
Workshop I in order to generate final strategic issues. Most of the water
resources and environmental issues identified in the FGD were
accommodated in priority strategis issues agreed in Workshop I. The results
of the synthesis are presented in Table 13, 14 and 15. Based on the results of
the synthesis, three new strategic issues have been agreed to be considered
in the next phase of the study, as shown in Table 16.
Table 13
The Synthesis of Water Resources and Environmental Issues Identified by the
Tourism and Industrial Enterpreneurs
Issues Identified by the Tourism &
Industrial Group
Synthesis and Stakeholder
Assessment by Referring to the
Priority Strategic Issues
(Workshop I Result)
1 PDAM Infrastructure is not ready
when the government raises ABT
Tax
Not categorized as strategic issue
2 The fee charged by BU PAL on
hotels in the amount of Rp
100,000/month for each hotel room is
considered expensive
Not categorized as strategic issue
3 Existence of uniteral control or Accommodated in Issue C.3.
71
monopoly of spring water resources
/water resources by bottled water
companies
4 Existence of conflict of interests in
water utilization between community
and hotels
Accommodated in Issue C.3.
5 Large amount of ABT Tax raise
which reaches 1000%
Not categorized as strategic issue
6 Leniency in the issuance of permits
for the construction of hotels in
Denpasar and Badung
Not categorized as strategic issue
7 Lack of maintenance of drainage
channels in Kuta, resulting in flood
during rainy seasons.
Not categorized as strategic issue
8 The lack of parks and the number of
infiltration wells/biopori at hotels
Accommodated in Issue A.3.
9 Low supply of PDAM resulting in the
increase of the use of ABT
Accommodated in Issue A.4.
10 The absence of tax imposition
mechanism related to waste water on
entrepreuners disposing their waste
directly into the environment
Accommodated in Issue A.2.
72
11 Continuously declining quality of
water
Accommodated in Issue A.2.
12 Lack of information service
concerning weather for rafting
companies
Not categorized as strategic issue
13 Lack of resevoires constructed for
containing rainfall
Accommodated in Issue A.1.
14 Lack of PDAM infrastructure in the
effort to reduce the use of ABT
Accommodated in Issue A.4.
15 Non maximum results of DSDP
Process
Accommodated in Issue A.2.
16 Lack of optimum involvement of
indigenous peoples in waste
management
Accommodated in Issue A.2.
17 No shift of paradigm in the disposal
ceremonial waste into the sea and
rivers by utilizing landfill (by giving
tirta/ destruction water to ceremonial
waste by a religious
ceremony/Bendesa custom)
Accommodated in Issue A.2.
73
Table 14
Synthesis of Water Resources and Environmental Issues Identified by the
General Public Group
Common Group Issues
Synthesis and Stakeholder
Assessment Refers to Priority
Strategic Issues
(Workshop I Result)
1 Decline in the quantity and quality of
water resources (rivers and lakes)
Accommodated in Issue A.2.
2 Decline in river water quality
Accommodated in Issue A.2.
3 Decline in ground water resource in
coastal areas due to excessive
utilization of ABT
Accommodated in Issue A.4.
4 Lack of clean water in urban areas
Accommodated in Issue C.2.
5 Occurrence of flood due to forest
clearing in downstream areas
Accommodated in Issue B.1.
18 weak supervision by the government
on businesses/activities disposing
garbage/waste into the environment
Accommodated in Issue A.2.
74
Common Group Issues
Synthesis and Stakeholder
Assessment Refers to Priority
Strategic Issues
(Workshop I Result)
6 Lack of water resource conservation
Accommodated in Issue A.1.
7 Unequal distribution of clean water to
the community.
Accommodated in Issue C.2.
8 Lack of green open land as water
catchment areas
Accommodated in Issue A.3.
9 The lack of respect for local traditions
& wisdom of Bali’s community related
to environmental management
Not categorized as strategic issue
10 Lack of involvement of all elements
of the community (customary and
traditional community in Bali) in the
protection and management of the
environment
Not categorized as strategic issue
11 Non-maximum transparency and
protection and management of the
environment, either between the
government and investors and Bali’s
Not categorized as strategic issue
75
Common Group Issues
Synthesis and Stakeholder
Assessment Refers to Priority
Strategic Issues
(Workshop I Result)
community members
12 The occurrence of excessive
exploitation of ground water by the
tourism industry
Accommodated in Issue A.4.
13 Declining quality of river water
caused by excavation of Type C
Mining Materials in bodies of water
Accommodated in Issue A.2.
14 Declinie in the quality of the
environment and soil surface
subsidence caused by excessive use
Accommodated in Issue A.4.
15 Lack of conservation of natural
resources used for ceremonial
purposes (plants/fruits)
Accommodated in Issue A.1.
16 Lack of public awareness in the
management of waste /waste water
affecting water quality
Accommodated in Issue A.2.
76
Common Group Issues
Synthesis and Stakeholder
Assessment Refers to Priority
Strategic Issues
(Workshop I Result)
17 Minimum Environmental education at
the community and school level.
Accommodated in Issue A.2.
18 Lack of information,
communication and education
concerning environment
Agreed as an additional (new)
strategic issue in the SOCIAL
AND CULTURAL ASPECTS
Table 15
Synthesis of Water Resource and Environmental Issues Identified by the
Argicultural Group
Issues Identified by Agricultural Group
Synthesis and Stakeholder
Assessment Refers to Priority
Strategic Issuess
(Workshop I Result)
1 Difficulties in the handing of forest
protection from any disturbance
(clearing/logging/encroachment)
Accommodated in Issue B.1.
2 Limited capacity (funding/human Accommodated in Issue A.1.
77
Issues Identified by Agricultural Group
Synthesis and Stakeholder
Assessment Refers to Priority
Strategic Issuess
(Workshop I Result)
resources) in adaptation and
mitigation of global warming which
resulted in water reserve reduction
3 High rate of population growth in Bali
causing the decline in natural
Resources support, infrastructure
and facilities
Considered as additional
strategic issue (new) in SOCIAL
AND CULTURAL ASPECTS
4 Weak spatial utilization caused by
weak government apparatus’s
capacity
Accommodated in Issue C.1.
5 High contamination of chemical
fertilizer and water plants population
resulted in sedimentation in lakes
Accommodated in Issue A.2.
6 Changed function of flood control
areas resulted in increased load of
river
Accommodated in Issue A.3.
7 unoptimal contribution of service
users for the management of river
basins
Accommodated in Issue D.1.
8 Lack of water quality control due to Accommodated in Issue A.2.
78
Issues Identified by Agricultural Group
Synthesis and Stakeholder
Assessment Refers to Priority
Strategic Issuess
(Workshop I Result)
human resources, costs and
laboratory (hazardous materials and
certain chemicals)
9 The absence of certain legal umbrella
to protect subak land use
Accommodated in Issue A.3.
10 Low level of awareness of the
community in the conservation and
utilization of water resources and
control of water contamination
Accommodated in Issue A.2.
11 Lack of supervision on the issuance
of permits for water resources
utilization (surface water and ground
water)
Accommodated in Issue C.1.
12 Decline in biodiversity level Considered as an additional
(new) strategic issue in the
BOLOGICAL ASPECT
Table 16
Description of Additional Issues Resulting from the Synthesis of the Results of
the FGD and Workshop I
79
No.
Additional
Strategic Issues
Location Causal Factor Impact/Implication/
Consequence
1 Decline in the
level of
biodiversity
All
Reg/Muni in
Bali
Agricultural land
use,
deforestation,
environmental
pollution
Reduction of food
resources,
disruption of the
balance of
ecosystems,
reduction of
economic
opportunities
2 Bali's high
population growth
rate resulting in a
decreased
carrying capacity
of the natural
resources,
infrastructure and
facilities
All
Reg/Muni in
Bali
The high fertility
rate and
population
migration to Bali
Reduction of natural
resources carrying
capacity,
infrastructure and
facilities which are
available
3 Lack of
information,
communication
and education
All
Reg/Muni in
Bali
Unoptimal
function of the
means and
channels of IEC
Lack of public
awareness related
to environment
80
concerning
environment
(communication,
information and
education) on the
environment for
the community
Based on the results of the synthesis and the agreements on additional
strategic issues, final priority strategic issues have been agreed upon as the
results of the scoping improvement as presented in Tabel 17.
81
Table 17
Final Priority Strategic Issues as the result of Water Resources KLHS Scoping in Bali Province
No.
Additional Strategic
Issues
Location Causal Factor Impact/Implication/
Consequence
A PHYSICAL-
CHEMICAL ASPECTS
1 Decline in surface
water’s flowrate
Spring water, river, lake,
small reservoir, and dam
located in Bali
Forest destruction, change in
land use, sedimentation,
reduce in the water
catchment area
Lack of water during dry
season
2 Decline in surface
water quality due to
contamination (solid
and liquid waste)
All rivers and lakes located
in Bali
Lack of public awareness,
weak law enforcement,
limited waste disposal
location
Decline in water efficiency,
occurrence of sickness, flood,
disruption in water biota
82
No.
