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Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the
United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or byany means, or stored in a database retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher.
Send all inquiries to:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion PlaceColumbus, OH 43240
ISBN 0-07-866972-3Printed in the United States of America7 8 9 10 045 09 08 07
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: The Nature of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Chapter 2: Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Chapter 3: Minerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Chapter 4: Rocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Chapter 5: Earths Energy and Mineral Resources . . . . . . . . . . .15
Chapter 6: Views of Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Chapter 7: Weathering and Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Chapter 8: Erosional Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Chapter 9: Water Erosion and Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Chapter 10: Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35Chapter 11: Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Chapter 12: Volcanoes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Chapter 13: Clues to Earths Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Chapter 14: Geologic Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
Chapter 15: Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Chapter 16: Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Chapter 17: Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63Chapter 18: Ocean Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Chapter 19: Oceanography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Chapter 20: Our Impact on Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Chapter 21: Our Impact on Water and Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
Chapter 22: Exploring Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Chapter 23: The Sun-Earth-Moon System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Chapter 24: The Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
Chapter 25: Stars and Galaxies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
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Step Explanation Example from Text
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
The Nature of Science 1
Science All AroundStudy Guide11
Directions: Unscramble the terms to fill in the blanks.
1.(neicse) a process of observing, studying, and thinking about things togain knowledge
2. (mutains) a large wave caused by an earthquake
3. (erte grisn) a way to learn information about events in an area long ago
4. (treemixepn) a way to test a hypothesis
5. (streemsiy) scientific methods can be used to solve these
6. (yoncoleght) the application of science for practical purposes
7. (hanic) the country that used a seismograph to detect earthquakes in
the year 132 A.D.
8. (nnnotivie) an application of scientific discovery to make somethingthat has a useful purpose
9. (serpia) the country that had windmills in the year 650 A.D.
10. (pinedeendt) the variable that you change in an experiment to see whatwill happen
11. (kyeurt) the country that was working with copper metal in 7000 B.C.
12. (fictiensic dothem) an organized set of investigation procedures
13. (tennddeep) a type of variable that changes according to changes inother variables
14. (cottanns) something that does not change when other variables in anexperiment change
Directions: List six common steps in the scientific method. Explain or define each step and/or tell why its
important. Give an example from the dishwashing liquid experiment in the text.
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2 The Nature of Science
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Scientific Enterprise
Directions: Complete the paragraphs by writing the correct terms in the spaces.
Early people observed their surroundings and relied on 1. ______________________________
to explain storms, volcanoes, and seasons. When people observed seasonal phenomena, they
developed a 2. ______________________________ of about 365 days. Knowledge collected over
time about weather evolved into the science of3. ______________________________. Instruments
were developed to measure weather phenomena. The 4. ______________________________ gauge
was probably the first weather instrument. In the 1600s in Italy other instruments were developed to
set up weather stations. The 5. ______________________________ measures air pressure. The
6. ______________________________ measures temperature. Water vapor in the air is measured
by a 7. ______________________________. Wind speed is measured by an
8. ______________________________. The first American to suggest weather could be predicted
was 9. ______________________________. The Weather Bureau of the late 1800s became the
10. ______________________________.
Scientists form and test 11. ______________________________.
New 12. ______________________________ is gathered over long periods of time. When tests
are repeated, an explanation and hypothesis becomes a 13. ____________________. When a rule
is proposed to describe the behavior of something in nature, it is called a
14. ____________________. Usually laws describe what will happen but dont give an
15. ____________________.
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Matter 3
AtomsStudy Guide11Directions: Use the word banks provided to complete the following section summary.
atoms building blocks elements isotopesmatter minerals model native elements
Anything that has mass and takes up space is called (1)____________________. Matter is made
up of tiny particles called (2)____________________. The structure of atoms and how they join
together determine all the properties of matter. Atoms sometimes are called
(3)____________________ of matter. Substances that are made of only one type of atom are
called (4)____________________. They may combine to make up (5)____________________,
found in Earths crust. Some minerals are made up of only one element and are called
(6)____________________.
atomic number atoms electron cloud electrons
neutrons isotopes mass number negative
negative number protons three
A Greek philosopher first proposed that matter was made up of small particles which he called
(7)____________________. The current model of the atom is made up of
(8)____________________ basic parts. Particles with a positive charge are
(9)____________________. Particles with no charge are (10)____________________. Both neu-
trons and protons are located in the nucleus. Particles with a negative charge that exist outside the
nucleus are called (11)____________________. Electrons have specific amounts of energy and
move around in a(n) in a(n) (12)____________________, similar to bees in a beehive.
All atoms of the same element have the same (13)____________________ of protons, shown
as the (14)____________________. Atoms can lose or gain electrons, making the overall charge
positive or (15)____________________. The number of protons plus the number of neutrons is
the (16)____________________. Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neu-
trons are called (17)____________________.
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4 Matter
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Combinations of Atoms
Directions: Define the following terms.
1. compound
2. mixture
Directions: Identify each of the following as a mixture or a compound.
3. NaCl
4. solution
5.water
6. NaCl + H2O
7. salt
8. H2O
9. air
10. salt water
11. vinegar and oil
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.
12. Sweetened tea is a type of mixture called a(n) ____________________.
13. A water molecule is made up of two atoms of ____________________ and one atom
of ____________________
14. The substances in a(n) ____________________ can be physically separated from oneanother.
15. Table salt is made up of one ion of ____________________ and one ion
of ____________________.
16. A(n) ____________________ cannot be separated into its individual elements by physicalmeans.
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Matter 5
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Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms in the list below. Pay particular attention to the linkingwords or statements between boxes. The completed diagram will help you organize the relationships between
physical states of matter on Earth.
liquid definite size and shape gas
freely moving and independent takes the shape of its container water
Properties of MatterStudy Guide33
melt
freeze
boil
cool
Matter on Earth
6.
close together
and moving freely
may be
5.
1.
may bemay be
solid2.
fixed position
4.
3.
completely fills
its container
molecules aremolecules are molecules are
results in results inresults in
unique
Earth
example
unique
Earth
example
unique
Earth
example
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Minerals 7
MineralsStudy Guide11
Directions: Place the letter of the term beside the correct definition.
Definition
1. naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definitechemical composition and an orderly arrangement of atoms
2. salt formed by the natural evaporation of seawater
3. describes atoms arranged in a pattern over and over
4. a solid in which the atoms are arranged in an orderly,repeating pattern
5. melted rock that forms crystals
6. the part of a solution that evaporates, leaving a mineral
7. the process, in a dry climate, where the solution leaves the mineral
8. number of common elements in Earths crust
9. group of rocks forming minerals that contain silicon and oxygen
10. two most abundant elements in Earths crust
Directions: List four characteristics of a mineral.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Directions: Arrange the eight most common elements in Earths crust from most common to least common.(Hint: refer to Figure 5 in your textbook for additional help.)
Most common Least common
Name Date Class
Vocabulary
a. crystal
b. crystalline
c. eight
d. evaporation
e. five
f. halite
g. magma
h. mineral
i. oxygen
j. silicon
k. silicate
l. water
1
5.
1
6.
1
7.
1
8.
1
9.
2
0.
2
1.
2
2.
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Name Date Class
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Mineral Identification
Directions: In the blank at the left, put a check mark () next to each statement that agrees with the textbook.
1. The physical properties of a mineral can be seen or measured in some way.
2. The physical properties of a mineral make it possible to identify the mineral.
3. Any mineral can be identified by a careful check of one physical characteristic.
4. Hardness is a measure of how easily a mineral can be located.
5. Friedrich Mohs developed a scale which lists minerals according to their hardness.
6. Quartz will scratch a piece of copper, so quartz is harder than copper.
7. The luster of a mineral is described as metallic or nonmetallic.
8. The luster of chrome would be described as nonmetallic.
9. Color alone is not usually enough to identify a mineral.
10. When some minerals are rubbed across unglazed porcelain, they leave a streak ofpowdered material.
11. Graphite is a mineral that does not leave a clear streak.
12. Topaz is a mineral that does not leave a clear streak.
13. Most minerals cannot be broken.
14. Mica shows clear cleavage.
15. Quartz is a mineral with cleavage.
Directions: Match the mineral names in Column I with the descriptions in Column II. Write the letter of the
correct description in the blank at the left.
Column I
16. magnetite
17. pyrite
18. talc
19. calcite
20. gold
Study Guide22
Column II
a. light yellow color; metallic luster; greenish-black
streak
b. light color; fingernail will scratch it; leaves thick,
powdery streak
c. black color; black streak; dull metallic luster; is attracted
to magnets
d. yellow color; scratched by copper penny; often found
in flakes
e. glassy luster; hardness of 3
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Minerals 9
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. Why are diamonds and rubies valuable? What are minerals like these called?
2. What characteristics make gemstones beautiful?
3. Quartz crystals can be used as gems. What other more practical uses can quartz crystals have?
4. What useful material may be obtained from bauxite? What useful material may be obtainedfrom hematite? What are bauxite and hematite called, since they produce useful materials?
5. Where are vein mineral deposits found? How did they get there?
6. What is titanium and why is it useful?
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Rocks 11
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The Rock CycleStudy Guide11Directions: Place the letter of the term beside the correct definition.
Definition
1. a mixture of minerals, volcanic glass,organic material, or other materials
2. illustrates the processes that create and change rocks
3. formed when particles and bits of rock are cementedtogether
4. formed when heat, pressure, or fluids act on othertypes of rock and affect their composition
5. formed when hot magma cools and hardens(may be intrusive or extrusive rock)
6. rock fragments, mineral grains, or organic remainsthat have been moved by wind, water, ice, or gravity
7. principle that illustrates chemical elements fromminerals and rocks are not lost or destroyed,but changed to a new form
8. location where scientists first recognized the rock cycle
Directions: List possible changes for each type of rock. (Hint: Refer to Figure 2 in your textbook for additionalhelp.)
Vocabulary
a. conservation of matter
b. igneous rock
c. James Hutton
d. metamorphic rock
e. Mt. Rushmore, SouthDakota
f. rock
g. rock cycle
h. sediments
i. sedimentary rock
j. Siccar Point, Scotland
k. volcanic
Type of Rock May Change To Or May Change To
9. Igneous magma
10. Sedimentary
11. Metamorphic sediments
12. Sediments
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Igneous Rocks
Directions: Write the term that matches each description below on the spaces provided. The boxed lettersshould spell the kind of rocks that form from magma.
1. Igneous rocks that are dense and dark-colored. They form from magma that is rich in iron andmagnesium and poor in silica.
2. Thick, gooey, molten material inside a volcano or deep inside Earth
3.Igneous rocks that are light-colored and have a lower density. They form from thick, stiffmagma that contains lots of silica and lesser amounts of iron and magnesium.
4. Igneous rocks that have mineral compositions between those of granitic and basaltic rocks
5. One kind of volcanic glass that has holes caused by pockets of gas
6. The kind of igneous rock that forms below Earths surface
7. The kind of igneous rock that forms on or near Earths surface
8. Magma forms this kind of rock.
7
6
5
4
3
2
11
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Rocks 13
Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms below.
metamorphic rocks foliated rocks nonfoliated rocksmarble quartzite sandstone
gneiss shale granite
Metamorphic Rocks33
Study Guide33
Directions: Write T if the statement is true. Write F if the statement is false.
10.
Metamorphic rocks form only from igneous rocks.11. An igneous rock like granite can be formed into a metamorphic rock like gneiss.
12. Heat and pressure have no effect on rocks.
13. One type of rock, such as shale, can change into several different kinds ofmetamorphic rock.
forms from forms from forms from forms from
can be
classified as
slate
4. 5. 6.
8. 9.
2.
7.
3.
1.
two examples
are
two examples
are
limestone
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Sedimentary Rocks
Directions: Complete the outline by filling in the blanks.
Sedimentary Rocks
I. Materials that make up sediments
A.
B.
C.
II. Ways sedimentary rocks can form
A.
Definition:
B.
Definition:
C.
Definition:
III. Classification of sedimentary rocks
A.
Examples:
B.
Examples:
C.
Examples:
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Earths Energy and Mineral Resources 15
Name Date Class
Nonrenewable EnergyResources
Study Guide11Directions: Use the information from your textbook to complete the energy resources chart below.
Resource Description Made From Commonly Used For
1. Fossil fuel plants and organisms heating, electricity,
buried and altered gasoline,
over millions of years making plastics
2. a sedimentary bacteria reacting with
rock containing dead plants
hydrocarbons
3. Oil a thick, black heating, gasoline,liquid hydrocarbon, manufacturing
commonly called plastics
petroleum
4. hydrocarbons the remains of
in a gaseous state marine animals,
lighter than oil
5. Synthetic a human-made heating,
fuel liquid or gaseous electricity
fuel
6. Methane hydrocarbons heating,
hydrate trapped in ice electricity
structures on the
seafloor
7. Nuclear uranium-235
energy
8. the splitting of electricityheavy elements to
produce energy
9. when materials of in the future,
low mass are fused hydrogen fused into
together to form helium molecules
substance of higher
mass
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Name Date Class
16 Earths Energy and Mineral Resources
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Renewable Energy Resources
Directions: Write the correct term after each description below on the spaces provided. Then unscramble theboxed letters to spell a type of energy resource in question 16.