Additional Strategic
Issues
Location Causal Factor Impact/Implication/
Consequence
3 High conversion of
agricultural land to
non-agricultural land
All
Regencies/Municipalities in
Bali
High level of population
growth, investment
requirements, weak control
of land use, no land policy
Open space becomes narrow,
lack of water catchment area,
decline in environmental
carrying capacity
4 High level of ground
water exploitation
All Denpasar, Badung
Selatan, Badung Tengah,
Tourism area in
Karangasem, Lovina and
Singaraja Municipality,
Melaya Sub-District,
Negara Sub-District and
Jembrana Sub-District,
Payangan, ubud,
Limitation in Public water
supply capacity, cheaper
cost/fee of ground water,
good quality of ground water
Threat of groundwater
surface reduction, subsidence
of soil layer
83
No.
Additional Strategic
Issues
Location Causal Factor Impact/Implication/
Consequence
Sukawati, Gianyar,
Blahbatuh
5 Intrution of sea water
in several areas in Bali
Denpasar Selatan, Kuta,
Legian, Seminyak, Nusa
Dua, Tanjung Benoa,
Jimbaran, Canggu, Seseh,
Cemagi, Lebih, Kota
Singaraja, Lovina,
Perancak, Loloan,
Gilimanuk
Excessive exploitation of
ground water
Decrease of ground water
quality
B. BOLOGICAL
84
No.
Additional Strategic
Issues
Location Causal Factor Impact/Implication/
Consequence
ASPECTS
1 High level of forest
destruction/disturbance
(state and comunity
forests)
Rendang and Selat Sub-
District, Kintamani,
Sukasada, Gerokgak,
Melaya, Belimbingsari,
Nusasari, Pupuan, Baturiti,
Jatiluwih, Petang,
surroundings of TPA
Suwung and TNBB
Economic pressure,
investment and lack of
livelihood alternatives
Damage to the hydrological
system, declining biodiversity
2 Decline in biodiversity
level
All Reg/Muni in Bali Agricultural land use,
deforestation, pollution of the
environment
Reduction of food resources,
disruption of the balance of
ecosystems, reduction of
economic opportunities
85
No.
Additional Strategic
Issues
Location Causal Factor Impact/Implication/
Consequence
C. SOCIAL AND
CULTURAL
ASPECTS
1 weak law enforcement
in managing Natural
Resource
All
Regencies/Municipalities in
Bali
Poor discipline and
commitment among law
enforment officials,
unoptimal law enforcement
system
Numbers of violation, no
detterence effect
2 Inequality in the
distribution and access
of the community to
natural resources
Badung : Bukit, Pecatu,
Petang; Buleleng :
Gerokgak, Kubutambahan;
Bangli : Kintamani;
No source of water,
topography, distribution
network infrastructure and
lack of water storage
Community basic needs have
not been optimally fulfilled,
disturbance of community
health, proverty problems can
86
No.
Additional Strategic
Issues
Location Causal Factor Impact/Implication/
Consequence
Karangasem : Kubu,
Western part of Abang,
eastern part of
Karangasem, Klungkung :
Nusa Penida; Gianyar :
Desa Kertha (Payangan)
not be solved, decline in
economic growth
3 Conflict of interests in
water resource
utilization
All
Regencies/Municipalities in
Bali
Competition in the utilization
of limited water, unclear
distribution system, control
over water resource
unilaterally
Occurrence of public unrest,
compromised security,
damage to water resources
4 Bali's high population All High fertility rate and Reduction of natural resouces
87
No.
Additional Strategic
Issues
Location Causal Factor Impact/Implication/
Consequence
growth rate causing a
decrease in natural
resources carrying
capacity ,
infrastructure and
facilities
Regencies/Municipalities in
Bali
population migration to Bali
carrying capacity,
infrastructure and facilities
which are available
5 Lack of information,
communication and
education concerning
the environment
All
Regencies/Municipalities in
Bali
Lack of optimum function of
the means and channels of
IEC (communications,
information and education)
for the environment, for the
community
Low of community awareness
related to environment
88
No.
Additional Strategic
Issues
Location Causal Factor Impact/Implication/
Consequence
D. ECONOMIC ASPECT
1. Incentive and
disincentive programs
for downstream areas
which are not yet
optimal .
Regencies of Bangli,
Badung, Tabanan,
Karangasem, Buleleng
Unavailability of policy
regulation
Accumulation of destruction in
downstream area
Based on final priority strategic issues as presented in Table 17, the relation among strategic issues can be seen
through flowchart as in Figure 17.
89
Figure 17. Flowchart of the Relationship among Water Resources Strategic
Issues in Bali
1.3. The Results of the Formulation of Sub-Objectives and Priority
Development Programs
The formulation of sub-objectives for each priority strategic issues and priority
development programs are presented in Table 18, Table 19, Table 20 and
Table 21.
90
Table 18
The Formulation of Sub-Objectives and Priority Development Programs on
the Physical and Chemical Aspects
Priority Strategic
Issues A.1 Declining Flowrate of surface water
Location All rivers and lakes located in Bali
Causal Factors Destruction of forests, change in land use, sedimentation,
reduction of water infiltration area
Impact/Implication/
Consequence
Lack of water during dry season
Sub-Objective Preserving catchment areas and water sources for fulfilling
the needs of water for the community, as well as agricultural
91
and tourism purposes, and the prevention of flood hazard
Development
Priority
- Replanting trees in agricultural lands
- Rehabilitation of critical lands
- A million biopori to improve catchment- Reforestation
around springs
- Construction of new small reservoirs and dams in mid-
stream
- Maintaining the preservation of water catchment areas
- Enforcement of law in a more firm manner in relation to
regulations in the upstream areas
- Optimalization of the utilization of available reservoirs
- Preparation of legislation concerning unprocessed
water source protection
- Rehabilitation of irrigation channels
- Family-based tree planting movement "One man one
tree.
- Provision of trees by private parties for every permit
issued
- The use of organic fertilizers in order to improve soil
texture
- Control of erosion
- Need to make check DAM building which surrounds the
flood-prone river
- Development of terrasering system and replanting trees
92
in areas prone to erosion
- Monitoring the watershed through the development of
monitoring stations
- Development of intercropping systems with perennial
crops
- Developing spiritual mentality in environmental
conservation
- Reforestation of deforested forest areas
- Monitoring on land use in the upstream areas
- Empowerment of communities surrounding the forest
area
- Incentives for the upstream area in order to conserve
water resources
- Application of rules of soil and water conservation in
areas which have the form of a hilly and mountainous
areas
- Efficiency of water utilization
- Implement monitoring and evaluation against water
resources (including research)
Priority Strategic
Issue A.2
Decline in surface water quality due to pollution (solid
waste and liquid waste)
Location All rivers and lakes located in Bali
93
Causal Factors Low public awareness, weak law enforcement , limited
waste disposal site
Impact/Implication/
Consequence
Decreasing use of water resources, the emergence of
disease, floods, disruption of water biota
Sub-Objective Maintain and improve water quality in a sustainable manner
through law enforcement efforts, reforming industrial and
environmental sanitation to improve the usability of water
Development
Priorities
- Reducing the use of chemical fertilizers/an organic and
optimizing the use of organic fertilizers
- Any activity generating waste shall be equipped with the
IPAL to prevent the dumping of waste into water bodies
- Adding a new landfill development (especially regions
94
not participating in the Sarbagita program)
- Information dissemination and building of awareness in
society about the importance of environmental
conservation and a healthy lifestyle
- Increasing supervision of waste disposal
- Development of communal IPAL to domestic/RT and
home industry (including, socialization to the home
industry)
- Increasing Sanimas across the residential areas along
the river which is densely populated
- Management of hazardous and poisonous waste
- Development of water front city (river front city)
- Increasing the capacity of the water quality laboratory at
the regency/municipality level (facilities, Human
Resources, status)
- Law enforcement (sanctions) on regulations concerning
solid and liquid waste disposal
- Increasing the participation of communities along rivers
- Setting up announcement boards related to the
prohibition of waste disposal
- Maintaining river banks and cliffs
- Optimizing the use of bio pesticides and minimizing the
use of chemical pesticides
- Improving infrastructure for waste management
95
- Encouraging the accelerated completion of regional law
concerning waste
- Monitoring the performance of IPAL
- Use of environmentally friendly technology for reusing
waste
Priority Strategic
Issue A.3
High land conversion from agricultural to non
agricultural land
Location All Regencies/Municipalities in Bali
Causal Factors High rate of population growth, investment requirements,
weak control of space utilization, lack of land use policy
Impact/Implication/
Consequence
Decreasing open spaces, decreased water catchment
areas, decreasing carrying capacity of the environment
96
Sub-Objective Controlling land conversion in order to maintain Water
Resource conservation and catchment areas so as to
prevent natural disasters, erosion as well as maintain the
balance of biodiversity which will then improve food security
through the enforcement of existing spatial layout
Development
Priority
- Incentives for farmers in the form of organic fertilizers,
seeds, etc.