1. where solar energy comes from ___ ___
2. used indirectly when winds andocean currents are used to do work ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
3. collect the Suns energy ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
4. use wind energy ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
5. hydroelectric power uses this ___ ___ ___ ___
6. built to retain water ___ ___
7. energy from hot magma ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
8. state where geothermal energyis being used ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
9. energy from burning organic material ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
10. ethanol mixed with gasoline ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
11. a large number of windmills placedin one area to generate electricity ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
12. when using magma and waterto create energy, the magmas heatturns the water into this ___ ___ ___ ___
13. a tall, leafy, renewable energy resource ___ ___ ___ ___
14. using wood for energy can create this ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
15. cars that use solar cells as a powersource ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
16. a type of energy resource: ____________________________________________________
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Earths Energy and Mineral Resources 17
Directions: Find the mistakes in the statements below. Rewrite each statement correctly on the lines provided.
1. Deposits in which minerals exist in large enough amounts to be mined for profit are
hydroelectric.
2. Bauxite is an iron ore.
3. The process of extracting a useful substance from an ore involves concentrating and recycling.
4. Waste rock removed before a mineral can be used is gravel.
5. Sandstone removes unwanted elements from metal being processed.
6. Iron is a nonmetallic mineral resource.
7. Limestone is a source of silica.
8. Gypsum is used as an industrial material.
9. Resourcing is using old materials to make new ones.
10. Gypsum is used to make sandpaper.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.11. Why do economic factors play a part in determining what an ore is?
12. What are mined nonmetallic resources used for? Give some examples.
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Views of Earth 19
LandformsStudy Guide11
Directions: Unscramble the geology terms provided to correctly complete the section summary paragraph.
The three basic types of landforms are sipnal (1)____________________,uptesala (2)____________________, and taisonnum (3)____________________. Large, flat
areas in the dimdel (4)____________________ of a continent are
spinal (5)____________________. With thick fertile soil, they are ideal for
gramfin (6)____________________. Coastal plains are formed near
sonace (7)____________________ and formed as part of a
nnnettellfohsiac (8)____________________, as sediments dropped onto the ocean floor. Interior
plains, such as the Great Plains in the central United States, consist of nearly horizontal layers ofyockadesnemitrr (9)____________________.
Flat areas of land that have been uplifted by forces within Earth are
sauptlae (10)__________________. They differ from plains in that their
geeds (11)____________________ rise steeply above the land around them. River valleys and
scayonn (12)____________________ commonly cut through these high, horizontal rock layers.
Mountains are classified into rouf(13)____________________ main types.
naccilov(14)____________________ mountains are formed over time when many layers of
magma pile up, creating a cone-shaped structure.drappewu (15)____________________ moun-
tains are formed when sections of Earths crust are pushed up by Earths internal forces. They have
high speak(16)____________________ and sharp ridges.ftauollbck(17)____________________
mountains are separated from surrounding rock by faults, or huge fractures in the rock. Huge,
tilted blocks of rock are pushed up, while the next block is dropped down, producing majestic
peaks and steep spoles (18)____________________. Some extreme forces inside Earth may push
rock layers horizontally, forming ddelof(19)____________________ mountains. This type of
mountain often shows spectacular sraley(20)____________________ of rock that look like they
have been pushed together or folded. Earths ronmdalfs (21)____________________ offer a vari-
ety of beautiful landscapes that continue to be shaped by Earths natural forces.
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Name Date Class
20 Views of Earth
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Viewpoints
Directions: Study the map. Write the letter of each map feature or location on the line provided.
Study Guide22
_______ 1. equator
_______ 2. prime meridian
_______ 3. International Date Line
_______ 4. 15S latitude, 90E longitude
_______ 5. 15N latitude, 165E longitude
_______ 6. 45S latitude, 15E longitude
_______ 7. 30N latitude, 165W longitude
_______ 8. 15S latitude, 60E longitude
_______ 9. 30N latitude, 120W longitude
_______ 10. 30S latitude, 15E longitude
90
60
45
30
15
0
15
30
45
60
90180F1501209060300C306090
East (E)West (W)
120150180F
N
S
EW
L M
E H
B
A
G
D
KN
J
I
O
F
C
Directions: The map shows longitude in 15-degree increments, which correspond to the time zones. Use the
lines of longitude to estimate the time for the following places.
11. Youre at point B on the map. Its 7:00 A.M. What time is it at point E?
12. Youre at point H on the map. Its 5:00 P.M. What time is it at point G?
13. Youre at point H on the map. Its 7:00 P.M. What time is it at point D?
14. Youre at point J and you travel eastward to point L. Do you lose orgain a day?
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Views of Earth 21
Directions: Write the letter of the term that best completes or answers the sentence.
1. A ______ projection has parallel latitude lines and parallel longitude lines. The areasof the continents are distorted, especially near the poles.a. conic b. Robinson c. Mercator
2. On a ______ projection, latitude lines are parallel and longitude lines are curved. Theland areas are less distorted at the poles.a. conic b. Robinson c. Mercator
3. A ______ projection is made from projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone.a. conic b. Robinson c. topographic
4. A ______ map shows changes in elevation of Earths surface.a. conic b. Robinson c. topographic
5. The 1 on the map scale 1:24,000 represents 1 cm. What does the 24,000 represent?a. 24,000 cm b. 24 cm c. 24,000 km
6. On a map scale, 1 cm equals 1 km. What distance is represented by 10 cm on the map?a. 1,000 km b. 1,000 cm c. 10 km
Directions: Use Figures 13 to answer the following questions.
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3
MapsStudy Guide33
7. What is the contour interval for Figure 1?
8. What is the contour interval for Figure 2?
9. Which figure represents a hill, and how do you know?
10. In which direction does the Buck River flow, and how do you know?
1900
m
1800
m15m
40
mN
Buck
Rive
r
Scale 1 cm = 10,000 cmContour interval 500 cm
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Weathering and Soil 23
Name Date Class
WeatheringStudy Guide11
Directions: Number the following events about ice wedging in the order they happen. The first step in thesequence has been numbered for you.
11. Ice Wedging
water freezes and expands
ice melts, allowing more water to enter crack
pressure builds and extends the crack
water enters crack in rock
crack extends and breaks apart the rock
Directions: Using the terms provided, complete the weathering comparison chart below.
animals chemical reactions chemical weathering ice wedgingmechanical weathering natural acid oxidation physical processes
plant acid plant
Weathering
2 Types of Weathering
Definition
(1)________________
(3)_______________: rocks
are broken apart; new rocksare similar to original rocks
(5)_______________:water freezes in rock cracks
(7)_______________:roots force into cracks, then
grow and break rock
(9)_______________:digging, scratching at rocks,causing rocks to move
(2)_______________
(4)_______________:
dissolves or changes theminerals; new rocks are dif-ferent from original rocks
(6)________________:carbonic acid dissolves rock,creating caves
(8)________________:oxygen and water react with
minerals to break down intorust
(10)_________________from decaying plants weak-ens rocks
Ways Weathering Occurs
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The Nature of Soil
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided. Study the diagram of a soil profile to answerquestions 15.
1. Which soil layer contains the most humus?
2. How far into the soil do plant roots grow?
3. Where in this soil profile is organic matter broken down?
4. Where in this soil profile is solid rock being weathered into soil?
5. What is the name of the process by which water carries dissolved minerals from the upper
horizons down to the lower levels?
6. What factors help determine the type of soil, such as the thickness of the layers and their
composition?
7. Choose a factor from Question 6 and explain how it can affect the soil in an area.
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Weathering and Soil 25
Directions: Unscramble the terms in italics to complete the sentences below. Write the terms on the lines provided.
1.gonPliwmechanically turns and loosens the soil to grow crops.
2. When soil is moved from the place where it formed, the processis called sieroon.
3. There is no plowing and plant stalks are left in the field inli-toln gimnarf.
4. In artericeng, flat-topped areas are built into the sides of steephills and mountains to grow crops.
5. In dry regions where sheep and cattle eat the grasses,reggianvorzincreases soil erosion.
6. Each year, clearing thousands of square kilometers ofnair setrofdestroys soil in the tropics.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.7. What can be done to reduce erosion at construction sites?
8. What effect does overgrazing have on topsoil?
9. Why shouldnt more land be cleared for farming and grazing as old land is worn out?
10. Why do people need soil?
11. What can farmers do to reduce soil erosion?
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Erosional Forces 27
Erosional ForcesStudy Guide11Directions: Using the word bank provided, complete the following statements.
creep deposition erosion gravity
landslide mass movement mudflow rockfalls
rock slide slump wins
1. The process that wears away surface materials and moves them from one place to another is
called _________________.
2. The force of attraction that pulls all objects toward Earths center is _________________.
3. Blocks of rock break loose and tumble through the air in _________________.
4. A mass movement with sediments slowly shifting their positions down hill is called
_________________.
5. A combination of mass movements such as slump, rock slides and mudflow would be called
a(n)________________.
6. When agents of erosion lose energy and drop their sediments, it is referred to as
________________.
7. Layers of rock breaking loose and slipping downhill suddenly is a(n) ________________.
8. A mass of material slipping downhill along a curved surface creates a(n) ________________.
9. The general term used to describe erosion that happens as gravity moves materials down a
slope is ________________.
10. A thick mixture of sediment and water flowing down a slope is commonly called a(n)
________________.
11. The process of erosion may be slowed down, but mass movement cannot be eliminated
because gravity always ________________.
Directions: List three factors most mass movements have in common.12.
13.
14.
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Name Date Class
28 Erosional Forces
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Glaciers
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. How are continental glaciers and valley glaciers similar?
2. How are continental glaciers and valley glaciers different?
Directions: Use your answers above to identify the glaciers described below. You may need to use both types to
answer a question.
3. They form U-shaped valleys.
4. They covered much of Earth during ice ages.
5. They deposit till and outwash.
6. They weather rocks by plucking.
7. They form in areas that have cold temperatures all year.
8. They are now located only in the polar regions.
9. They are the kind of glaciers found in Montana today.
10. They can create cirques on the side of mountains.
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Erosional Forces 29
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.
1. Wind erosion called __________________ pits and polishes rocks when blown sand grains
hit them.
2. ___________________ are a common form of wind deposit in desert regions and nearoceans and lakes.
3. Much of the midwestern United States is on fertile soil that developed from
____________________ deposits.
4. ______________________ is sediment that is as fine as talcum powder.
5. Erosion and ____________________ are part of a cycle that shapes and reshapes the land.
6. ____________________ is wind erosion that can be compared to sandblasting.
7. When windblown sediments pile up behind obstacles, ___________________ are formed.
8. Abrasion and deflation are forms of ___________________ erosion.
9. Loess and dunes are ___________________ of wind-eroded sediments.
10. ___________________ is wind erosion that picks up small particles and leaves heavierparticles behind.
11. The side of a sand dune away from the wind has a _________________ slope than the sidefacing the wind.
12. ____________________ erosion is common in deserts, beaches, and plowed fields.
13. During a __________________, sand grains form a low cloud just above the ground.
14. _________________ blow topsoil from open fields, overgrazed areas, and places wherevegetation has disappeared.
15. People in many countries plant trees to act as _________________ to reduce wind erosion.
16. Along many seacoasts and deserts, _________________ is planted to reduce erosion.
17. Plants with fibrous _________________ systems, such as grasses, work best at stopping winderosion.
18. One common dune shape is a crescent-shaped dune known as a _________________.
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Water Erosion and Depostion 31
Water Erosion andDeposition
Study Guide11Directions: Write the correct term from the word bank on the line next to its definition.
alluvial fan bed load delta drainage basinflood plain gully erosion meander rill erosion
sheet erosion silt stream erosion suspended load
1. light weight sediments that are picked up and moved
2. erosion caused by a thin, broad layer of water
3. area of land from which streams or rivers collect runoff
4. broad, flat valley floor formed by meandering stream dropping fertilesediment
5. flat, triangular land extending into the ocean, formed from droppedsediment
6. process by which stream channel becomes deeper and wider
7. small groove that continues to enlarge, forming a channel
8. larger, heavy particles that roll along the bottom of a stream
9. very fine sediment
10. sediment deposits onto valley floor at the base of a mountain stream
11. created by rill channel becoming broader and deeper
12. broad, curved arc in the path of a stream
Directions: Complete the study chart below on the life and characteristics of a stream. (Hint: Refer to Figure 8 inthe text book for additional help.)
Name Date Class
Type of Speed and Physical Location of Stream Location Characteristics Erosion
13. swiftly runs through waterfalls, rapids
steep valleys
14. Mature smooth flowing in
valley
15. flat floodplain, erodes sides and
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32 Water Erosion and Deposition
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Groundwater
Directions: Study the following diagrams. Then label the parts using the correct terms from the list below.
artesian well aquifer stalactitestalagmite water table zone of saturation
Study Guide22
1.
3.
4.
6.
2.
5.
Cave
Saturated with
groundwater
Impermeable
Soil
Impermeablelayer
Saturatedpermeablelayer
Impermeablelayer
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Water Erosion and Deposition 33
Directions: For each item, write every other letter, beginning with the first letter, on line a. Next, beginning
with the second letter, write every other letter on line b.Add spaces between words in a and b. Then on line c,
write an explanation of the relationship between the terms in lines a and b.1. N B O A T R O R N I A E M R A I I S N L L A A N N D D S
a.
b.
c.
2. P L A O R N A G L S L H E O L R S E T C H U E R S R H E O N R T E
a.
b.
c.
3. S B E E D A I C M H E E N S T
a.
b.
c.
4. T S I U D R E F S A C C U E R W R A E V N E T S S
a.
b.
c.
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Plate Tectonics 35
Continental DriftStudy Guide11
Directions: In the space provided, briefly discuss Pangaea and continental drift and the scientific clues that sup-
port Alfred Wegeners theory.