- Incentives for agricultural land (tax reduction)
- Control of green belts
- Making regional regulation/Governor regulation/Regent
regulation concerning sawah abadi (eternal rice fields)
- Encouraging the coming forth of management and
protection of subak throughout Bali
- Reducing the growth of tourism facilities
- Securing agricultural products during harvest time
- Control of development investments in fast growing and
developing areas
- Evenly distributing development of rural infrastructure
which supports the agricultural, economic and tourism
sectors
- intensification of agricultural production up to 70 kg /
acre to 90 kg/acre needs to be conducted
- Subsidies of agricultural production facilities and
infrastructure
97
- Controlling market prices
- Controlling development activities which are
inconsistent with land suitability
Priority Strategic
Issues A4
High level of ground water exploitation
Location All Denpasar, Badung Selatan, Badung Tengah, Toursim
Areas in Karangasem, Lovina and Singaraja Municipality,
Sub Melaya, Negara, Jembrana, Payangan, ubud, Sukawati,
Gianyar, Blahbatuh Sub-districts
Causal Factor The limited capacity of public water supply, lower price/costs
for the extraction of ground water, good quality of
groundwater
98
Impact/Implication/
Consequence
The Hazard of groundwater level reduction andland
subsidence
Sub-Objective Controlling groundwater exploitation for preventing seawater
intrusion, soil degradation which then can prevent land
surface subsidence as well as maintain hydrological cycles
to be in line with efforts to improve efficient use of water,
increased PDAM performance and optimizing the utilization
of surface water
Development
Priorities
- Increasing water catchment areas
- Increasing PDAM facilities and infrastructure for the
allotment of water to the community
- Consolidating and supervising water meters for
groundwater users
- Increasing the transparency of ground water tariffs in
the effort to improve the efficient use of groundwater
- Improving regulations permitting the utilization of ground
water
- application of progressive tax on groundwater on ABT in
a transparent manner in the tourism and industrial areas
- Increasing the network for clean water provision by
PDAM and private parties
- Kimiting the construction of new golf courses using
ground water
- Encouraging efficient use of water in star hotels
99
- Improvement of PDAM water production capacity
Priority Strategic
Issues
A5
Sea water intrusion in several regions in Bali
Location Denpasar Selatan, Kuta, Legian, Seminyak, Nusa Dua,
Tanjung Benoa, Jimbaran, Canggu, Seseh, Cemagi, Lebih,
Singaraja Municipality, Lovina, Perancak, Loloan, Gilimanuk
Causal Factor Excessive ground water exploitation
Impact/Implication/
Consequence
Decrease of ground water
Sub-Objective Conduct planning, controlling, and supervising of ground
water utilization by enhancing the development of drinking
100
water development in fair and equal manner
Development
Priority
- Increasing the green opened space
- Structuring the city which meets spatial requirements
- Control and efficiency of ground water utilization
- Planting mangrove trees at the appropriate coastal
areas
- Termination of ground water extraction which has been
intrused by seawater
- It is necessary to make water catchment areas and to
multiply biopores
- coastal areas security management programs
- The prohibition of sand/stone mining in coastal areas
- Same as A-4 (ABT)
Table 19
The Formulation of Sub-Objectives and Priority Development Programs in
Biological Aspect
Priority Strategic
Issues B.1
High level of forest destruction/disturbance (state and
community forests)
Location Rendang and Selat, Kintamani, Sukasada, Gerokgak,
Melaya, Belimbingsari, Nusasari, Pupuan, Baturiti, Jatiluwih,
Petang Sub-Districts, the surrounding areass of TPA Suwung
and TNBB
101
Causal Factor Economic and investment requirements and lack of livelihood
alternatives
Impact/Implication/
Consequence
Damage to the hydrological system, decrease of biodiversity
Sub-Objective Improving the hydrological system so that there will be more
optimal water storage and land damage can be minimized
through local wisdom, law enforcement based on the
applicable Laws
Development
Priority
- Increasing the number of forest monitoring posts by
placing responsible personnel (Polhut)
- Skills Training to create jobs outside forest areas
- Forest and land rehabilitation
- Applying the concept of local wisdom around forest areas
102
in order to support the realization of sustainable forest
- Planting productive crops in community forest areas
- Encouraging the implementation of village forests
- Law enforcement on parties destroying forests
Priority Strategic
Issues B.2
Decrease of biodiversity level
Location All Regencies/Municipalities in Bali
Causal Factor Conversion of Agricultural land, deforestation, pollution to the
environment
Impact/Implication/
Consequence
Reduction of food resources, disruption to the balance of the
ecosystems, reduction of economic opportunities
Sub-Objective Conserving biodiversity for maintaining the balance of
103
ecosystems, conservation of germplasm so that it can
improve the structure, texture, soil fertility and water quality as
to increase agricultural productivity, food supply, nutrition and
the need of upakara
Development
Priority
- Increasing the use of organic fertilizers and pesticides
- Increasing the breeding and development of germplasm
- monitoring and enforcing laws related to hunting of rare
animals and protected plants
- Improving water quality supervision and land through
environmental laboratory
- Socialization of the use of environmentally friendly
chemicals
- Conducting an inventory and identification concerning
biodiversity
- The existence of reigonal regulations which regulate and
protect the flora and fauna
- Improving conservation of water resources
- Increasing the diversification of food
- Reducing the use of chemical pesticides
- Making biopori
- Planting perennial crops to maintain humidity
- Providing Organic fertilizer subsidy
104
Table 20
The Formulation of Sub-Objectives and Priority Development Programs in
Social and Cultural Aspect
Priority Strategic
Issue C.1
Weak law enforcement in managing Natural Resources
and protection of subak in a broad sense.
Location All Regencies/Municipalities in Bali Province
Causal Factor Poor discipline and commitment among law enforment
officials, unoptimal law enforcement system
Impact/Implication/
Consequence
Rampat violations, no deterrent effect
Sub-Objective Improving the protection of water resources through Spatial
105
Planning, community participation based on Tri Hita Karana
and orderly utilization of water resources
Development
Priority
- Integrating awig awig into regional regulation
- Improving PPNS and PPLHD cadres at the
regional/municipality level
- Providing endowment fund for environmental
conservation
- Confirmation of the implementation of spatial regulation.