1. Pangaea:
2. Continental drift:
3. Puzzle-like fit clues:
4. Fossil clues:
5. Plant clues:
6. Climate clues:
7. Rock clues:
8. New ideas about continental drift developed through advanced technology. One new explana-
tion for how the continents could drift is _________________________________________.
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Seafloor Spreading
Directions: Find the mistakes in the statements below. Rewrite each statement correctly on the lines provided.
1. During the 1940s and 1950s, scientists began using radar on moving ships to map large areas
of the ocean floor in detail.
2. The youngest rocks are found far from the mid-ocean ridges.
3. The scientist Henry Hess invented echo-sounding devices for mapping the ocean floor.
4. As the seafloor spreads apart, hot saltwater moves upward and flows from the cracks.
5. As the new seafloor moves away from the ridge and becomes hotter, it moves upward andforms still higher ridges.
6. The research ship Glomar Challengerwas equipped with a drilling rig that records magnetic data.
7. Rocks on the seafloor are much older than many continental rocks.
8. When plates collide, the denser plate will ride over the less-dense plate.
9. Earths magnetic field has always run from the north pole to the south pole.
10. The magnetic alignment in rocks on the ocean floor always runs from the north pole to thesouth pole.
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Plate Tectonics 37
Directions: Use the following words to fill in the blanks below.
asthenosphere lithosphere plate tectonicsconvection plates
1. The theory of ____________________ states that Earths crust and upper mantle are broken
into sections.
2. These sections, called ____________________, are composed of the crust and a part of the
upper mantle.
3. The crust and upper mantle together are called the ____________________.
4. Beneath this layer is the plasticlike ____________________.
5. Scientists suggest that differences in density cause hot, plasticlike rock to be forced upward
toward the surface, cool, and sink. This cycle is called a ____________________ current.
Directions: Four diagrams are shown in the table below. Label and describe each diagram in the space providedin order to complete the table.
Theory of Plate TectonicsStudy Guide33
Type of boundary andmotion at boundary
Type of boundary andmotion at boundary
DiagramDiagram
6.
7.
8.
9.
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Earthquakes 39
Forces Inside EarthStudy Guide11Directions: Write the correct term on the line in front of its definition.
compression elastic limit reverse fault strike-slip faultearthquake fault plate movement tension
elastic deformation normal fault shear
Definition
1. force that squeezes rocks together
2. vibrations produced by the breaking of rock
3. rocks bent and stretched out of shape by force
4. constant motion of plates
5. surface along which rocks move when they pass their elastic limit andbreak
6. forces on either side of fault cause rocks to slide past each other
7. limit to how far rocks can bend and stretch
8. force that pulls rocks apart
9. rocks on either side of the fault move past each other without muchupward or downward movement
10. results from tension, pulling rock apart; where the rock above the faultsurface drops in relation to rock below the fault surface
11. results from compression forces squeezing rocks together; rock abovethe fault surface is forced up and over rock below the fault surface
Directions: Number the following events about seismic pressure in the order in which they happen. The first
step in the sequence has been numbered for you.
12. Seismic Pressure
an earthquake resultsrough edges catch due to friction, temporarily halting movement along a fault
stress causes the rocks to bend and change shape
rocks bend beyond their elastic limit, break, move along the fault, and return to theiroriginal shape
forces keep driving the rocks to move and pressure builds
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Features of Earthquakes
Directions: The graph below shows travel time in minutes and distance traveled for primary and secondary
waves. Primary and secondary waves start at the same time but do not travel at the same speed. Study the
graph. Use the graph to help answer the questions that follow.
Study Guide22
0
Traveltime(min)
Distance traveled (1,000 km units)
Secondary wave
Primary wave
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1. How long does it take for a primary wave to travel 2,000 km?
2. How long does it take for a secondary wave to travel 2,000 km?
3. How far does a secondary wave travel in 10 min?
4. How far does a primary wave travel in 10 min?
5. What happens to the time difference between primary and secondary waves as the distancetraveled gets longer?
6. Suppose a primary and secondary wave both travel a distance of 4,000 km before they arepicked up by a seismograph. Which wave will arrive first?
7. How much time lag at 4,000 km will there be between these two waves?
8. Suppose both a primary and secondary wave start together and travel for 5 min. Which wavewill travel farther?
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Earthquakes 41
Directions: In the space provided, write R if the description refers to the Richter scale and M if it refers to the
modified Mercalli scale.
1. based on the height of the lines traced by a seismograph
2. describes the strength of an earthquake
3. describes the amount of damage an earthquake causes
4. an earthquake with an intensity of VII
5. an earthquake with a magnitude of 8.5
Directions: Write true if the statement is true. If the statement is false, rewrite the word or words in italics to
make the statement true.
6. The paper record of a seismic event is called a seismograph.
7. Far from shore, a large ship might ride over a seismic sea wavewithout anyone noticing it.
8. A seismogram consists of a rotating drum of paper and apendulum with an attached pen.
9. An intensity-XII earthquake would cause littledestruction.
10. For safetys sake, people who live in earthquake regions shouldbuild their houses on loose soils.
11. When liquefaction occurs, the soil becomes more liquidandbuildings can sink into it and collapse.
12. A seismic sea wave and a tsunami arethe same thing.
13. The water along a shoreline may flow towardthe sea just beforea tsunami crashes on shore.
14. In some new buildings made of steel plates and rubber parts,the steelacts like a cushion to absorb earthquakes.
15. One way to make your home earthquake-safe is to place heavy
objects on high shelves so they wont fall on you.
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Volcanoes 43
Volcanoes and EarthsMoving Plates
Study Guide11Directions: Use the word bank provided to complete the following summary paragraph.
acid rain lava flow pyroclastic flow volcanofalling ash magma rise volcanologists
igneous rock plates vent
Earths crust is formed from (1)____________________ that are constantly moving. Pressure
between these shifting plates causes rock deep within Earth to melt, forming liquid rock called
(2)____________________. Because it is less dense than the surrounding rock, this molten rock
begins to (3)____________________ to the surface and escape through a
(4)____________________. As the lava cools, it builds up in layers which become(5)____________________. Spewing gases, ash, and lava around the opening creates a
(6)____________________.
Volcanoes can have dramatic effects on peoples lives and their property. Volcanic ash and
debris may pour down a mountain side as (7)____________________ crushing crops, villages,
forests, and wildlife.(8)____________________ forms when gases mix with water vapor raining
down and killing plants. Entire villages may be buried below (9)____________________ as in
Herculaneum. A (10)____________________ destroys everything in its path. These eruptions can
be violent and unpredictable, but volcano scientists, also known as (11)____________________,
still find them beautiful, exciting, and intriguing to study.
Directions: Complete the summary chart of volcanoes characteristics. (Hint: Refer to Figure 6-8 for additionalhelp.)
Name Date Class
Cause of Activity Taking Place Characteristics Real-WorldVolcano Example
12.divergent plate riftslong,boundary deep cracks
13. convergent one plate moves Soufriere Hills,
plate boundary under another Montserrat
14. occurs in the
middle of plate
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Types of Volcanoes
Directions: Identify each form of volcano and then fill in the chart with the appropriate information abouteach form.
Study Guide22
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.4. What is the relationship between the amount of gases in magma and the explosiveness of a
volcanic eruption?
5. What is the relationship between the silica content of magma and the explosiveness of avolcanic eruption?
Lava flowsTephra TephraLava flows
Figure 2 Figure 3
1.
Form of volcano Type of Magma Shape of Volcano Materials in Volcano
2.
3.
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Volcanoes 45
Directions: Identify each volcanic feature shown in the figure. Describe how it is formed.
Igneous Rock FeaturesStudy Guide33
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Clues to Earths Past 47
FossilsStudy Guide11Directions: Write the correct Earth science term from the word bank on the line next to its definition.
carbon films index fossils permineralized remainscast mineral replacement trace fossils
coal mold
fossils original remains
1. thin film of carbon residue forming a silhouette of the originalorganism
2. soft spaces inside an organism are filled with minerals fromgroundwater
3. hard, outer cavity in the rock where fossil has been dissolved
4. fossilized tracks and evidence of activity of organisms
5. traces of species that existed on Earth, used to judge climate,environment, and geologic time
6. minerals or sediments fill a fossil mold
7. totally carbonized remains, now used as fuel source
8. the replacement of hard and soft parts of an organism
9. remains, imprints, or traces of prehistoric organisms
10. entire, complete organism found in amber, ice, or natural tar pit
Directions: List three requirements for a fossil to be considered an index fossil.
11.
12.
13.
Directions: Discuss three things scientists studying fossils might learn about the environment.
14.
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Study Guide22
48 Clues to Earths Past
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Relative Ages of Rocks
Directions: In the blank at the left, write the term that completes each statement.
1. Natural laws govern the way geologists determine the age ofrock deposits. This technique is called _____.
2. The principle of _____ states that an older rock layer and thingsburied in it occur beneath younger layers unless the layers havebeen disturbed.
3. Some rock layers are incomplete. The gaps are called _____.
4. A common cause of gaps in rock layers is _____.
Directions: Look at the cross-sectional view of the rock layers shown in Figure 1. For each question, decidewhich of the two named materials is older. Assume the layers have not been overturned. Write the name of the
older material on the line provided.
5. tan sandstone andbrown sandstone
6. brown sandstone andgray limestone
7. gabbro dike andbrown sandstone
8. gabbro dike and
gray shale
9. snail fossil andtrilobite fossil
10. snail fossil anddinosaur bone
11. snail fossil and green shale
12. dinosaur bone and red sandstone
13. red sandstone and gray limestone
14. tan limestone and tan sandstone
15. tan limestone and gray limestone
16. The type of unconformity shown in Figure 1 is a(n) ____________.
Red sandstone
Tan limestone
Gray limestone
Tan sandstone
Brownsandstone
BrownsandstoneBlack shale
Green shale
Gray shale
Dinosaur bone
Snail fossil
Trilobite fossilG
abb
ro
dik
e
Figure 1
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Clues to Earths Past 49
Directions: Match the terms in Column I with their definitions in Column II. Write the letter of the correct phrasein the blank at the left.
Column I
1. absolute dating
2. half-life
3. radioactive decay
4. radiometric dating
5. uniformitarianism
Absolute Ages of Rocks
Column II
a. time it takes for half of the atoms in an isotope todecay
b. breaking down of a neutron into a proton and anelectron
c. principle that Earth processes occurring today aresimilar to those that occurred in the past
d. process that uses the properties of atoms in rocksand other objects to determine their ages
e. calculating the absolute age of a rock by measuring theamounts of parent and daughter materials in a rock andby knowing the half-life of the parent material
Directions: Follow the steps below to demonstrate the radioactive decay of carbon-14. Then answer the questions.
1. Cut a strip of paper 8 cm long. Think of the paper as all of the carbon-14 in an animal when it died.
2. The idea is to show how you find the age of a rock that contains an animal fossil by using thehalf-lives of isotopes. Cut the strip of paper in half.
3. Discard one half of the paper. This represents the decayed material. Record the cut in Item 6below with an X.
4. Continue by cutting the second half of the paper in half. Record the cut below with an X.
5. Continue Steps 3 and 4 until the paper is so small you cannot make another cut. Record eachcut you make with an X.
6. Number of cuts:
7. What is the total number of times you were able (practically) to cut the sample in half?
8. Each cut represents the half-life of carbon-14. What is the total amount of time represented
by each cut?
9. Multiply the number of cuts by the half-life of carbon-14. What is the total amount of timerepresented by the cuts?
10. Could using the half-life of carbon-14 determine when dinosaurs died? Explain.
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Geologic Time 51
Life and Geologic TimeStudy Guide11Directions: Use the following word bank to complete the summary statements below.
artificial selection era natural selectioneon evolution period
epoch geologic time scale species
trilobitesDefinition
1. theory that species have changed over time
2. longest geologic time unit; based on abundance of fossils
3.shortest geologic time unit; based on difference in life forms that varyregionally, such as from continent to continent
4. time unit based on major, striking, and world-wide changes in types offossils present
5. division of Earths history into time units based on the lifeforms thatlived only during certain periods; consists of periods, epochs, eras, andeons
6. theory proposed by Charles Darwin to explain how species change overtime
7. breeding of certain species by humans for desired traits8. time unit characterized by types of life existing world-wide at the time
9. group of organisms that normally reproduces only with other membersof their group
10. three-segment-bodied organisms used as index fossils
Directions: Define natural selection and then give a real-world example of an organism that is well adapted toits environment and has a good chance of survival.
11. Natural selection:
Example:
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Name Date Class
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Early Earth History
Directions: List the events and types of organisms below in the order in which they happened or appeared onEarth. The oldest one is Number 1.
amphibians complex organisms cyanobacteria fish invertebrates
organisms with hard parts shielding of Earth from ultraviolet rays
Pangaea reptiles oxygen is major atmospheric gas
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
11. Which of the events in your list above occurred in the Precambrian time? Which occurred inthe Paleozoic Era?
12. Why is so little known about the Precambrian time?
13. Where did most life-forms of the Paleozoic Era live?
14. What might have caused the mass extinctions at the end of the Paleozoic Era?
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Geologic Time 53
Directions: Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the letter of the correct termin the space provided in the left-hand column.