- The need of socialization concerning managing water
resources
- The contribution of local governments to subak abian
institution
- Construction and rehabilitation of irrigation system
subak to the level of tertiary and fourth without limiting
its range
- Implement monitoring and law enforcement for the
destruction of water resources
- To socialize and protect of water resources
- Increasing participation of the public to report
environmental degradation in the P3SLH
Priority Strategic
Issues C.2
Uneven distribution and access of the community to
Water Resources
Location Badung : Bukit, Pecatu, Petang; Buleleng : Gerokgak,
106
Kubutambahan; Bangli : Kintamani; Karangasem : Kubu,
western part of Abang, Karangasem bagian timur,
Klungkung : Nusa Penida; Gianyar : Desa Kertha
(Payangan)
Causal Factor No source of water, topography, distribution network
infrastructure and lack of water reservoirs,
Impact/Implication/
Consequence
Unoptimal fulfillment of the basic needs of the community,
disruption to the community’s health, difficulties in efforts to
overcome poverty, declining economic growth
Sub-Objectives Even Distribution and access to water Resources to prevent
conflicts among the community, increasing the quality of life,
the development of economic enterprises, the availability of
107
food through the preservation of subak so as to maintain the
balance of the ecosystems
Development
Priority
- Development of water resource infrastructure
- Improving the quality and quantity of unprocessed water
resources
- Supervision and enforcement of laws on water
resources users violating the laws in accordance with
applicable laws and regulations
- Adjustment of water tariffs in accordance with the
designation
- Improve the performance of PDAM and the private
sector to provide water to the destination
- Preparation of small reservoirs/dams
- Optimizing the participation of the community in keeping
the water resources
- Development in distributing area which has limited
water
- The need to provide incentive to upstream areas area
- Building and development of subak roads in isolated
areas
- Sosializing the use of water efficiently to the community
to the level of banjar
Priority Strategic
Issues C.3
conflict of Interest in the utilization
water resources
108
Location All Regencies/Municipalities in Bali
Causal Factor Competition in using the limited water, unclear distribution
systems, unilateral control of water resources
Impact/Implication/
Consequence
Occurrence of Public unrest occurred, security is
compromised, destruction of water resources
Sub-Objective Prevention of conflicts of interest in the utilization of Water
Resources through even distribution of water, conservation
of water resources, preservation of facilities and
infrastructure in order to create harmony among water users
in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations
109
Development
Priorities
- Preparation of master plan of water resources in the
province of Bali by involving all components of the
government, private sector, and the community so that
it can become the basis for the implementation of the
water resources utilization
- Making regulation concerning the proportion of
utilization of water resources through irrigation, water,
drink and tourism
- Improving the dissemination of information on water
resources to all levels of community in cooperation with
villages/districts and subak
- Strengthening the implementation of regional autonomy,
supported by inter-regional cooperation which is
mutually beneficial to establish local independence
- Implementing common perceptions and attitudes in
managing upstream and downstream regions
- Improving the development of water resources
infrastructure
- Constructing small reservoirs, dams and cubang for
collecting rainwater in a water crisis regions
- Increasing the role of traditional villages in the utilization
of water resources
Priority Strategic
Issues C.4
High rate of population growth in Bali resulting in the
decline of Water Resources support, infrastructure and
110
facilites
Location All Regencies/Municipalities in Bali
Causal Factor High fertility rate and population migration to Bali
Impact/Implication/
Consequence
Reduced natural resources carrying capacity, as well as the
available infrastructure and facilities
Sub-Objective Reducing urbanization by creating jobs, independent
businesses, agricultural ventures/agricultural commodities
which have high economic value in accordance with the
conditions of rural land
Development
Priority
- Creating and evenly distributing job opportunities in
rural areas
111
- Encouraging independent business activities in rural
areas
- Planting agricultural commodities which have high
economic value in accordance with the class of
capability and land suitability
- Disseminating information on the efficient use of water
by using some local media
- Controlling urbanization in order to control over the rate
of population growth
- Improving Family Planning program
- Improving water resources by monitoring and
conducting the conservation of upstream areas as the
sources of water catchment
- Handling demographic problems, particularly migrants
in a holistic, comprehensive, and integrated manner
between village pekraman and the government
- Improving rural facilities and infrastructure to encourage
economic growth
- Stimulating the growth of home industries by
implementing skill training in order to reduce
urbanization
Priority Strategic
Issues C.5
Lack of information, communication, and education
concerning environment
Location In the entire Bali
112
Causal Factor unoptimal function of the means and channels of KIE
(communication, information and education) on environment
for the community
Impact/Implication/
Consequence
Low public awareness of the environment
Sub-Objective Improving the socialization of information to the public
through printedand electronic media, formal education, and
utilization of local culture (puppets, bondres, drama gong) in
relation to environmental conservation
Development
Priority
- Improving the socialization of information through
printedand electronic media, formal education, local
media (puppets, bondres, drama gong) in
113
environmental conservation
- Maximizing the duties and functions of the department
of information and communication at the
regency/municipality level
- Addition of curriculum concerning LH from kindergarten-
high school level
- Performing environment-themed activities involving all
components of the government and the community
- Organizing competitions related to the environment
- Empowerment of the community components such as
environmentally conscious groups, the PKK and sekehe
cadets/i
114
Table 21
The Formulation of Sub-Objectives and Priority Development Programs in
Economic Aspect
Priority Strategic
Issues D.1
Unoptimal Incentive and disincentive programs in
upstream areas
Location Regencies of Bangli, Badung, Tabanan, Karangasem,
Buleleng
Causal Factor Unavailable Regulation of policies
Impact/Implication/
Consequence
Accumulated damage to upstream areas
Sub-Objective Maintaining Coordination (Improved cooperation) between
upstream and downstream areas through the determination
115
of policies or cross-subsidies in order to preserve the
upstream areas so that they will become a hydrological unity
of Bali which can be maintained
Development
Priority
- Maintaining the synergy of incentives and disincentives
programs among sub-districts and
regencies/municipalities
- Creating a legal instrument concerning cross-subsidies
policy incentives and disincentives between sub-district
and regency/municipality
- Socialization of Incentives and disincentives programs
for the community in the upstream and downstream
areas
- Formulation of policies as outlined in joint work
contracts between upstream and downstream areas
- regulatory policy of the budget of incentives and
disincentives programs particularly in the upstream-
downstream areas
116
CHAPTER VI
LINKAGE BETWEEN PRIORITY STRATEGIC ISSUES AND
RPJPD, RTRW AND PROGRAMS
OF THE RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS IN WORKSHOP III
1.1. Presentation of the Strategic Plans, RPJPD and RTRW
Workshop III was started with the presentation of the strategic plans by
agencies related to water resources in Bali Province, namely forestry,
agriculture, tourism, environment, public works agencies and BP DAS Unda
Anyar. It was aimed at searching for linkages between agencies and RPJP,
RTRW as well as strategic issues resulting from Workshop II on the KLHS of
Bali Province. During the session for thoroughly discussing the RPJPD,
workshop participants were divided into three groups, each of which searched
for keywords to make it easier to synergize or see the links. In this case, the
RPJPD studied was Regulation of Bali Province No. 6 year 2009, Concerning
Long-Term Regional Development Plan (RPJPD) of Bali Province Year 2005-
2025, particularly point 4.2.5, namely Realising Sustainable Reliable and
Evenly-Distributed Development in Bali, consisting of sub-points (a) through
(z) which are equivalent to points 1 to 26 in Table 22. The outcome of these
discussions are as follows:
Table 22.
The Results of the Discussion on keywords in the RPJPD of Bali Province
No Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
117
No Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
1 Policy of Bali in
environmental
development as a
single unity of island
ecosystem (one
island, one plan, one
management)
Sustainable development
of Bali in a single unity of
island ecosystem
Development of Natural
Resources & Environment,
Single Unity of Island
Ecosystems,
Empowerment &
Participation of Local
Communities
2 Natural resource
management and
ENVIRONMENT
Natural Resource policy
direction and
ENVIRONMENT towards
environmentally friendly
Green Bali Program
Improved education &
awareness campaign,
sustainable
ENVIRONMENT &
management of Natural
Resources, environmental
ethics, Green Bali program
3 Management of
Natural Resources
into account local
knowledge
Management of Natural
Resources and
Environment should be
participatory by taking into
account local knowledge
and the principles of
conservation and policy of
OTDA
utilization & management
of Natural Resources
conservation principles,
local wisdom, increased
community participation,
island ecosystems
4 Management of Economic development in Environmentally friendly
118
No Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
Natural Resources
considering local
knowledge
the use of Natural
Resources and
environmental services,
should integrate the
principles of economic
valuation in each policy.
development, economic
valuation, environmental
services, sustainable
development
5 Environmentally
friendly development,
control and pollution,
increase the carrying
capacity
Industry having Natural
Resource based which
should continue to
maintain environmental
quality.
Utilization of resources
directed to increase
additonal value,
maintenance of Natural
Resources development
as well as increased
sustainability development,
renewable, rational,
optimal & efficient, a result
of recovery, rehabilitation
& provisioning
6 The effectiveness of
Natural Resources
utilization, balance of
economic,
environmental aspects
and social
Utilization of renewable
Natural Resources should
be efficient and
competitive as supported
by national and regional
policies.
Utilization of renewable
natural resources, which
have the potential to be
developed, needs support
of policies (National and
Regional)
119
No Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
development and
utilization of
renewable natural
resources, restoration
and rehabilitation of
critical condition
7 Balance between the
utilization of land and
sea, increase in
Human Resource
capacity
Utilization of non-
renewable natural
resources must be
reclaimed and seeking
renewable alternative
sources.
Utilization of non-
renewable Natural
Resources substituted by
the ones which are
environmentally friendly
8 Water resource
management is
directed to integrated
watershed
management
Improving efforts of forest
rehabilitation and critical
land reforestation in forest
area to achieve a
coverage area of 30%, in
addition to efforts to
improve forest and
watershed management
systems in an integrated
manner
Improving rehabilitation
and critical land
reforestation in forest area
120
No Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
9 Improve the
performance of the
controlling institution
and create RTH
utilization and
conservation of
watershed areas
Improve the performance
of controlling institution for
the utilization of space, to
create urban green
opened spaces as much
as 30% and conservation
of watershed areas at
least of 30% by improving
the quality of the forests
for at least 30%.