Column I
1. seed plants which first appeared in the Paleozoic Era
2. era of middle life
3. most recent period in the Mesozoic Era
4. oldest period in the Mesozoic Era
5. northern part of Pangaea
6.southern part of Pangaea
7. fast-moving dinosaur
8. dinosaur thought to nurture hatchlings
9. winged animal resembling both dinosaurs and birds
10. milk-producing animals; first appeared in the Triassic Period
11. flowering plants
12. most recent era
13. most recent period in the Cenozoic Era
14. climate change that allowed flowering plants to increase
15. where most marsupials live
16. animals with pouches
Middle and RecentEarth History
Study Guide33
Column II
a. Gondwanaland
b. mammals
c. Australia
d. Laurasia
e. Cretaceous
f. gymnosperms
g. angiosperms
h. Mesozoic
i. Quaternary
j. Maiasaura
k. Triassic
l. Cenozoic
m. marsupials
n. tyrannosaurs
o. cooling
p. Archaeopteryx
q. Gallimimus
Directions: Complete the following statements.
17. The bones of cold-blooded animals have _________________________________________.
18. The bones of dinosaurs resemble those of ____________________-blooded animals.19. Some dinosaurs may have ____________________ their young.
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Atmosphere 55
Earths AtmosphereStudy Guide11Directions: Use the word bank provided to complete the summary paragraph about Earths atmosphere.
atmosphere heat absorbed nitrogen raysbalance heat that escapes oxygen salt
dust life-forms ozone layer
gases liquids protective covering
Earths (1)____________________ is defined as a thin layer of air that forms a
(2)____________________ around the planet. It maintains a crucial (3)____________________
between the amount of(4)____________________ from the Sun and the amount of
(5)____________________ back into space. Earths atmosphere also protects
(6)____________________ from the Suns harmful (7)____________________. The atmosphere
is made up of a mixture of(8)____________________, solids, and (9)____________________ .
When Earth was young, there was little (10)____________________ in the atmosphere. It con-
tained mostly (11)____________________ and carbon dioxide. As more plants grew, releasing
oxygen through photosynthesis, Earths atmosphere changed. Today, the atmosphere contains bits
of(12)____________________,(13)____________________, and pollen, as well as liquid
droplets. It is important to protect the (14)____________________ in Earths atmosphere so thatit will continue to protect life on Earth from the Suns harmful rays.
Directions: Arrange the four most common gases in Earths atmosphere from most common to least common.(Hint: refer to Figure 2 in your textbook for additional help.)
Most common Least common
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15.16.
17.18.
Othergases
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Energy Transfer in theAtmosphere
Directions: Answer the following questions on thelines provided using information from the graph.
1. Why doesnt all radiation directed at Earth
reach the surface?
2. What percent of radiation is lost beforereaching Earths surface?
3. What percent of radiation is lost after
reaching Earths surface?
4. What factors in the atmosphere seem to have the greatest effect on the amount of radiation receivedfrom the Sun?
Directions: Complete the chart using the correct terms and phrases from the chapter. Then answer the following
questions on the lines provided.
Study Guide22
8. If you put a frying pan on a burner on a stove and turn the burner on, the bottom of thefrying pan gets hot. What type of heat transfer has occurred?
9. When you get in a closed car on a sunny day and the temperature inside is much warmer thanoutside, what type of heat transfer has taken place?
10. In some home heating systems, warm air is blown by a furnace fan into one side of a room.On the other side of the room cold air sinks to the floor. What type of heat transfer is this?
Absorbed by cloudsand atmosphere
Absorbed byEarth's surface
Reflected by Earth'ssurface
5%
50%
25%
20%
What happens to radiation coming
to Earth from the sun?
Scattered by cloudsand air
5. Radiation
6. Conduction
7. Convection
Types of heat transfer How they are produced
produced by
produced by
produced by
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Atmosphere 57
Directions: Write the term that matches each description below in the spaces provided. Unscramble the letters
in the boxes to write a phrase related to the lesson. Use your textbook as a reference.
1. Caused by the uneven heating of Earth and its atmosphere
___ ___ ___
2. Imaginary line around the middle of Earth
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
3. Windless zone at the equator which sailing vessels try to avoid
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
4. Winds generally responsible for the movement of weather across the United States and Canada
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
5. Winds that provide a dependable route for trade
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
6. Cool breezes during the day caused by differences in heating and cooling rates of land and water
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
7. Narrow belts of strong winds at high altitudes which blow near the top of the troposphere
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
8. Cool breezes at night caused by differences in heating and cooling rates of land and water
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
9. Heat from the Sun
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
10. The deflection of air masses resulting from Earths eastward rotation
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
11. Winds that blow from the North and South Poles
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
12. The phrase is:
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Weather 59
What is weather?Study Guide11Directions: Write the correct Earth science term from the word bank on the line next to its definition.
air dew point precipitation weatheranemometer fog relative humidity wind
condensation humidity temperature wind vane
1. air moving in a specific direction
2. formation of liquid water from water vapor
3. cloud droplets combine and grow large enough to fall to Earth
4. measurement of average amount of motion of molecules
5. instrument for testing wind direction6. amount of water vapor present in the air
7. the temperature at which air is saturated and condensation forms
8. made up of molecules that are always moving randomly
9. amount of water vapor present in air compared to the amount neededfor saturation at a specific temperature
10. state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place
11. a stratus cloud on the ground, forms when warm, moist air cools at
ground level
12. instrument for measuring wind speed
Directions: Describe how each of the four types of precipitation forms.
13. Rain:
14. Snow:
15. Sleet:
16. Hail:
Directions: Describe each cloud type listed below, and describe the weather associated with that cloud type.
17. Stratus:
18. Cumulus:
19. Cirrus:
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60 Weather
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Weather Patterns
Directions: Use the diagrams to answer the following questions.
1. What kinds of clouds form along the front in Figure 1?
2. What kind of precipitation might come from these clouds?
3. What kind of clouds form along the front in Figure 2?
4. What kind of precipitation might come from these clouds?
5. Figure 1 represents a ____________________________________________.
6. Figure 2 represents a ____________________________________________.
7. What will happen to the temperature in Columbus, Ohio, when the front passes?
8. Compare the temperatures in Topeka and Kansas City, Kansas.
9. Fill in the chart about the elements of thunderstorms.
Study Guide22
Warm air
Topeka, KS Kansas City, KS
Cold air
Indianapolis, IN Columbus, OH
Cold airWarm air
Figure 1 Figure 2
a. heavy rain
b. strong winds
c. lightning
d. thunder
e. tornado
Element ofThunderstorms
Caused by
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Weather 61
Directions: Use the weather map and Weather Map Symbols Reference Handbook to answer the following
questions.1. Which station has the lowest pressure?
2. How would you describe the wind at Station B?
3. Which station is recording the highest wind speed?
4. Which station has the highest pressure?
5. What kind of front is south of Station A?
6. Which station has the most cloud cover?
7. How might the temperature change at station C over the next few hours? Why?
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.8. What is the difference between an isobar and an isotherm?
9. On a weather map for county A, the isobars are far apart. On a map for county B, about 100miles away, the isobars are close together. Which map shows high winds? How can you tell?
Weather Forecasts33Study Guide
33
2
D
A
C B
H10
163
20
17 103
21
15
127
10917
16LH L
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Climate 63
What is climate?Study Guide11
Directions: Answer the question below.