Monitoring & enforcement
of Law, RTH Municipality
for 30% watershed
conservation as much as
30% forest
10 Direction of
development policies
to overcome the
dangers of coastal
sea water intrusion
Coastal development
policy directions pursued
to overcome the danger of
seawater intrusion by
reducing and controlling
ground water exploitation
at the beach, and applying
the appropriate regulations
of coastal border
consistently
Preventing seawater
intrusion
11 Policy for utilization of
irrigation water
Farmer who is water user
(subak) placed as the
Subak as the main actors
of irrigation management
121
No Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
main actors and decision
makers in each irrigation
management activities.
together with government,
Local government &
Community
12 Water resources
policies governed by
the concept of one
island, one plan, one
management
Management of water
resources based on the
concept of one island, one
plan, one management by
taking into account the
interests of people across
the watershed, while the
utilization of Ground Water
is managed by considering
the carrying capacity and
conducting law
enforcement.
Planning & Management
of water resources in an
integrated manner,
balance of interests
between sectors,
institutions, the
Regency/Munipality areas,
& the river area, utilization
of ABT considering the
carrying capacity & law
enforcement
13 Conserve water
catchment areas,
lower sedimentation
rate and stability of
river water flow
Development of rivers
areas, lakes and
watersheds is conducted
by lowering the level of
sedimentation, stabilizing
the drainage capacity of
river water and building
flood control, reducing the
Development lakes, rivers
& watersheds areas, water
balancing function as
social and economic
goods
122
No Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
difference in seasonal
water flow, maintaining
and stabilizing the quality
and quantity of water,
conserving water
catchment areas,
providing the building
controlling the sediment,
providing dams and small
reservoirs in areas prone
to drought.
14 Preserving and
maintaining the
development of clean
water built, optimizing
the use of surface
water for drinking
water needs
Development of water
resources to meet the
needs of at least 50% of
the community who have
not served drinking water
up to year 2025 through
the development of
regional unprocessed
water supply.
Increase coverage of
drinking water, preserve &
maintain clean water,
increase the availability of
unprocessed water,
Balance of services,
regional cooperation is
often the budget,
cooperation in solving
drinking water problems
15 Handling waste with Handling waste in Bali is Handling garbage with the
123
No Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
landfill sanitary
system can reduce
environmental
pollution
directed to the pattern of
regional cooperation, by
using landfill sanitary
system, by involving the
community and private.
same regional cooperation
Patterns & fostering
sustainable pattern tp the
community with 3R pattern
16 Waste water
management in areas
which are not
reachable to be
conducted with the
system of communal
(local)
Waste water management
which is not serviced with
centralized (offsite)system
as directed by using the
local system (on site)-
based community.
Management of
wastewater directed by On
Site system, Communal
IPAL through SANIMAS &
DSDP
17 Handling of water
pollution as directed to
the increase of public
awareness, and law
enforcement
Handling of water, soil and
air pollution, is directed at
efforts to increase public
awareness and law
enforcement
Handling Water pollution,
Land, Air with law
enforcement effort
18 Maintaining water
catchment area
(catchment area),
Construction of drainage is
directed to minimize the
occurrence of flood and
Drainage development to
minimize the occurrence of
flood, protection to
124
No Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
drainage construction
to minimize the
potential occurrence
of floods, protection of
unprocessed water
resources from solid
and liquid waste
pollution
inundation, maintaining
and protecting its sources
of unprocesed water from
the solid and liquid waste
pollution and minimize
infiltration of toxins into the
soil
unprocessed water,
improvement of ecological
functions in the upstream
region, maintaining
catchment areas
19 Adaptation and
mitigation policies
concerning climate
change
Policy direction to the
phenomenon of global
climate change carried out
by increasing the
awareness and community
participation for adaptation
and mitigation to climate
change and revitalization
of environmental wisdom.
Increased awareness &
community's role in climate
change adaptation
&mitigation
20 Early warning systems
against natural
disasters (tsunami)
Disaster mitigation is
directed to infrastructure
development for early
detection and emergency
response
Infrastructure development
for early detection of
disaster and emergency
response of disaster THP
125
No Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
21 Sustainable energy
development by
building PLTA
De
Development of energy is
directed to the provision
and utilization of energy
resources, the increase in
institutional function,
namely quality of HR &
mastery of technology, the
role of society,
diversification and
conservation of energy
22 Development in the
electricity sector is
directed towards a
reliable and
professional workforce
Construction of electricity
for the whole level of
society by rehabilitating &
repawery 2 GW of electric
power supply pd 2025
23 Development of
transportation is started
from additional road
connecting channel,
construction, &
126
No Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
rearrangement of
transportasi nodes
24
Development of integrated
transportation’s facilities
and infrastructure between
regions as a unity of
transportation service
network
25
Increase in traffic discipline
with socialization of
regulatory and law
enforcement
26 Development of telematics
within the global
competition, namely
broadcast industry, the
concept of responsive
technology, increased
knowledge on technology
based information
127
1.2. Synergy of RPJP, RTRW, Bali Clean & Green And Agricultural
Institution
Group II discussing synergy between RPJP, RTRW, program in Agricultural
Institution and Bali province to get results, such as the green in Table 23
below. In terms of the synergized RTRW by Bali Provincial Regulation No. 16
Year 2009 concerning Spatial Planning of Bali Province Year 2009-2029, in
particular the Policy and Strategy Development of Space Structures (Article
9), the Policy and Strategy Development of Protected Areas (Article 11) , the
Policy and Strategy for Aquaculture Development Zone (Article 12) and the
Policy and Strategy Development Strategic Areas (Article 13).
Table 23.
Synergy between RPJP, RTRW, agricultural instituonal program and Bali
green province
Number
RPJP Keyword of RPJP
Articles
RTRW Agricultural
Green
Province
A - Development of SDA &
ENVIRONMENT,
- Unity of Island
Ecosystem,
- Empowerment &
Partisipation of Local
Community
B - Increase in education Article
128
Number
RPJP Keyword of RPJP
Articles
RTRW Agricultural
Green
Province
and awareness
campaign,
- Human Resource
management
sustainable
ENVIRONMENT, etichs
of environment, green
bali program
13a
Article
11a
C Utilization & management
of Natural Resources
conservation principles,
local wisdom, increased
community participation,
island ecosystems
Article
13b
Article
13e
Green
culture
D Environmentally friendly
development, economic
valuation, environmental
services, sustainable
construction
Article
13c
Article
11a
Green
economy
Clean and
green
E Utilization of natural
resources is directed to
Article
13c
Clean and
green
129
Number
RPJP Keyword of RPJP
Articles
RTRW Agricultural
Green
Province
increase added value,
preservation of natural
resources as well
sustainable development,
renewal, rational, optimal
&efficient, recovery result,
rehabilitation &reserves
Article
12a
F Utilization of renewable
natural resources, which
have the potential to be
developed, need support
of policies (National and
Regional)
Article 13
d
Clean and
green
G Utilization of non-
renewable natural
resources to substituted
with environmentally
friendly
Article
13d
Article
11b
H Enhance critical land
rehabilitation and
Article
12b
130
Number
RPJP Keyword of RPJP
Articles
RTRW Agricultural
Green
Province
reforestation of forest area
Monitoring & enforcement
of law
Water Resources
utilization in accordance
with the carrying capacity
& Needs
I Municipality RTH for 30%
Watershed & forest
conservation 30%
Article
12c
Improved
food security
Improved
livelihoods of
farmers
Clean and
green
J Preventing sea water
intrution
Article
11b
Clean and
green
K Subak as main actor of
irrigation management
together with government,
Local Government &
Community
Improved
livelihoods of
farmers
agribusiness
Green
culture
131
Number
RPJP Keyword of RPJP
Articles
RTRW Agricultural
Green
Province
Improved
facilities &
infrastructure
L Planning & Management of
water resources in an
integrated manner
Balance of interests
between sectors,
institution, the
Regency/City, & the river
area
ABT utilization considering
carrying capacity & law
enforcement
Article 9c
M Development lakes, rivers
& watersheds areas
Balancing the water as a
function of social goods
and economic goods
Agribisnis
Ketahanan
pangan
N Construction of road Article 9c
132
Number
RPJP Keyword of RPJP
Articles
RTRW Agricultural
Green
Province
transportation begins with
the addition of connective
road network, development
& structuring transportation
nodes
Realizing the public
transport as the core
system of city
transportation
O integrated transportation
infrastructure development
between regions as a
single-entity transportation
service network
Article
13f
Article 9c
Article 9b
P Increased traffic discipline
with socialization of
regulatory and law
enforcement
Article 9c
Q Increase coverage of
drinking water services
Preserve & maintain clean
water
Article
11b
133
Number
RPJP Keyword of RPJP
Articles
RTRW Agricultural
Green
Province
Increase the availability of
unprocessed water
The balance of services
Regional cooperation
often the budget
Cooperation in solving
drinking water problems
R Handling of garbage with
Patterns of regional
cooperation & sustainable
training to the community
with pattern of 3R
Article
11b
Article 9b
Article 9a
S Management of
wastewater directed to On
Site system, IPAL
Communal through
SANIMAS & DSDP
Article
11b
Article 9b
Article 9a
T Handling of water, soil and
air pollution with law
enforcement efforts
Article
11c
Article
11b
134
Number
RPJP Keyword of RPJP
Articles
RTRW Agricultural
Green
Province
Article 9b
U Construction of drainage to
minimize the occurrence of
flood, protecting its
sources of unprocesed
water, improvement in
ecological function in
upstream area sustaining
the infiltration area
Article
11b
V Development of telematics
within the global
competition, namely
broadcast industry, the
concept of responsive
technology, increased
knowledge on technology
based information
W Development of energy is
directed to the provision
and utilization of energy
resources,
The increase in
Article 9c
135
Number
RPJP Keyword of RPJP
Articles
RTRW Agricultural
Green
Province
institutional function,
namely quality of HR &
mastery of technology, the
role of society
Diversification and
conservation of energy
X Construction of electricity
for the whole level of
society by rehabilitating &
repawery
Provision of 2 GW of
electric power supply in
2025
Article
13d
Article 9c
Y Improvement of public
awareness & roles in
adaptation to & mitigation
of the climate change
Z Development of
infrastructure for early
detection of disasters and
emergency response to
disasters
Article
11d
136
1.3. Several Relationship Between RPJP, RTRW and Priority Strategic
Issues
Several priority strategic issues discussed in group III, indicate the
relationship between RPJPD and RTRW. Furthermore, KRP alternatives
have been sought for (Activities, Plan and Program) in order to strengthen the
achievement of sub-objective in any strategic issues discussed. In this matter,
out of 13 strategic issues agreed upon, the ones discussed only three issues
with the outcome which is presented accordingly in Table 24.
137
Table 24.
Relationship between RPJPD, RTRW and priority strategic issues
No.
PRIORITY
STRATEGIC
ISSUES
SUB-
OBJECTIVE RPJP/RTRW
ALTERNATIVES
OF KRP
1 Decline in
surface water
quality due to
pollution
(solid waste
and liquid
waste)
Keep and
increase
water quality
sustainably
through law
enforcement
efforts,
arrangement
of industrial
area and
environment
sanitation in
order to
increase
water
efficiency
Waste water
management is
directed to use
communal IPAL
system and
sewerage system
(s)
Handling of waste is
directed to the
regional cooperation
between the
regency/municipality
on a sanitary landfill
and pattern 3 R ®
Waste water
management is
directed to use
communal IPAL
system and
sewerage system
which is supported
by local regulations
concerning liquid
waste
Handling of waste is
directed to the
regional cooperation
between the
regency/municipality
to the use of waste
as a source of
energy, fertilizer and
recycled products
138
No.
PRIORITY
STRATEGIC
ISSUES
SUB-
OBJECTIVE RPJP/RTRW
ALTERNATIVES
OF KRP
2 High rate of
lan d
function from
agricultural
to non-
agriculturan
Control of
land use to
keep Water
Resource
conservation
and
catchment
areas so as
to prevent
natural
disasters,
erosion and
can maintain
the balance
of
biodiversity
that will
improve
food security
through the
enforcement
Utilization of space
cultivated area in
accordance with the
spatial planning.
(RPJP)
Policy cultivated
area covers a.
embodiment of
harmony and the
linkages between
culture b. control of
farming activities in
order not to exceed
the carrying
capacity and
carrying capacity
(RTRW)
Utilization of space
cultivated area in
accordance with the
spatial planning
through
increased law
enforcement
Cultivation area of
policy that
reaffirmed the
determination of
zoning area in each
regency/municipality
139
No.
PRIORITY
STRATEGIC
ISSUES
SUB-
OBJECTIVE RPJP/RTRW
ALTERNATIVES
OF KRP
of existing
spatial
3 High rate of
population
growth in
Bali causing
the decline in
Water
Resource
carrying
capacity,
infrastructure
and facility
Emphazied
on
urbanization
by creating
jobs,
independent
business,
farm /
agricultural
commodities
that have
high
economic
value in
accordance
with the
conditions of
rural land
Improve water
resources
management with
integrated river
basin management
and water resource
use in accordance
with the carrying
capacity (tamping)
Tightening
residence permit for
new settlers in the
area exceeded the
carrying capacity of
water
140
141
CHAPTER VII
DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES
7.1. Grouping of Development Priorities into Clusters
Development priorities Summarized in the results of the workshop II, pages
53-66 are presented in a fairly detailed manner and include many types, so it
is necessary to group them into clusters. In this case, the grouping is
conducted by putting them in sub-clusters under one cluster. With those
clusters, the types of activities will be more easily managed. The program,
itself, can be further simplified although the coverage is varied. However, it
will be more focused on achieving the sub-objectives contained in the priority
strategic issues. Whereas the clusters are presented in the following
description
A.1 The issue of declining flowrate of surface water has a cluster and eight
subclusters in the development priorities, namely:
Water resources conservation
1. Forest and critical land rehabilitation
2. Conservation of water resources and soil
3. Supervision and Control of land use in the upstream
4. Community empowerment and local wisdom in the management of
water resources
5. Intensification of land for plantations
6. Research and Development of Water Resources
142
7. Legislation Water Resources Management
8. Efficiency of water utilization
A.2 The issue of declining surface water quality due to pollution (solid and
liquid waste) have three clusters and each of them has two to three
subclusters in its development priorities, namely:
Improved management of wastewater and garbage
1. Controlling water pollution by waste water, waste and B3
2. Revitalization of existing landfill facilities and infrastructure
Empowerment of communities and law enforcement in the management
of waste water and garbage
1. Increased awareness and public participation
2. Increased law enforcement
3. Legislation of waste management
Integration of solid and liquid waste management through
rearrangement
1. Development of water front city
2. Development of a regional landfill
A.3 The issue of high land conversion from agriculture to non agriculture
have three clusters, each with two to three subclusters in its
development priorities, namely:
143
Conservation of agricultural land
1. Incentives for agricultural ventures
2. Legislation on agricultural land Conservation
Control of space utilization
1. Control of green belt
2. Control of areas constructed on agricultural land
Development agropolitan
1. Development of rural infrastructure which supports agriculture
2. Intensification of agriculture to commodity
3. Facilities and infrastructure subsidies of agricultural production
A.4 The issue of excessive exploitation of groundwater has one cluster and
three subclusters in the development priorities, namely:
Control of ground water Utilization in an integrated manner
1. Improvement of public water service facilities and infrastructure (piping)
2. Groundwater utilization control
3. Improvement of the raw water production capacity
A.5 The issue of sea water intrusion in some areas in Bali has two clusters
and each of them has three sub-clusters in its development priorities,
namely:
144
Integrated coastal management
1. Coastal area rehabilitation
2. Handling of coast guard
3. Control of beach material mining activities
Control of ground water utilization in an integrated manner
1. Control and efficiency of utilization of ground water
2. Increased green opened spaces
3. Conservation of water resources and soil
B.1 The issue of the high destruction/disturbance of forests has one cluster
and three subclusters in its development priorities, among other things:
Protection and maintenance of forests
1. Forest and critical land rehabilitation
2. Community forestry development
3. Improvement of surveillance and law enforcement
B.2 The issue of declining biodiversity has one cluster and six subclusters
in the development priorities, namely:
Biodiversity conservation
1. Control over the use of fertilizers and pesticides
2. Breeding of species and the protection of germplasm
3. Supervision and law enforcement over the use and distribution of
protected biodiversity
145
4. Development of biodiversity database
5. Improvement of food diversification
6. Improvement of organic farming
C.1 The issue of law enforcement is still weak in water resources
management and protection of subak in a broad sense, has one cluster
and four subclusters in the development priorities namely:
Law enforcement in an integrated manner
1. Increased institutional capacity of law enforcement
2. Compliance with the implementation of spatial
3. Increased awareness and empowerment
4. The application of sanctions law firm and consistency
C.2 The issue of uneven distribution and access to water resources has
one cluster and seven subclusters in the development priorities,
namely:
Improvement of public water services
1. Improvement of public water services facilities and infrastructure
(piping)
2. Improvement of raw water production capacity
3. Improvement of minimal water public service
4. Restructuring PDAM
5. Development of Cooperation with Private Parties (PPP)
146
6. Community empowerment and local wisdom in the management of
water resources
7. Efficiency in water utilization
C.3 The issue of conflicts of interests in the utilization of water resources
has one cluster and four subclusters in the development priorities
namely:
Development of water resources management partnerships
1. Technical Development Water Needs Planning (Master Plan)
2. Pattern of Water Cooperation Utilization
3. Improvement of public water service facilities and infrastructure (piping)
4. Community empowerment and local wisdom in the management of
water resources
C.4 The issue of high rate of population growth in Bali resulting in
decreasing carrying capacity of water resources, infrastructure and
facilities has two clusters and each has one to two subclusters in the
development priorities, namely:
Empowerment of rural communities
1. Improvement of employment opportunities and rural
Improvement of population administration system
1. Improvement of population administration
2. I mprovement of family planning program
147
C.5 The issue of lack of information, communication and education about
the environment has one cluster and three subcluster in its
development priorities, namely:
Development of IEC
1. Improvement of environmental socialization
2. Development of environmental information
3. The development of formal, informal environmental education, and
cultural arts
D.1 The issue of unoptimal incentives and disincentives programs for
upstream areas has one cluster and three subclusters in the
development priorities, namely:
Bali as a single island ecosystem management
1. Development of cooperation on interregion water resources
management
2. Legislation on Incentives for upstream areas
3. development of Disincentive for upstream area utilization
148
CHAPTER VIII
IMPACT MANAGEMENT AND MITIGATION
In each cluster appearing in the response column, the impacts should be
managed and mitigated. Therefore, each cluster in the response group is
discussed as to which institution is acting as the leading sector, and what
should be conducted by each institution assuming the coordinating function
and which institutions will become the supporting institutions. The following
Table 25 describes the functions of the relevant institutions with respect to the
responses set out in the clusters and sub-clusters.