1.Define climate and explain how climate differs from weather.
Directions: Explain how each of the following factors affects the climate of the surrounding area.
2. Large bodies of water:
3. Ocean currents:
4. Mountains:
5. Rain shadows:
a. Windward side of mountain:
b. Leeward side of mountain:
6. Cities:
Directions: List the five factors used to determine climate.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
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Climate Types
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.
1. The type of plants found in a region depends on the regions ____________________.
2. The fur of mammals ____________________ them from the cold.
3. A(n) ____________________ is a characteristic that helps an organism survive.
4. Desert turtles and lizards obtain the moisture they need from their ____________________.
5. Some mammals survive cold winters in a state of reduced activity called
____________________.
6. Lungfish survive intense heat in an inactive state called ____________________.
7. A body structure that helps an organism survive in its environment is
a(n) ____________________ adaptation.
8. In the Kppen System, climate groups are classified according to temperature and
____________________.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.9. What is an adaptation?
10. What behavioral adaptations help snakes survive in hot, dry places?
11. What are three body structures that help cactus plants survive in dry climates?
12. How do the body structures you listed above help the cactus plants survive in dry climates?
13. Name the six groups of climates in the Kppen classification system.
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Climate 65
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. In the illustration, what season is it in the
northern hemispheres? In the southernhemisphere?
2. Where on Earth are the seasonal variations oftemperature and day length greatest? Least?
3.What are the effects of El Nio?
4. What is global warming?
5. How might global warming affect Earth?
6. What are some possible causes for climatic changes in the past?
7. What is the greenhouse effect?
8. How does the greenhouse effect influence Earth?
9. How do scientists know what Earths climate was like in earlier geologic eras?
Climatic Changes
To
Sun
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Ocean Motion 67
Ocean WaterStudy Guide11Directions: Use the word bank provided to complete the following ocean summary.
desalination halite salinitydissolved gases nitrogen steady state
fish oxygen volcanoes
groundwater photosynthesize water
Ocean water contains many (1)____________________. The greatest portion of natural ele-
ments in the ocean, 96.5%, is oxygen and hydrogen combined in pure
(2)____________________. Other gases dissolved in ocean water are carbon dioxide,
(3)____________________, and oxygen.
(4)____________________ comes directly from the
atmosphere, as well as from ocean plants that (5)____________________. Chloride and sulfate
ions are deposited into the ocean from (6)____________________, while sodium, magnesium,
and calcium are deposited from rocks dissolved slowly in rivers and (7)____________________.
Scientists measuring the (8)____________________, the amount of salts dissolved in seawater,
have discovered that the oceans are not growing saltier.(9)____________________ and other
ocean creatures use the gases and salts to make bones and shells. Elements naturally are being
added back to the oceans at the same rate that they are removeda concept called(10)____________________. Scientists continue to experiment with methods of
(11)____________________, where salts are separated from pure water through evaporation, use
of straining membranes, or melting frozen ice. This process leaves behind the natural salt,
(12)____________________, also known as sodium chloride, or table salt.
Directions: Give an example of how humans use ocean resources in each of the following ways.
13. Food from the ocean:
14. Ocean transportation:
15. Energy and minerals from the ocean:
16. Oceans affect weather and climate:
17. Ocean currents:
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Ocean Currents
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. What kind of current forms when more dense seawater moves toward less dense seawater?
2. What causes an upwelling?
Directions: Use the information from the figures below to help answer the following questions.
Study Guide22
NorthP
acificCurrent
Kuro
shio
Curre
nt
CaliforniaCurrent
N. Equatorial Current
Equatorial Counter Current
S. Equatorial Current
E.
Aust
ra
lianCu
rren
t
Gulf
Stream
Labrad
orC.
Sargasso Sea
N. EquatorialC
.
EquatorialCounter CurrentS. EquatorialC.
Brazi
lC
.
BenguelaCurren
t
AgulhasC.
Anta
rcticCircumpolar C.
PeruCu
rrent
3. What is the name of the current that flows southerly along the west coast of the United States?
Is this current warm or cold?
4. In what direction do cold currents generally flow in the northern hemisphere?
5. Because of the influence of the Coriolis effect, what is the general motion of surface currents
north of the equator?
south of the equator?
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Ocean Motion 69
Directions: Write the term that matches each description below on the spaces provided. Unscramble the boxed
letters to answer question 11.
1. collapsing wave ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
2. kind of tide that occurs when theSun, Earth, and the Moon form a rightangle ___ ___ ___
3. horizontal distance betweentwo waves or two crests ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
4. lowest point of a wave ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
5. rise and fall in sea level ___ ___ ___
6. rhythmic movement that carriesenergy through matter or space ___ ___ ___
7. kind of tide that occurs when theSun, Earth, and the Moon line uptogether ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
8. pulls the water back into thesea after a wave breaks ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
9. highest point of a wave ___ ___ ___ ___
10. vertical distance betweena waves crest and trough ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
11. What is the difference between the level of the ocean at high tide and low tide?
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Life in the Ocean
Directions: For each item below, explain what the terms have in common with one another.1. beaches, rocky shores, estuaries
2. fish, manatees, whales
3. carbon dioxide, light energy, water
4. bottom-dwelling fish, sponges, corals
5. plankton, nekton, benthos
6. photosynthesis, chemosynthesis
7. jellyfish, diatoms, copepods
8. salt-tolerant grasses, nutrients from rivers, newly hatched fish
Directions: Rewrite each statement to make it true.9. Energy is transferred through the food chain from plant-eating animals to plants to
animal-eating animals.
10. One-celled diatoms are forms of zooplankton.
11. Sea urchin capsules cement together to form a reef.
12. Sea anemones, barnacles, and octopuses are most likely to be found on sandy beaches.
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Oceanography 73
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the terms below.
sewage rain educatepollutant roadways plankton
silt solid waste recycle
insecticides fish kill food chain
1. One major source of oil pollution is runoff from ____________________.
2. Plastic bags and styrofoam are examples of ____________________.
3. Acting like a fertilizer, ____________________ is rich in nutrients that cause some algaeto reproduce rapidly.
4. A substance that causes damage to organisms by interfering with life processes is called
a____________________.
5. Toxic blooms ofPfiesteria, a type of ____________________, can cause rashes, nausea, andmemory loss.
6. Pollutants in the air can enter the ocean through ____________________.
7. Human activities that tear up the soil cause ____________________ to wash into streamsand eventually into the ocean.
8. To prevent pollution, people must ____________________ themselves about the ways inwhich the things they do can affect the ocean.
9. One of the ways to reduce pollution is to ____________________ materials.
10. ____________________ used by farmers can eventually reach the ocean and cause the deathof organisms.
11. A ____________________ can result when oxygen in the water is depleted as bacteriadecompose algae.
12. Biological amplification means that chemicals
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