Table 25.
Relation between response and impact management and mitigation
RESPONSE IMPACT MANAGEMENT AND
MITIGATION
Cluster : water resources
conservation
Leading Institution : Public Work Service,
assigned to :
Forest and critical land rehabilitation Plan, Conduct, Control, monitor and
Evaluate
Water and soil resources conservation
Supported by:
Monitoring and controlling upstream land
area utilization
Bappeda : planning and monev
Empowering the community and local
149
wisdom in managing water resources
Environment Board: Community
empowerment
Intensification of land for plantations Forestry: afforestation and reforestation
Research and Development of Water
Resources
Department of Agriculture: setting the
cropping pattern, soil conservation and
community empowerment.
Legislation of Water Resource
Management
Plantation Service: intensification of
plantation land, community
empowerment
Efficiency of water utilization Culture Service: strengthening the
application of local wisdom
Cluster: Control of utilization of
ground water in an integrated manner
Improved facilities and public water
services infrastructure (piping)
Leading Institutions : Public Works
Service of Reg/Munci, assigned to:
Control of Ground water utilization Plan, Conduct, Control, monitor and
Evaluate Increase in unprocessed water
production capacity
Supported by:
Environmental Board : information,
communication and education and
education
Dispenda assisting monev
Cluster : integrated Management of Leading Institutions : Public Works
150
coastal areas Service, assigned to:
Coastal area rehabilitation Plan, Conduct, Control, monitor and
Evaluate
Handling of coastal area security
maitnenance Supported by:
Control of coastal material mining
Environmental Board : information,
communication and education and
education
Cluster : control of ground water
utilization in an integrated manner
Forestry Service: coastal forest
rehabilitation and coastal area replanting
trees
Control and efficiency of utilization of
ground water
DKP : management of coastal area
ecosystem
Increased green opened spaces
Tourism Service: controlling tourism
business in coastal region
Conservation of water resources and soil
Health Service : measuring the quality of
ground water
Cluster : Increased in public water
services
Leading Institutions : Public Works
Service, assigned to:
Improved facilities and public water
services infrastructure (piping)
Plan, Conduct, Control, monitor and
Evaluate
Increased production capacity of
unprocessed water Supported by:
151
Increasing public minimal service water Agricultural Service : subak training
Restructuring PDAM Deperindag : industry training
Development Cooperation for Private
Party (PPP) (PKPS)
Tourism Service: managing tourism
water utilization
Community empowerment and local
wisdom in the management of water
resources
Efficiency of water utilization
Cluster : Development of water
resource management partnerships
Leading Institutions : Public Works
Service, assigned to:
Technical Development Water Needs
Planning (Master Plan)
Plan, Conduct, Control, monitor and
Evaluate
Cooperation Pattern of Water Utilization Supported by:
Improved facilities and public water
services infrastructure (piping)
Leading Institutions : Public Works
Service, assigned to:
Community empowerment and local
wisdom in the management of water
resources
Plan, Conduct, Control, monitor and
Evaluate
Supported by:
Leading Institutions : Public Works
152
Service, assigned to:
Plan, Conduct, Control, monitor and
Evaluate
Supported by:
Cluster : Forest protection and
preservation
Leading Institutions : Public Works
Service, assigned to:
Forest and critical land rehabilitation
Plan, Conduct, Control, monitor and
Evaluate
Development of community forest
Supported by:
Increase in monitoring and law
enforcement
Regional Police: law enforcement
Environmental Board : information,
communication and education and
education
Rege/Municipal goverment:
empowerment of the community
surrounding the forest
BPMD : empowerment of the community
surrounding the forest
BPN : control of state land boundary
Cluster : Boidiversity Conservation Leading Institution : Forest Service,
assigned to:
153
Control the use of fertilizers and
pesticides
Plan, Conduct, Control, monitor and
Evaluate
Breeding species and the protection of
germplasm Supported by :
Supervision and law enforcement use
and circulation of biodiversity protected
Agricultural Service: biological
conservation in agricultural land
Development of biodiversity data base
DKP : biodiversity in water territory
Increasing diversification of food
BLH : conservation of biodiversity,
including rare, precarious and needs
upakara
Increase in organic farming
Regency/Municipality government:
conservation of biodiversity of flora and
fauna of the region mascot
Animal Husbandary Service: livestock
biodiversity conservation (typical local
germplasm)
Cluster : Law enforcement in an
integrated manner
Leading Institution : Integrated Team
(Public Prosecutor, police, BLH)
conducting investigation impose a
sanction
Increased institutional capacity of law Supported by : BLH providing
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enforcement socialization, prosecution, and police
conducting investigation and
examination
Compliance with the implementation of
spatial
Increased awareness and empowerment
The application of sanctions law firmly
and consistently
Cluster : Development of IEC Leading Institutions : Diskominfo in
coordinating media
Increased environmental socialization
Supported by: BLH for socialization
material, investigating curriculum issues
Development of environmental
information
The development of formal, informal
environmental education, and cultural
arts
Cluster : Bali as an island ecosystem
management
Leading Institution : Bappeda to plan and
coordinate
Development of cooperation on
interregion water resources management
Supported by: financial bureau in
coordinating incentive and disincentive
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Incentive Legislation for upstream area
Disincentive development of upstream
area utilization
Cluster : Improved management of
wastewater and waste
Leading Institution :
BLH in conduction water quality test
Controlling water pollution by liquid
waste, waste and B3
Supported by : DKP to handle the waste,
BLH in coordinating waste
Revitalization of existing landfill facilities
and infrastructure
Cluster : Empowerment of
communities and law enforcement in
the management of waste water and
garbage
Leading Institution : BLH in coordinating
law enforcement team
1. Increased awareness and public
participation
Supported by : Satpol PP in conducting
actions
2. Increased law enforcement
3. Legislation on waste management
Cluster : Integration management of
waste and liquid water with spatial
management
Leading Institution : Bappeda in
coordinating
1. Development of water front city Supported by : PU in the context of
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infrastructure procurement
2. Development of TPA regional
Cluster : Conservation of agricultural
land
Leading Institution : Agricultural Service
in providing extension
1. Incentives farm
Supported by : Estate service office in
providing extension
2. Conservation of agricultural
legislation
Cluster : Control of space utilization Leading Institution : Bappeda in
enforcing law
1. Control of green belt
Supported by : PU in development issue
and BLH in violation
2. Control of the built-area on
agricultural land
Cluster : Development agropolitan Leading Institution : Bappeda in planning
1. Development of rural infrastructure
which supports agriculture
Supported by : Agricultural Service office
for field extension
2. Intensification of agriculture to
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commodity
3. Facilities and infrastructure
subsidies of agricultural production
Cluster: Empowerment of rural
communities
Leading Institution : Population Service
Office and Family Planning in providing
extension
1. Increased employment
opportunities and rural
Supported by : disperindag in providing
training, cooperation service office in
assisting capital
Cluster: Increased population
administration system
Leading Institution: Population Service
office and work force in inventory
1. Increased population administration
Supported by : Regency Municipality
government in recording
2. Increased family planning program
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CHAPTER IX
INDICATORS AND MONITORING
To be able to know whether the sub-objectives can be achieved well, so that
the priority strategic issues are eliminated and are no longer becoming issues,
it is necessary to have clear measurement indicators and monitoring
programs. Therefore, based on the results of the monitoring on the specified
indicators further steps will be taken in order to achieve the subo-bjectives
effectively and efficiently. The indicators and monitoring are described in
Table 26 below.
Table 26.
Indicators of monitoring an evaluation
PRIORITY STRATEGIC
ISSUE
SUB-Objectives MONITORING AN
EVALUATION
Lowering in surface
water’s flowrate
Preserving the catchment
area and water sources to
insufficient water needs of
the community, agriculture,
and tourism, and prevention
of flood hazard
Monitoring Indicator :
Flowrate of river water
and spring water, lake
water surface level
Period: 3 months
Continuous
measurement of rainfall
Period: every day
Evaluation:
159
PRIORITY STRATEGIC
ISSUE
SUB-Objectives MONITORING AN
EVALUATION
Discharge data of river
water
Springs surface water
level of the lake and
rainfall data
(Ecological water
balance)
High level of ground
water exploitation
Control of groundwater
exploitation for prevention of
seawater intrusion, soil
degradation which later can
prevent degradation of land
surface hydrological cycle
as well as keeping in line
with efforts to improve
effesiensi water use,
increase performance and
optimize the utilization of the
PDAM water surface
Monitoring Indicators:
Measurement of
groundwater levels in test
wells
Installation of water
meters AT
Measurement of water
levels in production wells
evaluation:
Groundwater level data
and data extraction of
ground
Sea water intrusion in
several areas in Bali
Conduct planning,
controlling and monitoring
Monitoring Indicators:
Measurement of quality
160
PRIORITY STRATEGIC
ISSUE
SUB-Objectives MONITORING AN
EVALUATION
the utilization of ground
water by improving water
infrastructure development
in a fair and equitable
manner
of ground water in test
wells
Period: 1 month
Measurement of well
water quality of the
population
Period: 6 months
Ground surface elevation
measurements
Period: 1 year
evaluation:
Groundwater quality data
(an indicator of seawater
intrusion)
Elevation data of soil
surface
Inequility of distribution
and access of the
community
Against water resources
Equitable distribution and
access the SD of water to
prevent conflicts among the
people, increasing the
degree of life, the
Monitoring Indicators:
Coverage of clean water
Period: 1 year
production of water
Period: 1 month
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PRIORITY STRATEGIC
ISSUE
SUB-Objectives MONITORING AN
EVALUATION
development of economic
enterprises, the availability
of food through the
preservation of the balance
of ecosystems is maintained
so that the subak
water needs
Period: 1 year
evaluation:
Data of coverage of
water services
Data production and
distribution
Data of needs water
Conflicts of interest
utilization of water
resources
Prevention of conflicts of
interest of Water Resources
through equitable
distribution of water,
conservation of water
resources, preservation of
facilities and infrastructure
so that the creation of
harmony among water users
in accordance with the
regulations / by-laws
applicable
Monitoring Indicators:
The intensity of the
conflict and the
conflicting parties
Period: 6 months
evaluation:
Number of conflicts data
and conflicting parties
The high level of Improve the hydrological Monitoring Indicators:
162
PRIORITY STRATEGIC
ISSUE
SUB-Objectives MONITORING AN
EVALUATION
destruction /disturbance
of forests (state forests
and community forest)
system so that more optimal
water storage and land
damage caused can be
minimized through local
wisdom, law enforcement
under the applicable Laws
violation of forest
Period: 1 month
evaluation:
Data of forests violation
Decreased levels of
biodiversity
Conserving biodiversity for
maintaining the balance of
ecosystems, conservation of
germplasm so that it can
improve the structure,
texture, soil fertility and
water quality so as to
increase agricultural
productivity, food supply,
nutrition and the need of
upakara
Monitoring Indicators:
Population level and
biodiversity of flora and
fauna
Period: 1 year
evaluation:
Data population of flora
and fauna biodiversity
Weak law enforcement in
the management and
protection of Subak Water
Resources in a broad
Improve the protection of
water resources through
Spatial Planning, community
participation based on Tri
Monitoring Indicators:
The occurrence of
violations in the utilization
of water for every six
163
PRIORITY STRATEGIC
ISSUE
SUB-Objectives MONITORING AN
EVALUATION
sense Hita Karana and orderly in
their utilization.
months
Evaluation: Numbers of
violations
Lack of information,
communication and
education concerning the
environment
Improving dissemination to
the public through printed
media, electronic, formal
education, and utilization of
local culture (puppets,
bonders, drama gong) in
environmental conservation
Monitoring Indicators:
The intensity of the
negative news about the
environment performed
at least every month
Evaluation: the amount
of news
program of incentives and
disincentives for
upstream area which is
not yet optimal
Coordinate (Improved
cooperation) between
upstream and downstream
area through the
determination of policy or
cross-subsidies in order to
preserve the upstream area
so that it becomes a
hydrological unity of Bali
which can be maintained
Monitoring Indicators:
Upland community
complaints about the
incentives
Evaluation: Number of
complaints from the
community
The decline in surface Maintain and improve water Monitoring Indicators:
164
PRIORITY STRATEGIC
ISSUE
SUB-Objectives MONITORING AN
EVALUATION
water quality due to
pollution (solid waste and
liquid waste)
quality in a sustainable
manner through the efforts
of law enforcement,
reforming industrial and
environmental sanitation to
improve the usability of
water
The results of test for
water quality conducted
at least every 6 months
Evaluation:
The data of surface water
quality (rivers and lakes)
Conversion of high land
from agricultural to non
agricultural
Control of land use to keep
the Water Resources
conservation and catchment
areas so as to prevent
natural disasters, erosion
and to be able to maintain
the balance of biodiversity
which will improve food
security through the
enforcement of existing
spatial
Monitoring Indicators:
Widespread conversion
of agricultural into non-
agricultural land for every
once a year
Evaluation: Data of land
area used
The high rate of
population growth in Bali
resulted in a decreased
Emphasizing on
urbanization by creating
jobs, independent business,
Monitoring Indicators:
Bali population growth
rate which is conducted
165
PRIORITY STRATEGIC
ISSUE
SUB-Objectives MONITORING AN
EVALUATION
carrying capacity of
natural resources,
infrastructure and
facilities
farm/agricultural
commodities having high
economic value in
accordance with the
conditions of rural land
every year
Evaluation: Population
data
166
CHAPTER X
RECOMMENDATIONS
In order to be able to preserve the existing water resources in the Province of
Bali so that their utilization can be distributed evenly to all corners of Bali
island towards the objective of Bali Green Province as well as to address the
thirteen priority strategic issues that have been agreed upon, the
recommendations conveyed are as follows:
1. In the context of overcoming the decreasing flowrate of surface water
for the fulfillment of the community’s water supply, it is necessary to
improve the conservation of water resources in an integrated and
sustainable manner.
2. Prohibiting the community from disposing solid and liquid waste to the
environment, while businessmen will be required to treat their waste
prior to disposal to the environment
3. Development of agropolitan system by establishing conservation and
space utilization
4. The high level of ground water extraction must be controlled
immediately in an integrated manner by improving public water facilities
and infrastructure , increasing raw water production capacity from
surface water as well as limiting underground water extraction which
should not be> 2 lt/sec per 1 point of extraction
5. Seawater intrusion is controlled by limiting the extraction of ground
water, which is supported by an integrated coastal management.
167
6. Due to the high level of damage/disturbance to forests, sustainable
protection and maintenance of forests as strategic areas are needed.
7. In order to preserve biological resources for maintaining the balance of
ecosystems and the preservation of germplasm, it is necessary to
improbe the efforts for biodiversity conservation in an integrated
manner.
8. Strengthening and enforcing laws in water resource management and
protection of water-control system in a broad sense of the terms
9. To ensure even distribution and access to water resources, particularly
in areas prone to water deficiency, it is necessary to search for water
sources, increase raw water production capacity and infrastructure in
areas prone to water deficiency.
10. Conflicts of interest on the utilization of water resources need to be
resolved by developing cooperation/partnership in water utilization as
well as involving community as from the beginning of the planning
process.
11. Controlling the rate of population growth through demographic
mechanism in an integrated manner
12. Improving the dissemination of environmental information through
socialization and environmental education
13. The preparation of regulations requiring the downstream areas to
provide incentives for upstream areas.
14. certification of law enforcement human resources, so law enforcement
will be conducted in accordance with the applicable regulations
168
15. Improving the participation of village Pekraman in handling
environmental issues, including improving the performance of the
government apparatus and establishing institutions which manage
environmental services in strategic areas (high valued view, having a
cultural heritage, landscape beauty, including cliffs)
16. Improving coordination among sectors, regions (regency/municipality)
as well as between government, private, and community, including
traditional institution.
17. Monitoring and evaluating the quality and quantity of water as well as
the violation of spatial layout at a minimum of once in 6 months.
18. It is necessary to have a zoning of river bodies utilization (drinking
water, irrigation, tourism, energy) and to protect water catchment areas
including the conduct of intensive reforestation.
19. Striving for at least 30% of forests in Watershed areas and 40% of
urban green open spaces
20. All components of the community should be required to make water
catchment wells and bio pores
Recommended